Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Experiment SPM Biology
Experiment SPM Biology
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Concentration
of sucrose
solution(M)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Initial(cm)
5
5
5
5
5
5
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Length
Final(cm)
Change in
length(cm)
1
2
3
4
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
average
The rate of
enzyme reaction
(min-1)
pH
values
2
7
9
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
12. The result is recorded and a graph showing the rate of reaction against temperature
is plotted
13. The activities of amylase reaction Is optimum at 37oC
Presentation of data
Test
Tem Time taken for the hydrolysis of starch to be
completed (minutes)
tube
p
o
( C)
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Food sample
Initial
Temperature 0C
Final
Energy value
Increase in
temperature
White bread
Peanut
Cashew nut
Volume of fruit
Percentage of
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Vitamin C
juice needed to
decolourize 1ml of
DCPIP solution (ml)
vitamin C In fruit
juice (%)
concentration in
fruit juice (mg/cm)
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Presentation of data
Distance of
light source
(cm)
50
40
30
20
10
Number of bubbles
released in 5 minutes
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
9. The results are recorded and the rate of photosynthesis is calculated by using
a formula:[rate of photosynthesis formula]
Presentation of data
Concentration of
Number of bubbles
sodium hydrogen
released in 5 minutes
carbonate solution
(%)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
6. Three maize seedlings of the same height are chosen and put into each jars
7. Keep the roots of seedlings are fully immersed in each solutions.The culture
solution is aerated using an air pump to ensure the root of the seedling
obtain enough for respiration
8. All set of apparatus are exposed to light so the seedling are able to carry out
photosynthesis
9. The culture solution in each jar is replaced every week to ensure that the
nutrients which are supposed to be available are not depleted
10.After one month,seedling in jar A Is taken out and the height of seedling is
measured and recorded by using a ruler.the growth rate of the seedling is
calculated and is recorded in a table using formula:
The height of seedling
(cm)
Time taken (days)
11.Step 10 is repeated with seedling in glass jar B and glass jar C are observed
12.Record the result in table and plot a bar chart showing the growth rate of
seedlings(cm/day) against the types of solution
Presentation of data
Glass jar
Type of solution
A
B
Distilled water
Complete knops
solution
Nitrogen deficient in
culture solution
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
4. The apparatus is joined to a rubber stopper with glass tube,rubber tubing and
the manometer
5. The apparatus is placed to a retort stand
6. Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the manometer
with a marker pen
7. Then,placed the boiling tube in water bath at 20 0C
8. Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the manometer
(after 10 minutes)
9. Record the final height of the coloured liquid in the manometer using a ruler
10.Repeat the experiment by placing the boiling tube in water baths at
300C,400C and 500C
11.Make sure all the joints of the apparatus are air-tight
12.Calculate and record the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast by using a
formula
The change in height of coloured water in the manometer
Time taken
13.The results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of data
Temperature
The height of coloured liquid in
0
(C )
manometer(cm)
initial
final
20
30
40
50
Rate of anaerobic in
yeast (cm/min)
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Procedure
1. Filled the boiling tube with 15 ml yeast suspension.
2. Then the boiling tube is added with 10ml 5% glucose solution
3. 4 drop of 0.1mol dm3 Hydrochloric acid is added
4. The content in boiling tube is shaked.determine the pH of the solution using
pH paper
5. The boiling tube is filled with paraffin oil.
6. The apparatus is joined to a rubber stopper with glass tube,rubber tubing and
the manometer
7. The apparatus is placed to a retort stand
8. Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the manometer
with a marker pen and a ruler
9. Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the manometer
(after 10 minutes)
10.Record the final height of the coloured liquid in the manometer using a ruler
11.Repeat the experiment by placing add 4 drops o.o1 mol dm 3 HCL,4 drops of
distilled water and 4 drops of 0.1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide
12.Make sure all the joints of the apparatus are air-tight
13.Calculate and record the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast by using a
formula
The change in height of coloured water in the manometer
Time taken
14.The results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of data
pH
The height of coloured liquid in manometer (cm)
Rate of anaerobic
respiration in yeast
(cm/min)
Rate of anaerobic
respiration(cm/min
)
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
To suction
pump
Universal
indicator
After experiment
Temperature (0C)
Colour of cotton
wool
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Presentation data
Data for inhaled air
Length of inhaled air column at the
beginning experiment
Length of inhaled air column after
treating with potassium hydroxide
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
P
Q
solution
Length of inhaled air column after
treating with potassium pyrogallate
solution
Length of CO2 column in inhaled air
Length of O2 column in inhaled air
Percentage of CO2 in inhaled air
Percentage of O2 in inhaled air
R
(p-q)cm
(q-r)cm
p-qcm x 100%
p cm
q-rcm x 100
p cm
X
Y
Z
(x-y)cm
(y-z)cm
(x-y)cm x 100%
X cm
(y-z)cm x 100%
X cm
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
What is the population size of mimosa pudica and imperata cylindrica in the school
field?
