A

Seminar Report
On

By

Ravindra Bhaskar Mali

B.E. (MECH)
ravimali29@yahoo.com
Atul Suresh Sonawane
T.E. (MECH)
atulya_mech@rediffmail.com

Guided by:
Prof. M. V. Nagarhalli

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

S.R.E.SS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON - 423603
UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

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ABSTRACT
We are aware that in early future the world will suffer from the shortage of
conventional fuels. Pollution from these conventional fuels is causing the global warming, ozone
depletion this makes it essential to search the renewable, pollution free alternative fuel. Hydrogen
seems to be most promising alternative fuel.
Hydrogen when burns produce clean energy. Hydrogen can be produce easily.
Hydrogen is lightest fuel and richest in energy per unit mass (120 700 kJ/kg). Petrol vapor creeps
along the ground while Hydrogen goes up in the air so it is relatively safe. Hydrogen can be stored
as compressed gas, liquid or by chemical bonding (i.e. Metal Hydride). Some alloys stores
Hydrogen at a higher density than pure Hydrogen even higher than the liquid Hydrogen.
Hydrogen, like petrol, diesel and natural gas, burns well in internal combustion
engines. However, in Reciprocating engine during the suction stroke if the Hydrogen is expose to
the red-hot particle or spark plug and pre-ignition takes place then it can burst entire fuel tank.
Solution to these problems is to use the Hydrogen in the Wankel rotary engine,
which has advantages like high power to weight ratio, extended power stroke, and lesser moving
parts. Rotor directly opens and closes ports, so correct timing of intake and exhaust is maintain even
at high speed with flat torque curve. Vibration is very low because perfect balancing is possible.
Cooler combustion means fewer oxides of nitrogen. Separation of combustion region from intake
region is good for Hydrogen fuel.
Mazda began a two years trial period for its experimental low-pollution Hydrogen
rotary engine vehicle in 1995. The Cappella Cargo van model vehicle will burn a Hydrogen fuel
and will not emit carbon dioxide. Mazda lent the vehicle to the Hirohata Steel Mill for use as their
company van and drove it for at least 20,000 kilometers on public roads. Hydrogen was stored as
metal hydride.

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INDEX
Sr. No:

Chapter

Page No.

1. Introduction

2. Hydrogen Energy- A Brief Introduction

2.1

From carbon to hydrogen

2.2

Generating Hydrogen

2.3

Storing the Hydrogen

2.4

Hydrogen in internal combustion engines

3. Wankel engine

3.1

Glossary of terms

3.2

Working of Wankel engine

3.3

Advantages

3.4

Disadvantages

4. Case Study:

5.

10

4.1

Mazda HR-X car

10

4.2

Test results

10

Conclusion

12

Bibliography

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Chapter: 1 Introduction:
All of us are aware that in future the world will suffer from the shortage of
conventional fuels like coal, petroleum and its products. Over the last five years the world used 27
billion barrels of oil each year, while annual discoveries amounted only 3 billion barrels. Following
chart shows, the oil discovered worldwide every five years. (Refer figure 1.1)
Volume of oil
discovered worldwide
every 5 years (Million
Barel)

Volume of oil
(Million Barel)----->

250
200
150
100
50
0

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year ------>

Figure No: 1.1

Trend in volume of oil discovered worldwide
as per international energy agencys assessment

Therefore, there is need of the alternative fuels, which will overcome the above
problems. There are many alternative fuels like methanol, ethanol, bio-diesel, hydrogen etc.
Hydrogen seems to be most promising alternative fuel. It is an energy dense, pollution free
renewable fuel.
Hydrogen and electricity are the only energy carriers available that can be completely
pollution free. Electricity has already proved its value but is not a useful form of energy in remote
areas or in transport, primarily due to difficulties of storage. While Hydrogen is also difficult to store
and transport, over long distances it becomes more efficient to use Hydrogen than electricity.

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Chapter: 2 Hydrogen Energy - A Brief Introduction

From carbon to Hydrogen
Until the industrial revolution, the main source of energy for most people was wood a hydrocarbon fuel. Improved technology led to widespread use of coal (more Hydrogen, less
carbon), and then to oil and natural gas.
Hydrogen burns to produce water. Hydrogen is relatively safe because it vents
upwards. Gasoline (petrol) is more dangerous because its vapors creep along the ground. Hydrogen
has the highest energy content per unit weight of any known fuel-52,000 Btu/lb (1,20,700 kJ/kg).
When Hydrogen is burned with oxygen, the only byproducts are heat and water. Hydrogen is a
colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable and nontoxic gas at atmospheric temperatures and
pressures. It is the lightest gas known, being only some seven one hundredths as heavy as air.
Hydrogen is present in the atmosphere, occurring in concentrations of only about 0.01 per cent by
volume at lower altitudes.

