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Maxillary Injection Techniques
Maxillary Injection Techniques
Techniques
Anatomy
Anatomy
1) Local Infiltration
2) Field Block
3) Nerve Block
Local Infiltration
Incision (treatment) is done in the same area in which the
local anesthetic was deposited (interproximal papilla
before Scaling and Root Planing)
Field Block
Local anesthetic is deposited toward larger nerve terminal
branches
Treatment is done away from the site of local anesthetic
injection
Maxillary injections administered above the apex of the tooth
to be treated are properly referred to as field blocks not local
infiltrations
Nerve Block
Local anesthetic is deposited close to a main
nerve trunk, usually at a site removed from the
area of treatment (PSA, IANB, NPB)
Types of Injections
1) Supraperiosteal Injection
2) Intraligamentary (PDL) Injection
3) Intraseptal Injection
4) Intracrestal Injection
5) Intraosseous Injection
6) Posterior Superior Alveolar (PSA) Nerve Block
7) Middle Superior Alveolar (MSA) Nerve Block
8) Anterior Superior Alveolar (ASA) Nerve Block
9) Maxillary Nerve Block (2nd Division)
10) Greater Palatine Nerve Block
11) Nasopalatine Nerve Block
12) Anterior Middle Superior Alveolar (AMSA) Nerve Block
13) Palatal Approach Anterior Superior Alveolar (P-ASA) Nerve Block
Supraperiosteal Injection
1) Supraperiosteal Injection
Used for pulpal anthesia in maxillary teeth
Anesthetizes large terminal branches of the
dental plexus
Greater than 95% success rate
1 or 2 teeth
Supraperiosteal Injection
Dense bone covering the apices of the teeth can lead to
failure
-maxillary molar of children (zygomatic bone
obscures)
-central incisor of adults (nasal spine obscures)
Negligible positive aspiration rate (less than 1%)
Should not be used for large areas (multiple sticks/large
amount of local anesthetic solution must be used)
Problems/Failures
If tooth does not anesthetize the needle tip could be
below the apex of the tooth resulting in inadequate
anesthesia
If the needle lies too far from the bone then
anesthesia will be inadequate because the solution
was deposited in the soft tissue (lip)
The needle must be oriented toward the periosteum
but should be managed properly to avoid tearing the
highly innervated periosteum
Problems/Failures (PSA)
Hematoma formation if needle is overinserted too
far posteriorly
Pterygoid plexus of veins leads to this hematoma
Visible intraoral hematoma develops within
minutes; bleeds until the pressure of the
extravascular blood equals that of the intravascular
blood which can result in a large, unsightly
hematoma
Problems/Failures (PSA)
Patients will usually claim that they do not
feel any anesthesia which is not uncommon
because patients can not reach this area to
gauge their own level of anesthesia
If using a long dental needle the maximum
insertion should be one-half on its length or
16 mm
8) Aspirate
9) Slowly deposit 0.9-1.2 ml of solution
10) Wait 3 to 5 minutes before starting
treatment
Problems/Failures MSA
Anesthetic not deposited above the apex of the
2nd premolar
Solution deposited into the soft tissue too far
from the periosteum (lip)
Hematoma may develop; Dentist should apply
pressure to the area with gauze for at least
sixty (60) seconds; up to 2 to 3 minutes
Problems/Failures (ASA)
Failure is from the needle deviating to the medial or
lateral away from the infraorbital foramen
Failure to reach the infraorbital foramen will result
in anesthesia of the lateral side of the nose, upper
lip and lower eyelid but not the teeth
Hematoma formation can result although rarely;
apply pressure to area for 2 to 3 minutes; at least 60
seconds
Palatal Anesthesia
Palatal Anesthesia
Easily one of the most traumatic experiences
for dentists due to the pain that is sometimes
elicited from the patients
Palatal injections can be administered
atraumatically
5 PALATAL INJECTIONS
1) Anterior (Greater) Palatine Nerve Block:
no pulpal anesthesia
2) Nasopalatine Nerve Block: no pulpal anesthesia
3) Local Infiltration: no pulpal anesthesia
4) P-AMSA: pulpal and soft tissue
5) P-ASA: pulpal and soft tissue
Back Spray
During palatal injections, the pressure
generated within the syringe will cause
the solution to spray into your mask/face;
always wear the appropriate safety
glasses and mask when giving any injection
regardless of how trivial it may seem
at the time
Important Points:
Topical and pressure anesthesia on the palate are not
necessary because the first injection anesthetized the palatal
tissues
Contact bone on the 3rd injection (incisive papilla) only
Interdental papilla between maxillary central incisors is sore
for a few days
Greater palatine nerve may overlap and lead to inadequate
anesthesia of the canine and 1st premolar
P-ASA
Technique P-ASA
1) 27 gauge short needle is recommended
2) Insert needle just lateral to the incisive
papilla in the papillary groove
3) Target is the nasopalatine foramen
4) Needle held at 45 degree angle to the palate
(same as central incisors)
Areas Anesthetized:
1) Pulpal anesthesia of all teeth on the side of
injection (ipsalateral)
2) Buccal periodontium and bone on the side of
injection
3) Soft tissues and bone of the hard palate/soft palate
medial to midline
4) Skin of lower eyelid, side of the nose, cheek and
upper lip
Universal:
-applying topical anesthetic for
one minute
-proper patient positioning
-aspiration
-making the needle safe after each
injection with the scoop technique
References
Malamed, Stanley: Handbook of Local Anesthesia. 5 th Edition. Mosby. 2003