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Cellular Network Planning and Optimization Part VIII: WCDMA Link Budget
Cellular Network Planning and Optimization Part VIII: WCDMA Link Budget
Optimization
Part VIII: WCDMA link budget
Jyri Hmlinen,
Communications and Networking Department,
TKK, 15.2.2008
Coverage
Capacity
To support the subscriber traffic with sufficiently low blocking and delay
Quality
Linking the capacity and the coverage and still provide the required
QoS.
Costs
Air interface
Capacity and coverage coupled
together
Neighboring cells coupled via
interference
Receiver performance depends on
Asymmetric
UL and DL traffic
Common channel data traffic
Network
Configuration
and
Dimensioning
Coverage
Planning and
Site Selection
Requirements
and strategy
for coverage,
quality and
capacity,
per
service
Propagation
measurements
Coverage
prediction
Site
acquisition
Coverage
optimisation
Capacity
Requirements
Traffic distribution
Service distribution
Allowed blocking/queuing
System features
External Interference
Analysis
Identification
Adaptation
O&M
Parameter
Planning
Network
Optimisation
Area / Cell
specific
Survey
measurements
Handover
strategies
Statistical
performance
analysis
Maximum
network
loading
Quality
Efficiency
Availability
Other RRM
DEFINITION
Network
Configuration
and
Dimensioning
Requirements
and strategy
for coverage,
quality and
capacity,
Coverage
Planning and
Site Selection
Propagation
measurements
Coverage
prediction
Capacity
Requirements
Traffic distribution
Service distribution
Allowed blocking/queuing
System features
Exte
Ana
Multiple services
Identification
Adaptation
O&M
Parameter
Planning
Network
Optimisation
Area / Cell
specific
Survey
measurements
Handover
strategies
Statistical
performance
analysis
Maximum
network
loading
Quality
Efficiency
Availability
Other RRM
Multiple services
5
GSM 1800
propagation
measurements
Network
Configurati
and
Dimensioning
Requirements
and strategy
for coverage,
ality and
pacity,
r
service
GSM for
coverage
extension
ction
Propagation
measurements
Coverage
prediction
Site
acquisition
Experience
on service usage
from GSM, with
GPRS and EDGE
Capacit
rements
Traffic distribution
Service distribution
Allowed blocking/queuing
System features
External Interference
Analysis
Identification
Adaptation
O&M
ION
Parameter
Planning
Network
Optimisation
Area / Cell
specific
Survey
measurements
Handover
strategies
Statistical
performance
analysis
Maximum
network
loading
Quality
Efficiency
Availability
Other RRM
GSM co-siting
MT
UTRAN
CN
Gateway
CN Iu
EDGE
NODE
TE
End-to-End Service
TE/MT Local
Bearer Service
External Bearer
Service
Radio Bearer
Service
Iu Bearer
Service
UTRA
FDD/TDD
Service
Physical
Bearer Service
CN Bearer
Service
Backbone
Bearer Service
Conversational Speech
Conversational
Speech
Conversational CS
Conversational
CSData
Data
Streaming
Streaming
Interactive
Interactive
Multi-RAB
Multi
-RAB
Combination of
Conversational Speech and
Interactive 64/64
Conversational CS Data
E-DCH (HSUPA)
64kbps CS
Streaming
57.6 kbps CS
64/64 kbps PS
64/128 kbps PS
64/256 kbps PS
Interactive
Multi-RAB
Multi-RAB
HS-DSCH (HSDPA)
4,75-12,2kbps AMR CS
Conversational PS Data
Combinations of AMR
speech and up to 64/384 kbps
PS Interactive
Combinations of CS
conversational
data and up to 64/384 kbps
PS Interactive/ Multiple PS
Interactive
64->128 kbps PS (R5)
Traffic types
Traffic dimensioning
When predicting the traffic for
3G plan, issues should be
considered as
60 %
3.G
2.5G
40 %
2G
20 %
0%
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2004
Data usage
Voice
2005
2006
Years
2007
11
2008
2009
Traffic dimensioning
Payload
Amount of
active users
Offered
traffic
nsubs n pagesY
3600 R peak session
Maximum
RAB bitrate
Abps
R peak session
Session efficiency,
incl overhead and
retransmissions
13
14
In PS connections
associated parameters
need to be decided per
service. Example:
15
As most UMTS networks are built on top of existing GSM networks, the
process is focused to estimate what level of coverage/capacity can be
achievied with re-use of GSM grid
16
NodeB Losses
TX(cable,
power feeders
etc.)