Properties of Hydrogen:
Auto ignition temperature
Density
Diffusivity
Flame temperature
Specific gravity
Specific volume
Properties

520 0C (968 0F)

0.08342 kg/m3
1.697 m2/hr
2318 0C (4202.4 0F)
0.6960 (air = 1)
11.99 m3/kg (191.98 scf/lb)

:
:
:
:
:
:

Gasoline Diesel Methano Ethanol Natural Gas Propane Hydroge

Fuel
l
(CNG)
n

Chemical
Formula

C4 to C12 C3 to C25 CH3OH

Molecular
Weight

100105

Boiling
80437
temperature F

C2H5OH

C3H8

CH4

H2

44.1

16.04

2.02

200

32.04

46.07

370
650

149

172

-44

-259

-423

-------

107

108

112

------

130+

98

-115

-305.8

-296

-435

Octane no

90100

Freezing point
0
C

-40

Flash point,
closed cup, F

-45

165

52

55

-100 to -150

-300

--

Auto-ignition

257

315-460

422

422

454510

540

565-580

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temperature, C

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2.2 Generating the Hydrogen:

2.2.1 Hydrogen from water: - The most common way of splitting water is by
electrolysis, though it can also be done using a thermochemical reaction or simply by
heating.
2.2.2 Hydrogen from hydrocarbons: - The cheapest way of making Hydrogen at
present is by reforming it from natural gas. Most of the Hydrogen in use today is made by
this method. In order to split the Hydrogen from the carbon in the natural gas (mainly
Methane, CH4) a process called steam reformation is used.
Storing the Hydrogen : - Since Hydrogen is one of the lightest elements and has very small
molecules, it can escape from tanks and pipes more easily than conventional fuels. However,
if it is to be used as a fuel for transport or power generation then there must be ways of
storing it cost-effectively. Storing Hydrogen can be done in three main ways, compressed
form, in Liquid form and by chemical bonding (i.e. Metal Hydride).
A gram of Hydrogen gas occupies about 11 liters (2.9 gallons) of space at
atmospheric pressure, so for convenience the gas must be intensely pressurized to several hundred
atmospheres and stored in a pressure vessel. In liquid form, Hydrogen can only be stored under
cryogenic temperatures. These options are not practical for everyday use. The solution to these
difficulties is storage of Hydrogen in hydride form. This method uses an alloy that can absorb and
hold large amounts of Hydrogen by bonding with Hydrogen and forming hydrides. (Refer figure
2.1 & 2.2)

Figure No: 2.2

Metal Hydride storage unit
Figure No: 2.1
Metal hydride tank
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Stored Volume
Discharge Pressure
Maximum Flow Rate
Recharge Time
Vessel Material
Dimensions
Weight
Overpressure Protection
Price

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

90 standard cubic foot (2550 liters at low pressure

30 psig (178 kPa) in ambient air, 250 psig (1.48 MPa) in hot water
1 ft3/min (28 Liters/min)
4 hours in ambient air, 45 minutes in 68oF (20oC) water
body - stainless steel, valve - stainless steel
24" Long by 12" High and by 3" Deep (60.96cm x 30.48cm x 7.62cm)
80 pounds (36 kg)
Rapture Disc and Relief Valve
$13,500

Some alloys (in boldface in the table below) store Hydrogen at a higher density than
pure Hydrogen (even higher than the liquid Hydrogen).
Material
H2 gas, 200 bar (2850 psi)
H2 liquid, 20 K (-253 0C)
H2 solid, 4.2 K (-269 0C)
MgH2
Mg2NiH4
FeTiH2
LaNi5H6

