Chapter 1

Analysis of Resistive
Circuits A Review
Artemio P. Magabo
Professor of Electrical Engineering

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

University of the Philippines - Diliman
Revised by Michael Pedrasa, May 2012

! Review reference book (Electric Circuits

by Nilsson and Riedel, ElecCkts),
Chapters 1 to 5
n

Circuit variables

Circuit elements

Simple resistive circuits

Techniques of circuit analysis

The operational amplifier

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Topics
a. Network Reduction Techniques
2.

Series and Parallel Circuits

Delta-Wye Transformation

3.

Current and Voltage Division

4.

Source Transformation

1.

b. Application of Circuit Analysis on Op-Amp

Circuits

c. Nodal Analysis
d. Mesh Analysis
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Equivalence
Two electric circuits are said to be equivalent with
respect to a pair of terminals if the voltages across
the terminals and currents through the terminals
are identical for both networks.
a

V1
b

I1

x
Circuit
1

V2
y

I2

Circuit
2

If V1=V2 and I1=I2, then with respect to terminals

ab and xy , circuit 1 and circuit 2 are equivalent.
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Resistors in Series and in Parallel

Resistors in Series

+ R1- + R2 +

b
Resistors in Parallel

1
1
1
1
=
+
+ ... +
R eq R1 R 2
Rn

I1

V1

R eq = R1 + R 2 + ... + R n

Special Case
Two resistors in parallel:
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Rn

V1
b

I1

R eq

R1

R2

Rn

R1R 2
=
R1 + R 2
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Delta-Wye Transformation
The transformation is used to establish equivalence
for networks with 3 terminals.
z
z
Ra
x

R3

Rc
Rb

R1

R2
y

Delta

Wye

For equivalence, the resistance between any pair of

terminals must be the same for both networks.
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Delta-to-Wye Transformation Equations

R aRb
R1 =
R a + Rb + R c

RbR c
R2 =
R a + Rb + R c

R cR a
R3 =
R a + Rb + R c
Wye-to-Delta Transformation Equations

R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1

R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1
Rb =
Ra =
R3
R2
R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1
Rc =
R1
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Example: Find the equivalent resistance across

terminals AB.
A

12

4
3

5
1

2 1.5

Starting from the right, we

get for resistors in series

R eq 1 = 5 + 10 + 3 = 18
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10

3
5
10
3

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Req1 is in parallel with the 9-resistor.

R eq 2

(18)(9)
=
=6
18 + 9

Req1=18

The resulting network becomes

A

12

4
3

Req2=6

2 1.5

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Ra
Convert wye
into delta

Rc

Rb

1.5

9
Rb = = 3
3

(3)(1) + (1)(1.5) + (1.5)(3) 9

Ra =
= =6
1.5
1.5

9
Rc = = 9
1

Replace the wye with its delta

equivalent and simplify.
We get

R eq 3 = 12 // 6 = 4
R eq 4 = 3 // 6 = 2

12

6
9

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2
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Re-draw the network

and simplify further.

R eq 5 = 4 + 2 = 6
Req5 is in parallel with
the 9-resistor.

R eq 6 = 9 // 6 = 3.6

Req3=4

4
9

B
A

Req4=2

2
4
9

Finally, we get
RAB = 4+3.6+2 = 9.6
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Req5=6

4
Req6=3.6

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Voltage and Current Division

Voltage Division
Consider n
resistors that
are connected
in series

R1
+

+V 1

R2
+V 2

R3

+V -

Vn
-

Rn

The voltage across any resistor Ri is

Ri
Vi = Ri I =
V
R1 + R2 + ... + Rn

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i=1,2,n

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Voltage and Current Division

Current Division
Consider n resistors that
are connected in parallel

R1

I1 R2

I2 Rn

In

The current Ii through any resistor Ri is

1
Ri
where
Ii =
I
1 + 1 + ... + 1
i=1,2,n
R1
R2
Rn
Special Case
Two resistors in parallel:

R2
R1
I1 =
I and I2 =
I
R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2

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Example: A transistor amplifier (shown with its

equivalent circuit) is used as a stereo pre-amplifier
for a 2mV source. Find the output voltage Vo if
gm=30mA/V.
2mV

500

2k

V
-

gmV

75k

10k

Vo
-

transistor amplifier circuit model

Voltage division at the input

2000
V=
2mV
2000 + 500

V =1.6 mV

Current Source = gmV =(30x10-3)(1.6x10-3)

