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Diversion Worksaa PDF
Diversion Worksaa PDF
Kabir
IRRIGAITON STRUCTURES 1
CHAPTER
TOTAL PONDING
BY RAISED CREST
CREST
SHUTTER
POND LEVEL
PONDING BY
RAISED CREST
CREST LEVEL
P2
TOTAL
PONDING (P)
P1
P1 >>>> P2
(a) Fig: Weir without shutters
GATE
POND LEVEL
PONDING BY GATE P2
PONDING BY
CREST
POND LEVEL
CREST LEVEL
TOTAL PONDING
BY GATE
P1 = 0
P2 = P
(BARRAGE)
P1
P1 <<<< P2
(c) Fig: Barrage with a small raised crest
Weir
If the major part or the entire ponding of water is achieved by a raised crest and a smaller part or nil
part of it is achieved by the shutters, then this barrier is known as a weir.
Concrete weir
Now-a-days, the weir is constructed with reinforced cement concrete. The impervious floor and the
weir are made monolithic. The cut off walls are provided at the upstream and downstream end of the floor
and at the toe of the weir. Sheet piles are provided below the cut-off walls. The crest shutters are also
provided which hare dropped down during the flood.
Barrage
If most of the ponding is done by gates and a smaller or nil part of it is done by the raised crest, then
the barrier is known as a barrage or a river regulator.
Afflux:
o
o
The rise in the highest flood level (HFL) upstream of the weir due to construction of the weir
across the river is called.
In case of weir, the afflux caused during high floods is quite high. But in case of a barrage, the
gates can be opened during high floods and the afflux will be nil or minimum.
Barrage
Low set crest
Ponding is done by means of gates
Weir
High set crest
Ponding is done against the raised crest or
partly against crest and partly by shutters
Shutters in part length
Shutters are of smaller height, 2 m
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Gates are raised clear off the high floods to pass floods
Perfect control on river flow
Gates convenient to operate
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
Marginal bund
joined to high
contours
Guide bank
RIVER FLOW
Divide wall
Normal weir portion i.e
weir proper or main weir
Fish ladder
..
The water from the under-sluice pocket is made to enter the regulator bays, so as to pass the full supply
discharge into the canal. The maximum height of these gated openings, called head sluices will be equal to
the difference of Pond Level and Crest Level of the regulator.
The entry of silt into the canal is controlled by keeping the crest of the head regulator by about 1.2
to 1.5 meters higher than the crest of the under-sluices.
If a silt-excluder is provided, the regulator crest is further raised by about 0.6 to 0.7 meter.
Silt gets deposited in the pocket, and only the clear water enters the regulator bays.
The deposited silt can be easily scoured out periodically, and removed through the under-sluice
openings.
(b) Timber Spur: In this type, a box like compartment is prepared by driving timber piles at 15 cm to
30 cm centre to centre. The piles are secured by wooden bracings. The hollow space is filled up by
boulders. This spur is permeable but stable. This is recommended for bi rivers with high velocity of
flow. The length of the timber piles depend on bed condition.
(c) Boulder Spur: In this type of spur, boulders are enclosed in G.I wire net in circular shape. The
boulder should be heavy, varying from 30 kg to 50 kg and the wire net should be made of 4 mm
diameter G.I wires. It is laid from the river bank towards the bed making an angle of 60 o-75o with
the bank. This type of spur is recommended for the rivers where velocity of flow is very high.
(ii) Groynes
The function of groynes is similar to that of spur. But these are impervious permanent structures
constructed on the curve of a river to protect the river bank from erosion. They extend from the bank
towards the bed by making an angle of 60o to 75o with the bank. The angle may be towards the upstream or
downstream. Sometimes, it is made perpendicular to the river bank. These are constructed with rubble
masonry in trapezoidal section and the surface is finished with stone pitching or concrete blocks.
o The stone pitching or the concrete blocks are set with rich cement mortar.
o The length of the groyne depends on the width and nature of the river.
o The top width varies from 3 m to 4 m. The side slope may be 1: 1 or 2:1.
o The groynes are provided in series throughout the affected length of the river bank.
o The spacing between the adjacent groynes is generally kept as 2L, where L is the length of the
groyne.
o These are recommended for the river where the permanent solution of erosion control is extremely
necessary.
(b) Repelling Groyne: A groyne which is aligned towards upstream at an angle of 60o to 75o with the
river bank is known as repelling groyne. A still water pocket is formed on the upstream where
silting takes place. Here, the bank protection is not necessary, because the flow of water does not
touch the bank and there is no effect of erosion on the bank. But still boulder pitching should be
provided for safety.
(c) Deflecting Groyne: The groyne which is constructed perpendicular to the river bank is known as
deflecting groyne. Here the flow of water is deflected from bank by the perpendicular obstruction
i.e. groyne. The flow of water follows an undulating path just outside the head of the groyne. An
eddy current is formed on the upstream side of the groyne. This eddy current will not affect the
river bank. But the bank protection is provided for safety.
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Modification of Groyne:
(a) Denehys Groyne or T-Headed Groyne: After long investigation in different sites, Denehy
developed a groyne in the shape of a T. The length of the head is kept as , where L is the length of
groyne. A still water pocket is formed on the upstream side where silting takes place. It is
constructed with rubble masonry in trapezoidal section. The upstream face is finished with concrete
blocks with cement mortar.
(b) Hockey Head Groyne: Another development is hockey head groyne. Here, the head of the groyne
is curved towards the downstream in the shape of a hockey stick. It behaves like an attracting
groyne. But it allows the water to flow smoothly over the head of the groyne. It is also constructed
with rubble masonry in trapezoidal section. Here, the bank protection by stone pitching is
necessary.
Groyne
It is a permanent structure.
(2)
It is permeable.
It is impermeable.
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
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