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Tomlinson Foundation Design and Construction
Tomlinson Foundation Design and Construction
50 MN/m?, For over-consolidate¢ sands with an over-consolidation, ratio >2: 5q._ for g, < 50 MN/m?, 250 MN/m? for g. > 50 MN/m?. ‘The deformation modulus applicable for a stress in- crease of A, above the effective overburden pressure 6%, is given'by the equation [p.* @,72) Bn Ey (2.39) Estimation of settlements from pressuremeter tests The self-boring pressuremeter, which causes the minimum disturbance, is a useful method of obtaining the shear modulus G of a sand. This is converted to the drained deformation modulus E” from the relationship B= 2G +), (2.40) where jt” is the Poisson’s ratio for undrained conditions (ypically 0.15 for coarse-grained soils and 0.25 for fine-grained soils). ‘The shear modulus is obtained from the load-unload loop of the pressure-volume curve at the strain level corresponding to the design stress conditions, as dis- cussed for the derivation of E-values from the static cone resistance, The E-value is then used in conjunc- tion with equations (2.41) or (2.42). 2.6.6 Estimation of settlements on clay soils ‘Very comprehensive and practical guidance on the sub- ject of settlement of structures on clay soils is given in 4 publication by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association.”*° ‘The simplified procedure for estimating consolida- tion settlements described in the following pages is based on Skempton and Bjerrum’s modification’ of ‘Terzaghi’s theory of consolidation. The latter assumes that consolidation i a process of one-dimensional strain Comparison of observed and calculated settlements indicates that the method underestimates the rate of settlement. Other theories have been published which claim to represent more accurately the consolidation process, but in most cases these are difficult to apply in practice. In any event the magnitude of settlement of engineering structures on most firm to stiff soils is rela- tively small. For this reason, refinement of calculations is hardly justifiable, especially as natural variations in soil compressibility can produce settlement variatioas of greater significance than differences in values cal- culated by the various methods. Only in cases of soft compressible soils carrying large heavy structures is it justifiable to adopt the more elaborate calculation ‘methods based on three-dimensional strain, In cases where the flexural rigidity of the structure has a signifi- cant effect on the magnitude of differential settlement it can be advantageous to model the soil-structure inter- action by means of a finite-element analysis as described in Section 2.8.4. ‘The steps in carrying out the settlement analysis are as follows: (a) Choice of the soil profile. A soil profile should bbe drawn for the site, on which is marked the average depths of the various soil strata and the average (or characteristic) values of the undrained shear strength, the compression index (or the coefficient of volume compressibility), and coefficient of consolidation for ach stratum or each division of a stratum. In the case of thick clay strata, it must not be assumed that te compressibility is constant throughout the depth of the strata, Clays usually show progressively decreasing com- pressibility and increase in deformation modulus with increasing depth. It frequently happens that the borehole records and soil test results show wide variations in the depths of the strata and compressibility values. In these circumstances the choice of a representative soil profile involves exercise of careful judgement. For large and important structures it is worthwhile to make settlement analyses for the highest compressibility and maximum depth of compressible strata and the lowest compress- ibility with the minimum depth of strata, and then to compare the two analyses to obtain an idea of the dif- ferential settlement if these two extremes of conditions occur over the area of the structure. (b) Assessment of the loading causing settlement. When considering long-term consolidation settlement it is essential that the foundation loading used in the analysis should be realistic and representative of the sustained loading over the time period under consider- ation. This is a different approach to that used when calculating safe bearing pressures. In the latter case the most severe loading conditions are allowed for, with full provision for maximum imposed loading. The imposed loading used in a settlement analysis isan average valueire (Combined oiand 0, Overburden pressure, 0% Figure 2.32 Vertical pressure and stress distribution for deep clay layer. representing the continuous load over the time period being considered. Wind loading is only considered in settlement analy- ses for high structures where it represents a consider- able proportion of the total loads, and then only the wind loads representing the average of continuous wind over the full period are allowed for. ‘The calculation of consolidation settlement is based (on the increases in effective vertical stresses induced by the loads or actions from the structure. (0) Calculation of pressure and stress distribution. The distribution of effective vertical pressure of the overburden (6) and the vertical stress (6,) resulting from the net foundation pressure (q,) is shown in Fig. 2.32. Values of 6, at various depths below foun- dation level are obtained by the methods described in Section 2.6.4. In the case of deep compressible soils the lowest level considered in the settlement analysis is the point where the vertical stress (6,) is not more than 20 per cent of 6%,, but a deeper level should be considered for highly compressible soils. (@) Calculation of net immediate settlement (p,). ‘The net immediate setlement (p), ie. the elastic settle ‘ment beneath the comer of a flexible loaded areas, is calculated from the equation a-v) qx BX XI, 241) Settlement of foundations 73 where B = width of foundation, E = deformation modulus, V = Poisson’s ratio, net foundation pressure, influence factor. ‘The drained modulus E;, is used for calculating the total (immediate + consolidation) settlement of the foun- dations on gravels sands, silts, and clays. The undrained modulus E, is used to calculate the immediate settle- ‘ment of foundations on clays or clayey silts. As already noted, itis rather impracticable to determine E’ values of sands and gravels from laboratory tests on undisturbed samples, field tests being used instead. However, itis the general practice to obtain drained and undrained Ezvalues of clays from laboratory tests on undisturbed samples taken from boreholes. The undrained modulus E, of clays can be determined from relationships with the undrained shear strength, as shown in Fig, 2.33. It should be noted that both E, and £% are strain dependent. Relationships between E,/c, and strain for London Clay are shown in Fig. 2.34, where c, is ob- tained in the laboratory from undrained triaxial tests on ‘g00d-quality samples taken in thin-wall tubes. The strain applicable to normal foundations is 0.01-0.1 per cent, Fuas wees CPT. harrelbeok PEPE. y G 1600 1400 1200 5 aoof 20You might also like
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