H-atoms per cm3 (x

1022)
0.99
4.2
5.3
6.5
5.9
6.0
5.5

% of weight that is
Hydrogen
100
100
100
7.6
3.6
1.89
1.37

Another property of Hydrogen storage alloys is that they release heat when
absorbing hydrogen and absorb heat when releasing hydrogen. This property allows their use in
heat pumps, heaters and air conditioners. So their absorption and release rates can be controlled by
adjusting temperature or pressure. The Hydrogen storage alloys in common use occur in four
different forms: AB5 (e.g., LaNi5), AB (e.g., FeTi), A2B (e.g., Mg2Ni) and AB2 (e.g., ZrV2).
Hydrogen in Internal Combustion engines
Drawbacks of conventional Reciprocating engine: High weight to power ratio,
More vibrations, Low efficiency due to reciprocating parts and valve mechanism, As Hydrogen is
highly flammable, so in case of reciprocating engine Pre-ignition is major problem, Backfiring
chances incase of Hydrogen as a fuel are more.
In Reciprocating engine during the suction stroke if the Hydrogen comes in contact
with the red hot particle or spark plug and if pre-ignition takes place then it can cause the fire in
fuel line and burst entire fuel tank
Solution to these problems is to use the Hydrogen in the Wankel rotary engine.

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Chapter No: 3

Wankel engine

Two German engineers Felix Wankel and Walter

Froed have developed the rotary engine which is
known as Wankel engine. (Refer figure 3.1)

3.1 Glossary of Terms

Apex

One of the three tips of the rotor.

Eccentric Shaft

the rotors move around it. It has sections that are offset from the center. It

supercedes the crankshaft of piston engine.

Epitrochoid

The curve that defines the inner surface of the peripheral housing is called as

epitrochoide. It is generated by rolling a circle around another circle. Perhaps should more correctly
called peritrochoid (Refer Figure 3.2).

Figure No: 3.1

Wankel engine

Rotor

Figure No: 3.2

Epitrochoid curve generation method

The rotor is the part of the engine that receives the power impulse of the

explosion and combustion of the fuel air mixture. It supercedes the piston of old internal combustion
engines. It sometimes loosely called a "rotary piston".

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Stationary Gear : This gear is fixed to the side housing. It meshes with a gear inside the rotor so
that the motion of the rotor is constrained.

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3.2

Working of Wankel engine:-Construction & working of Wankel Rotary

engine is as in figure 3.1

Rotor having eqilaterateral triangular shape rotates in lobe shaped chamber as well as
revolve on eccentric shaft .As rotor rotates volume enclose between Rotor and chamber decreases
and increases uniformly according to its position, which causes compression and expansion of the
charge.
As 3 chamber are formed on 3 sides of rotor we get 3 expansion or power stroke for
1 revolution of rotor .There are 3 revolution of eccentric shaft i.e. out put shaft. Thus we get 1 power
stroke for each revolution of out put shaft.
Internal gear of Rotor meshes with external gear, which is fixed to casing of engine,
which regulates the motion of Rotor to maintain contact between rotor and casing. Each phase of
thermodynamic cycle occur for 900 revolution of rotor, those for 2700 revolution of output shaft.

3.3

Advantages of Rotary Combustion Engines:

The main advantage is the high power to weight ratio, Lightweight and compact,

Smooth: no reciprocating motion. Extended power "stroke" rotation of the output shaft: 270 0 vs. the
1800 of a piston, As rotor rotates, it directly opens and closes ports. So correct timing of intake and
exhaust is maintained even at high speed.
Vibration is very low because perfect balancing is possible. Smooth motion, less
mechanical losses, compactness, Cooler combustion means fewer oxides of nitrogen. Catalytic
converters lessen this advantage, Separation of combustion region from intake region is good for
Hydrogen fuel. Lower oxides of nitrogen (NOX) emissions, One stroke is of 2700 rotation of out put
shaft.

3.4

Disadvantages of Rotary Combustion Engines:

High surface to volume ratio in combustion chamber is less thermodynamically efficient. The
Wankel's long and narrow chamber makes for long flame travel, but this is countered by the Mazda's
two spark plugs (three on some racing engines). Higher fuel consumption in naive designs. This is
relative to the application because the high power of the engine must be considered.