NodeB
antenna
gain
Eb/No
Pathloss
Interference Soft Terminal
Ec/Io Processing
Hand- antenna Terminal
gain
margin
over
gain losses
(e.g.
gain
body loss)
Depends on
Depends on e.g.
used service i.e
amount of users and
the RAB (radio
distribution
access bearer)
17
As a rule of thumb
coverage for 128kbps
NRT PS service in normal
loading conditions equals
GSM1800 voice
coverage for 384kbps
NRT PS service in normal
loading conditions is
~10dB worse than AMR12.2
voice
384kbps
AMR voice
18
Receiver characteristics
and margins
RX antenna gain
Thermal noise density
Receiver noise figure
Receiver noise density
Receiver noise power
Spreading gain
Required Eb/No
Interference margin
Required signal power
RX Cable loss
RX Body loss
Diversity gain
Fast fading margin
Soft handover gain
Coverage probability (cell edge)
Shadow fading std deviation
Shadow Fading Margin
Indoor penetration loss
Allowed propagation loss
12.2kbps voice, DL
0.75
20 W
0.348718 W
25.42474 dBm
17.42531 dBi
2 dB
0 dB
40.85005 dBm
0
-174
8
-166
-100.157
24.97971
7
6.0206
-112.116
0
2
0
0
1
0.9
6
7.5
0
146.4659
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
12.2kbps voice, UL
0.5
0.125 W
0.125 W
20.9691 dBm
0 dBi
0 dB
2 dB
18.9691 dBm
17.42531
-174
5
-169
-103.157
24.97971
5
3.0103
-120.126
2
0
3
3
2
0.9
6
7.5
0
149.0205
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
19
12.2kbps voice, DL
0.75
20 W
0.348718 W
25.42474 dBm
17.42531 dBi
2 dB
0 dB
40.85005 dBm
12.2kbps voice, UL
0.5
0.125 W
0.125 W
20.9691 dBm
0 dBi
0 dB
2 dB
18.9691 dBm
loading)
The target load level of the network should be based on as
accurate predictions of service&traffic mix distribution and
growth as possible
20
Target load
Target load%
Too high initial target can result in too dense network (expensive) if
the traffic or use of resources is estimated wrongly. Network can
also be hard to manage in terms of cell overlapping cell
dominance to be guaranteed.
Too low initial target can result to coverage holes and capacity
problems, if the traffic proves to be higher than predicted or
resources are utilised differently.
21
Target load
22
TX power
Target load
Transmitter characteristics
12.2kbps voice, DL
0.75
20 W
0.348718 W
25.42474 dBm
17.42531 dBi
2 dB
0 dB
40.85005 dBm
12.2kbps voice, UL
0.5
0.125 W
0.125 W
20.9691 dBm
0 dBi
0 dB
2 dB
18.9691 dBm
PTX ,TCH
TX power in BS
24
RX characteristics
Receiver characteristics
and margins
RX antenna gain
Thermal noise density
Receiver noise figure
Receiver noise density
Receiver noise power
Processing gain
Required Eb/No
Interference margin
Required signal power
RX Cable loss
RX Body loss
Diversity gain
Fast fading margin
Soft handover gain
Coverage probability (cell edge)
Shadow fading std deviation
Shadow Fading Margin
Indoor penetration loss
0
-174
8
-166
-100.157
24.97971
7
6.0206
-112.116
0
2
0
0
1
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
17.42531
-174
5
-169
-103.157
24.97971
5
3.0103
-120.126
2
0
3
3
2
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
RX characteristics
Receiver characteristics
and margins
RX antenna gain
Thermal noise density
Receiver noise figure
Receiver noise density
Receiver noise power
Processing gain
Required Eb/No
Interference margin
Required signal power
RX Cable loss
RX Body loss
Diversity gain
Fast fading margin
Soft handover gain
Coverage probability (cell edge)
Shadow fading std deviation
Shadow Fading Margin
Indoor penetration loss
0
-174
8
-166
-100.157
24.97971
7
6.0206
-112.116
0
2
0
0
1
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
17.42531
-174
5
-169
-103.157
24.97971
5
3.0103
-120.126
2
0
3
3
2
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
Receiver noise density (per Hz) is a sum of receiver noise figure and
thermal noise density.