Hypothesis
The population size of species mimosa pudica plant is higher than species
imeprata cylindrica in the school field
Variables
MV : type of plant
RV : population size
CV : quadrat size
Materials and apparatus
Plant species Mimosa Pudica and imperata cylindrica ,plastic quadrat,marker
pen,A4 paper,graph paper
Procedure
1. School field was chosen as the field study
2. Quadrats size 1mx1m was used
3. Two plants species mimosa pudica and imperata cylindrica was identified
4. The quadrats were thrown at random in the school field
5. The area of coverage each plant species were counted
6. If more than half of the squares in the quadrat are covered ,the area of plant
species will be counted.the area is not counted if only less than half is
covered
7. Steps 5 to 7 was repeated for nine quadrats
8. The area covered by plant species studied in each quadrat were recorded
and tabulated in a table
9. The percentage coverage of plant species were calculated by using this
formula :
percentage of coverage = total are covered plant species In all quadrats X
100
Total number of quadrants x area of quadrat
Presentation of data
Plant
specie
s
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Total
number of
plant
species(m2
)
10
Percentag
e
coverage
area (%)
19.TO INVESTIGATE THE WATER POLUTION LEVEL AND BOD VALUE AT THE
STATION A,B, AND C
Problem statement
Which sources of water sample A,B and C will be more polluted and give the higher
BOD value?
Hypothesis
Water sample C are the most polluted and have the highest BOD value compare to
water sample A and B
Variable
MV : type water samples
RV : water pollution level and BOD values
CV : volume of water sample
Apparatus and materials
Reagents bottles with stoppers,syringe,cupboard,stopwatch,label paper, measuring
cylinder, beaker, water sources from station A,B and C,methylene blue solution
Procedure
1. 200ml water samples from A,B and C sources are collected
2. 3 bottles of reagent are labeled as A,B, and X respectively
3. 100ml of water samples at A were measured by using measuring cylinder are
being put into reagent bottle
4. 1ml of methylene blue solution 0.1% solution was added to the base of each
water samples using a syringe
5. The bottles are closed quickly and the contents are not to be shaken
6. Steps 1 to 5 were repeated by using water source from station B and C
7. All the bottles are placed in a cupboard and the stopwatch is started
8. The bottle are examined from time to time
9. The time taken for methylene to decolourise is recorded for all the water
samples
10.The results are recorded in a table
Presentation of data
Reagent bottles
Water samples
(100ml)
Time taken to
decolourise
methylene blue
(hour)
A
B
C
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Number of lemna
Beginning
end
5
5
5
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Condition of pH
0.1M of hydrochloric
acid(acidic)
0.1M sodium
hydroxide(alkaline)
distilled
water(neutral)
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
The growth
rate of lemna
minor(day)
A
B
C
D
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Percentage of coloured
area (%)
1
8
27
64
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Rate of
transpiration(cm/min)
0
2
4
6
8
23.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE RATE OF
TRANSPIRATION
Problem statement
Is the light increasing the rate of of transpiration of a plant?
Hypothesis
The higher the light intensity,the higher the rate of transpiration
Variables
MV : distance light sources
RV : rate of of transpiration
CV : temperature
Apparatus and materials
Photometer,stopwatch,knife,beaker,fluorescent lamp,meter ruler, balsam
plant,vaseline,water,tissue
Procedure
1. A suitable balsam plant is selected and is cut using a sharp knife.the
cut end is immediately immersed in a beaker filled with distilled water
2. The cut plant is then fixed onto a photometer and the joint between
the plant and the photometer are sealed using a Vaseline to make the
airtight
3. The laboratory curtains and doors are pulled and closed so that outside
lightning will not efect the outcome of experiment
4. A 40W fluorescent lamp is set 30cm away from the edge of the
photometer with a meter ruler placed to measure the distance
5. The air bubble in photometer is set to 0cm.the lamp is switched on and
the stopwatch is started when the air bubble cross X mark.
6. The movement of air bubble is observed and the stopwatch is stopped
when the bubble reaches Y mark that is 10cm
7. Record the time taken into a table using stopwatch
8. Step 4 to 7 are repeated ,with the distance of the lamp are put at
40cm,50cm,60cm away from the photometer.
9. Calculate the rate of transpiration by using a formula
10.All the findings are recorded In a table
Presentation of data
Distance of lamp from the
edge of photometer (cm)
0
40
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
Rate of transpiration
(cm/second)
50
60
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
12.The above step is repeated to get three readings with the same shoot in
under water a an with speed 2 and respectively
13.The average rate of the rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the
table using formula
Prresentation of data
Speed of
Time taken for the air bubble to move from point X to Y
fan
(minutes)
First reading
Second
reading
Third
reading
Rate of
transpiratio
n (cm/min)
average
Speed 1
Speed 2
Speed 3
25.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF
TRANSPIRATION
Problem statement
Does the temperature afect the rate of transpiration of a plant?