= 48 A
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2mV

500

2k

V
-

gmV

75k

10k

Vo
-

IO

transistor amplifier circuit model

Current division to determine the current IO

through the 10k resistor

75k
IO =
48A
75k + 10k

IO =42.353 A

Finally, from Ohm s Law

Vo = -(42.353x10-6)(10x103)
= -423.529 mV
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Source Transformation
R
+

Vs

Is

V
-

V
-

From KVL,

From KCL,

V
Is = + I or RIs = RI + V
R

Vs = RI + V

If the two networks are equivalent with respect to

terminals ab, then V and I must be identical for
both networks. Thus

Vs = RIs

or

Vs
Is =
R

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End

The Operational Amplifier (Op-amp)

Operational Amplifier Model
n
n
n
n
n

Inverting Terminal VNon-inverting Terminal V+

Input Resistance Rin
Output resistance Rout
Open Loop Gain AOL
w Of order 103 to 105
Differential Input Voltage
Ed =
Supply power
(V+ - V- )
w VCC and VCC
Output
w Vo = AOLEd - RoutIout

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V-

Vcc

iB-

Rin
V+

iB+

Rout
AOL Ed
- Vcc

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Vcc
iB- = 0

VEd = 0

Vo

V+
iB+ = 0

-VSAT < Vo < VSAT

- Vcc

Ideal Op-Amp Assumptions

n

Input and Output Resistances

w Rin =
iB+ = iB- = 0
w Rout = 0
Open Loop Gain AOL=
w Ed = (V+ - V-) = 0
w V+ = V-

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Buffer / Voltage Follower

KVL at Vs -R s -E d -R L loop,
+Vs ! VRs ! Ed ! Vo = 0
No voltage drop at R s since i B+ = 0;
+Vs ! 0 ! 0 ! Vo = 0
Vo = Vs

Vs

Rs

V- = Vs

iB+ = 0

V+ = Vs

RL

Vo
_

This circuit minimizes 'loading effect'.

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Inverting Amplifier
No voltage drop at R 2 , V + = 0 and V = 0
I1 =

(Vs V ) = (Vs 0 ) = Vs
R1

R1

R1

Rf

I 1 = I f + ib + = I f + 0
V
I1 = I f = s
R1
KVL at R 2 - E d - R f - R L loop,
0 0 V f Vo = 0

R1

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iB- = 0

V- = 0
V+ = 0

Vs

V
Vo = R f I f = R f s
R1
R f
Vs
Vo =
R1

+ Vf -

If

I1

R2

iB+ = 0

RL

Vo
_

Closed loop Gain :

ACL =

Rf
R1
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Nodal Analysis
General Procedure
1. Label all nodes in the circuit. Arbitrarily select
any node as reference.
2. Define a voltage variable from every remaining
node to the reference. These voltage variables
must be defined as voltage rises with respect
to the reference node.
3. Write a KCL equation for every node except the
reference.
4. Solve the resulting system of equations.
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Example: Find the voltage VX using nodal analysis.

40
+Va

4.8V +

30 +Vb

10

+Vc

+ Vx 15

20

0.2A

REF

For node a, the voltage of the node is dictated

by the voltage source. Thus, Va=4.8 Volts.
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The KCL equations for nodes b and c are

node b:
node c:

Vb 4.8 Vb Vb Vc
0=
+ +
30
15
10
Vc Vb Vc 4.8 Vc
0.2 =
+
+
10
40
20

Solving simultaneously, we get

Vb = 2.4V

Vc = 3.2V

Finally, we get the voltage Vx

Vx = 4.8 - Vb = 2.4V
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Example: Find the voltages Va, Vb and Vc using

nodal analysis (a voltage source between 2 nodes).
8

+Va

3A

+Vb + 6V -

+Vc

5A

REF

The KCL equations for node a and the supernode

Va Vb Va Vc
node a: 3 =
+
6
8
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Vb Vc Vb Va Vc Va
supernode: 5 =
+
+
+
3
4
6
8
For the voltage source, we get Vb-Vc=6 volts.
The equations can be simplified into

72 = 7Va 4Vb 3Vc

6 = Vb Vc
120 = 7Va + 12Vb + 9Vc
Solving simultaneously, we get

Va = 24 V

Vb = 16.3 V

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Vc = 10.3 V
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Example: Find the voltages Va, Vb and Vc using

nodal analysis (dependent voltage source between
two nodes).
v
+ x +Va

3A

+Vb

- +

3 2vx

+Vc

5A

REF

The KCL equations for node a and the supernode

Va Vb Va Vc
node a: 3 =
+
6
8
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Vb Vc Vb Va Vc Va
supernode: 5 =
+
+
+
3
4
6
8
For the dependent voltage source, we get

