CELL CYCLE

IRAWAN YUSUF
Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine
Hasanuddin University

CELL CYCLES
The repeating sequence of growth and
division through which cells pass each
generation
The purpose of the cell cycle is to allow
cells to reproduce without alteration of
genetic material
The stages are well preserved between
species

Why Do Cells Divide?

Growth
Development
Maintenance
Reproduction

Events of Cell Cycle

G1 Phase - Period of growth; for many organisms this
occupies a major portion of the cells life span
S Phase DNA replicates, resulting in duplicate
chromosome
G2 Phase Cell prepares for division (mitosis),
building necessary materials; centriole and other
organelles double
M Phase Cell division, consisting of nuclear division
and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)

Cell Cycle Progression

Highly regulated process controlled by a large
number of factors include:
Growth stimulating factors
Growth inhibiting factors
Enzymes that alter functional state of other proteins
by adding (kinases) or removing (phosphatases)
phosphate groups

Failure in the mechanisms by which the cell

cycle is regulated can lead to uncontrolled cell
growth and the development of cancer

The Cell Cycle Control

There are important checkpoints during the cell
cycle:
at the G1 S transition
at the S G2 transition
at the G2 M transition

Regulation of the cell cycle occurs as a

consequence of cyclin Cdk interaction
Other proteins such as P53, Rb and oncogene play
a role in regulating the cell cycle
P27 : can block entry into S (synthesis) phase.

Cell Cycle Is Regulated By

Opposing Effects of Positive and Negative Factors

S
Cyclin

P53
+

Cdk

G2

G1
M

Rb

Cell Cycle Is Regulated By

Opposing Effects of Positive and Negative Factors
Tumor Suppressor
(P53, Rb)

Oncogene
(BCl2,BRCA1)

Cell death

Cell proliferation
NORMAL

Cell death
Oncogene
(BCl2,BRCA1)

Tumor Suppressor
(P53, Rb)

Cell proliferation
CANCER

Cyclins and Cyclin Dependent Kinases (Cdk)

Cyclin
Cyclin D
Cyclin E
Cyclin A
Cyclin A
Cyclin B

Cdk
Cdk 4,6
Cdk 2
Cdk 2
Cdk 1(Cdc2)
Cdk 1

Process regulated
G1 phase progression
G1 to S phase
S phase progression
S through G2
M phase

Waves of Cyclin-Cdk Activity Control

The Cell Cycle
G1

G2

G1

Cyclin B-Cdk1

Kinase Activity

CyclinA-Cdk1
Cyclin E-Cdk 2
Cyclin D-Cdk 4/6

Time
GF

CHECKPOINTS
The cell cycle control system has
checkpoints during G1, G2, S and M
Checkpoint signals report cells status:

Is the cell big enough?

Is environment favorable?
Is DNA replicated?
Are chromosomes attached to opposite poles?

G1

G2

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

Mitosis

Cytokinesis