Receiver noise power is equal to receiver noise density x chip rate
26
RX characteristics
Receiver characteristics
and margins
RX antenna gain
Thermal noise density
Receiver noise figure
Receiver noise density
Receiver noise power
Processing gain
Required Eb/No
Interference margin
Required signal power
RX Cable loss
RX Body loss
Diversity gain
Fast fading margin
Soft handover gain
Coverage probability (cell edge)
Shadow fading std deviation
Shadow Fading Margin
Indoor penetration loss
0
-174
8
-166
-100.157
24.97971
7
6.0206
-112.116
0
2
0
0
1
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
17.42531
-174
5
-169
-103.157
24.97971
5
3.0103
-120.126
2
0
3
3
2
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
27
RX characteristics
Receiver characteristics
and margins
RX antenna gain
Thermal noise density
Receiver noise figure
Receiver noise density
Receiver noise power
Processing gain
Required Eb/No
Interference margin
Required signal power
RX Cable loss
RX Body loss
Diversity gain
Fast fading margin
Soft handover gain
Coverage probability (cell edge)
Shadow fading std deviation
Shadow Fading Margin
Indoor penetration loss
0
-174
8
-166
-100.157
24.97971
7
6.0206
-112.116
0
2
0
0
1
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
17.42531
-174
5
-169
-103.157
24.97971
5
3.0103
-120.126
2
0
3
3
2
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
Eb/No
29
RX characteristics
Receiver characteristics
and margins
RX antenna gain
Thermal noise density
Receiver noise figure
Receiver noise density
Receiver noise power
Processing gain
Required Eb/No
Interference margin
Required signal power
RX Cable loss
RX Body loss
Diversity gain
Fast fading margin
Soft handover gain
Coverage probability (cell edge)
Shadow fading std deviation
Shadow Fading Margin
Indoor penetration loss
0
-174
8
-166
-100.157
24.97971
7
6.0206
-112.116
0
2
0
0
1
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
17.42531
-174
5
-169
-103.157
24.97971
5
3.0103
-120.126
2
0
3
3
2
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
This value can be used also in DL. 50% load => 3dB margin, 75% load30
=> 6dB margin
Interference margin
31
Interference margin
Interference binds the capacity
and coverage
1,2
Cell range
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
Cell loading
Cell range
decreases
32
RX characteristics
Receiver characteristics
and margins
RX antenna gain
Thermal noise density
Receiver noise figure
Receiver noise density
Receiver noise power
Processing gain
Required Eb/No
Interference margin
Required signal power
RX Cable loss
RX Body loss
Diversity gain
Fast fading margin
Soft handover gain
Coverage probability (cell edge)
Shadow fading std deviation
Shadow Fading Margin
Indoor penetration loss
0
-174
8
-166
-100.157
24.97971
7
6.0206
-112.116
0
2
0
0
1
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
17.42531
-174
5
-169
-103.157
24.97971
5
3.0103
-120.126
2
0
3
3
2
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
RX characteristics
Receiver characteristics
and margins
RX antenna gain
Thermal noise density
Receiver noise figure
Receiver noise density
Receiver noise power
Processing gain
Required Eb/No
Interference margin
Required signal power
RX Cable loss
RX Body loss
Diversity gain
Fast fading margin
Soft handover gain
Coverage probability (cell edge)
Shadow fading std deviation
Shadow Fading Margin
Indoor penetration loss
0
-174
8
-166
-100.157
24.97971
7
6.0206
-112.116
0
2
0
0
1
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
17.42531
-174
5
-169
-103.157
24.97971
5
3.0103
-120.126
2
0
3
3
2
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
34
RX characteristics
Receiver characteristics
and margins
RX antenna gain
Thermal noise density
Receiver noise figure
Receiver noise density
Receiver noise power
Processing gain
Required Eb/No
Interference margin
Required signal power
RX Cable loss
RX Body loss
Diversity gain
Fast fading margin
Soft handover gain
Coverage probability (cell edge)
Shadow fading std deviation
Shadow Fading Margin
Indoor penetration loss
0
-174
8
-166
-100.157
24.97971
7
6.0206
-112.116
0
2
0
0
1
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
17.42531
-174
5
-169
-103.157
24.97971
5
3.0103
-120.126
2
0
3
3
2
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
36
Soft/Softer handover
Soft/Softer Handover gain develops from combining of
signals either in node Bs RAKE or RNC. In Downlink
signals are combined in terminals RAKE receiver
Uplink Soft Handover gain comes from RNC frame
selection combining. Gain is not achieved as concrete
gain in radio interface, but as more stable power control.