Vc Vb = 2vx = 2(Va Vc )
The equations can be simplified into

72 = 7Va 4Vb 3Vc

0 = 2Va Vb + 3Vc
120 = 7Va + 12Vb + 9Vc
Solving simultaneously, we get

Va = 24 V

Vb = 9.6 V

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Vc = 19.2 V
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Mesh Analysis
General Procedure
1. Count the number of window panes in the
circuit. Assign a mesh current to each window
pane.
2. Write a KVL equation for every mesh whose
current is unknown.
3. Solve the resulting equations.
Mesh - a loop that does not contain an inner loop.
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+
_

Example: Find the

voltage VX using
mesh analysis.

16

+
Vx 40
2V -

I1

1A

I3

40

I2

20

- 5V

30

The KVL equations for meshes 1 and 2 are

Mesh 1: -2 = 40(I1- I2) + 16I1

Mesh 2: 5 = 40I2 + 40(I2 -I1) + 20(I2- I3)
In mesh 3, the current source dictates the value of
the mesh current. Thus, I3=1 A.
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The two equations can be simplified into

-2 = 56I1 - 40I2
25 = -40I1 + 100I2
Solving simultaneously, we get

I1 = 0.2A

I2 = 0.33A

Finally, we get the voltage Vx

Vx = 40(I2 - I1) = 5.2V

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Example: Find the

currents I1, I2 and
I3 using mesh
analysis (current
source between
+
two meshes).
36V

5V

I2
1

I1

3A

I3

We cannot write a KVL equation for mesh 1 or for

mesh 3 because of the current source. Form a
supermesh and write a KVL equation for it.
supermesh:

36 = 1(I1 I2 ) + 3(I3 I2 ) + 2I3 + 4I1

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The KVL equation for mesh 2 is unchanged.

!5 = 5I 2 + 3(I 2 ! I 3 ) +1(I 2 ! I1 )
The third equation is dictated by the current source.

I1 I3 = 3 A
Solving simultaneously, we get

I1 = 5.45 A

I2 = 0.86 A

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I3 = 2.45 A
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Example: Find the currents I1, I2 and I3 using

mesh analysis
(dependent source
I2
1
2
included).
3
15A

I1

1
v
9 x

+ vx -

I3

The current in mesh 1 is dictated by the current

source. Thus, I1=15 Amps.
The KVL equation for mesh 2 is

0 = 2I2 + 3(I2 I3 ) + 1(I2 I1 )

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We cannot write a KVL equation for mesh 3. Can t

form a supermesh either. However, we can write an
equation for the dependent source.

1
1
I3 I1 = v x = [ 3 ( I3 I2 )]
9
9
Solving simultaneously, we get

I1 = 15 A

I2 = 11 A

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I3 = 17 A

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Choice of Method
Given the choice, which method should be used?
Nodal analysis or mesh analysis?
Nodal analysis: The number of voltage variables
equals number of nodes minus one. Every
voltage source connected to the reference node
reduces the number of unknowns by one.
Mesh Analysis: The number of current variables
equals the number of meshes. Every current
source in a mesh reduces the number of
unknowns by one.
Note: Choose the method with less unknowns.
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Example: Write the nodal

and mesh equations that
describe the circuit shown.
4A
+Va +Vb
We need 4
4
6
voltage
5
2
3A
variables.
The nodal equations are

10

+Vc

+Vd

5A

REF

Va Va Vb
node a:
3=
+
2
4
Vb Va Vb Vb Vc Vb Vd
node b: 4 =
+
+
+
4
5
6
10
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Vc Vb Vc Vd
node c:
4=
+
6
8
Vd Vb Vd Vc
node d: 5 =
+
10
8
There are 5 meshes but the
3A and 5A current sources
flow in distinct meshes. We
need to define 3 current
variables.
3A

3A 2

4
I1

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10

4A
I2

I3

8
6
5A
5

5A

EEE 33 - p38

The mesh equations are

mesh 1:
supermesh:
4A source:

0 = 2(I1 3) + 4I1 + 5(I1 5)

0 = 6(I2 5) + 10I3 + 8(I3 5)

4 = I2 I3

Note: We need either three current variables or

four voltage variables to describe the circuit. It is
preferable to use mesh analysis.

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End