Hypothesis
The higher the temperature,the higher the rate of transpiration of a plant
Variables
MV : temperature
RV : the rate of transpiration
CV : air movement
Apparatus and materials
Photometer,stopwatch,cutter,beaker,meter ruler,a basin of water,marker,a leafy
shoot,water,vaseline,dry cloth,thermometer,transparent frame
Procedure
1. The leafy shoot is immersed in the water and cut using a sharp scalpel
2. The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin containing
water.the apparatus is filled with water.the leafy shoot is inserted into the
rubbing tubing.
3. Steps 1 and 2 is carried out under water to make sure no air bubbles are
trapped in the apparatus
4. A finger is placed over the open end of the capillary tube.the apparatus is
removed from the basin
5. The open end of the capillary tube is placed under water in the beaker before
removing the finger from the tube
6. The water is dried from the surfaces of the leaves of the shoot using tissue
paper.Some vaseline is smeared around the rubber tubing to make it airtight
7. The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water reservoir.the rubber
tubing is squeezed gently to release one drop of water from the capillary
tube.the capillary tube is placed in water
8. The apparatus is supported by a retort stand.a marker pen is used to mark
two points ,X and Yat a distance 5cm apart
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
9. The non transparent frame is used to cover the leafy shoot and of the
photometer is placed in the shady place at 30 0C.the temperature inside the
frame is recorded using stopwatch
10.Record the time taken (in minutes)for the air bubble to move from X to Y
using stopwatch
11.To reset the photometer,squeeze the rubber tubing so that air bubble escapes
into the beaker of water
12.The above step is repeated to get the three readings with the same shoot
with the transparent frame to cover the leaf shoot and photometer is placed
under the sun at 330C.the temperature inside the frame is recorded using
stopwatch
13.The rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the table by using
formula
Presentation of data
temperature
Time taken for the air bubble to move from X to
Y (minute)
1
Rate of
transpiration(cms1
)
average
Shady place
300C
Under the sun
330C
26.TO INESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF AIR HUMIDITY ON THE RATE OF
TRANSPIRATION
Problem statement
Does humidity of air efect the rate of temperature?
Hypothesis
When the air humidity surrounding the plant is high,the rate of transpiration is low
Variable
MV : humidity of air
RV : rate of transpiration
CV : temperature
Apparatus and materials
Photometer,stopwatch,cutter,beaker,meter ruler,a basin of water,marker,a leafy
shoot,water,vaseline,dry cloth,anhydrous calcium chloride,transparent bag
Procedure
1. The leafy shoot is immersed in the water and cut using a sharp scalpel
2. The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin containing
water.the apparatus is filled with water.the leafy shoot is inserted into the
rubber tubing
3. Steps 1-2 is carried out under water to make sure no air bubble are trapped in
the apparatus
4. A finger is placed over the open end of the capillary tube.the apparatus is
removedfrom the basin
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
5. The open end of the capillary tube is placed under in the beaker before
removing the finger from the tube
6. The water is dried from the surface of the leaves of the shoot using tissue
paper.some vaseline is smeared around the rubber tubing to make sure the
apparatus airtight
7. The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water reservoir .the rubber
tubing is squeezed gently to release one drop of water from the capillary tube
.the capillary tube is placed under water
8. The apparatus is supported by a retort stand .a marker pen is used to mark
two points ,X and Y at a distance 5 cm apart
9. The transparent bag filled with presence of anhydrous calcium chloride is
used to cover the leafy shoot
10.Record the time taken (in minutes) for the air bubble to move from pint X to Y
using a stopwatch
11.Repeat the experiment twice
12.To reset the photometer,squeeze the rubber tubing so that air bubble escapes
into the beaker of water
13.The above step is repeated to get three readings with the same shoot with
the transparent bag with absence of anhydrous calcium chloride
14.The rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the table using formula
Presentation of data
Condition inside
tranparent bag
Humidity of air
The rate of
transpiration (cm.min)
contain anhydrous
calcium chloride
Without anhydrous
calcium chloride
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
200
800
1000
Number of button
colour
genotype
phenotype
2. Plant 20 maize seeds in the soil with even spacing between each seed
3. Water the seeds daily throughout the period of experiment
4. After 10 days,measure the height of maize plants using the meter ruler or
measuring tape
5. Repeat steps 4 over 90/120 days
6. Record all the results obtained In a table
7. Plot a graph of the average height of maize plants against time after planting
Presentation of data
Time(days) after
planting
10
20
30
40
50
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Type of fingerprint
whorl
curves
Height (m)
composite
loops
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
otal number of
buttons were
taken
white
red
yellow
White
Black
Multicolour
ed floral
Ema-Mel0dy spm11
green