In Uplink Softer HO maximum ratio combining is
performed in node Bs RAKE => gain 1-3 dB
Downlink Soft HO:n maximum ratio combining is
performed in terminals RAKE => gain 1-2 dB
37
RX characteristics
Receiver characteristics
and margins
RX antenna gain
Thermal noise density
Receiver noise figure
Receiver noise density
Receiver noise power
Processing gain
Required Eb/No
Interference margin
Required signal power
RX Cable loss
RX Body loss
Diversity gain
Fast fading margin
Soft handover gain
Coverage probability (cell edge)
Shadow fading std deviation
Shadow Fading Margin
Indoor penetration loss
0
-174
8
-166
-100.157
24.97971
7
6.0206
-112.116
0
2
0
0
1
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
17.42531
-174
5
-169
-103.157
24.97971
5
3.0103
-120.126
2
0
3
3
2
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
Shadow fading margin has been discussed previously, but lets recall
some issues
38
Shadow fading
margin
Network area/
Parameter
Standard deviation
Dense urban /
Urban
Area
probabil
ity 90%
Area
probabil
ity 95%
8,5 dB
6 dB
9,5 dB
Sub-urban
7,2 dB
4,7 dB
7,6 dB
Rural
6,5 dB
3,9 dB
6,6 dB
39
Cell range
Allowed propagation loss
146.4659 dB
149.0205 dB
Unit
2100 MHz
25 m
1.5 m
46.3
33.9
44.9
-0.00092
3.574349
137.3351 dB
1.800742 km
2.12287 km
1.800742 km
It seems that WCDMA and GSM 1800 admit pretty same speech
coverage (recall that GSM 1800 range were round 1.58 km). Actually if
we would have used the same cable loss then cell range would have
been 1.58 km also for WCDMA. Yet, WCDMA link budget contains
much more parameters => more potential error sources in dimensioning.
40
Receiver characteristics
and margins
RX antenna gain
Thermal noise density
Receiver noise figure
Receiver noise density
Receiver noise power
Processing gain
Required Eb/No
Interference margin
Required signal power
RX Cable loss
RX Body loss
Diversity gain
Fast fading margin
Soft handover gain
Coverage probability (cell edge)
Shadow fading std deviation
Shadow Fading Margin
Indoor penetration loss
Allowed propagation loss
384kbps data, DL
0.75
20 W
5.666667 W
37.53328 dBm
17.42531 dBi
2 dB
0 dB
52.95858 dBm
0
-174
8
-166
-100.157
10
7
6.0206
-97.1361
0
0
0
0
1
0.9
6
7.5
0
143.5947
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
384kbps data, UL
0.5
0.25 W
0.25 W
23.9794 dBm
0 dBi
0 dB
0 dB
23.9794 dBm
17.42531
-174
5
-169
-103.157
10
3
3.0103
-107.146
2
0
3
4
2
0.9
6
7.5
0
140.0511
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
41
TX power
Target load
Transmitter characteristics
384kbps data, DL
0.75
20 W
5.666667 W
37.53328 dBm
17.42531 dBi
2 dB
0 dB
52.95858 dBm
384kbps data, UL
0.5
0.25 W
0.25 W
23.9794 dBm
0 dBi
0 dB
0 dB
23.9794 dBm
PTX ,TCH
Receiver characteristics
Receiver characteristics
and margins
RX antenna gain
Thermal noise density
Receiver noise figure
Receiver noise density
Receiver noise power
Processing gain
Required Eb/No
Interference margin
Required signal power
RX Cable loss
RX Body loss
Diversity gain
Fast fading margin
Soft handover gain
Coverage probability (cell edge)
Shadow fading std deviation
Shadow Fading Margin
Indoor penetration loss
0
-174
8
-166
-100.157
10
7
6.0206
-97.1361
0
0
0
0
1
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
17.42531
-174
5
-169
-103.157
10
3
3.0103
-107.146
2
0
3
4
2
0.9
6
7.5
0
dBi
dBm/Hz
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
43
Cell range
Allowed propagation loss
143.5947 dB
140.0511 dB
Unit
2100 MHz
25 m
1.5 m
46.3
33.9
44.9
-0.00092
3.574349
137.3351 dB
1.496663 km
1.191201 km
1.191201 km
Now system is clearly uplink limited (it was downlink limited for
speech). Yet this is only problem for symmetric services. Usually
384kbps is used for web browsing which is putting more pressure on
DL. If cell dimensioning is done for speech then DL 384kbps coverage
may not be a serious problem but capacity becomes soon a bottleneck
44
since system may support only few 384kbps users.
Cell range
12.2kbps speech
Downlink range
Uplink range
Cell range
Allowed propagation loss
384kbps data
126.4659 dB
Downlink range
Uplink range
Cell range
129.0205 dB
0.496488 km
0.585303 km
0.496488 km
123.5947 dB
120.0511 dB
0.41265 km
0.32843 km
0.32843 km
45