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Chapter No: 4

Case Study

Mazda began a two-year trial period for its experimental low-pollution Hydrogen
rotary engine (RE) vehicle in 1995. The Cappella Cargo van model vehicle will burn a Hydrogen
fuel. Mazda lent the vehicle to the Hirohata Steel Mill for use as their company van and drove it for
at least 20,000 kilometers on public roads. The fuel was stored as metal hydride.
In order to evaluate the possibilities offered by the Hydrogen fueled rotary engine,
dynamometer tests were conducted with a small (2.2 kW) Wankel engine fueled with Hydrogen.
The engine was operated unthrottled and power output was controlled by quality governing, i.e. by
varying the fuel-air equivalence ratio on the lean side of stoichiometric.
The ability to operate with quality governing is made possible by the wide
flammability limits of Hydrogen-air mixtures. NOX emissions are on the order of 5 ppm for power
outputs up to 70% of the maximum attainable on Hydrogen fuel. Thus, by operating with very lean
mixtures, which effectively derates the engine, very low NOX emissions can be achieved.
The Hydrogen Miata is 400 kg (880 lb) heavier than the standard car. This is partly
because a 300 kg (660 lb) H2 fuel tank replaces the standard 50 kg (110 lb) for a full gasoline tank.
Thus it is encouraging that it performs as well as it does. Intriguingly, the prototype has a left side
driver (US). Mazda also has an electric prototype using fuel cells, also with a 400 kg increase in
weight
Power (HP)
Top Speed kmh (mph)

Gasoline
120
183 (114)

Hydrogen
110
150 (93)

130 (81)

0-40 kmh (25 mph) sec

0-100 kh (62 mph) sec
Refueling time

2.5
9.4
3 minute?

2.9
13.0
15 minutes

4.2
21.5
hours?

Mazda Weighs Plans:

Electric

Mazda is weighing plans to market a Hydrogen

fueled auto said to outperform electric vehicles. Mazda says timing of the launch hinges on a
government program to develop a Hydrogen fuel distribution network. Mazda claims its Hydrogen
vehicle - based on a Wankel rotary engine - has a range of 230 km and a top speed of 150 km/hr. By
comparison, the automaker says, electric vehicles typically can travel no more than 180 km without
recharging and achieve top speeds of 130 km/hr, while gasoline fueled cars have ranges as high as
590 km and top speeds of 183 km/hr.

4.1

Mazda HR-X
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Specifications of HR-X car
Transmission
Fuel Tank Capacity
Crusing range
Dimensions
Weight
Seating Capacity
Displacement
Max. Output (net)
Max. Torque (net)

4.2

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

4AT (EC-AT)
H2: 37 Nm3
200km
3,850 mm long x 1,700 mm wide x 1,450 mm high
1,260 kg
2 plus 2
499 cc x 2
100 HP at 6,500 rpm (target)
13.0 kgm at 4,000 rpm (target)

Test Results: Results of the trial on the Hydrogen Fueled Rotary Engine and the

conventional reciprocating engine are as follows,

4.2.1

Output power: The figure 4.1 shows the correlation between excess air ratio and

output power at 2500 rpm. Power is enhanced as the value of excess air ratio () goes down. Rotary
engine functioned satisfactorily to the extent excess air ratio =1, and naturally achieved a high
output power. Next, Figure 4.2 shows the maximum power ratio of the Hydrogen engine to the
gasoline engine. While the Hydrogen driven Reciprocating engine (pre-mixed method) could yield
only 50% of the power attainable by gasoline specifications, the Hydrogen driven Rotary engine
achieved 63% by the pre-mixed method and 75% by the induction-cycle-injection.

4.2.2

Combustion Characteristics at Part load:

The combustion characteristics in induction-cycle-injection method Rotary engine at

part load was examined regarding indicator diagram, combustion fluctuation, thermal efficiency and
exhaust gas emission. The test were conducted at N (engine speed) =1500 rpm and Pe (BMEP) = 0.1
MPa or 0.29 MPa.
Figure-4.3 indicates the combustion fluctuation ratio. This figure shows that
Hydrogen Rotary engine gets stable combustion even if the excess air ratio () is over 4.
Figure-4.4 shows excess air ratio vs. brake thermal efficiency. The maximum value
at Pe = 0.1 MPa is around = 3.

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14

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Chapter No: 4

CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from this seminar that Hydrogen is the best preferred alternative
for conventional fuel in every aspect. By using Hydrogen we can develop economical and efficient
vehicle and industrial plants.
Use of Hydrogen in the rotary i.e. Wankel engine is inherently backfire preventing
and can function through a wide operating range at excess air ratio = 1. It was experimentally
proved that the pre-mixed Hydrogen Rotary engine achieved and O/P power up to 63 % of gasoline
specifications, while the Hydrogen Reciprocating engine with pre-mixed mixture method marked
only 50 % of gasoline specifications. Further, in case of Rotary engine, the induction-cycle-injection
could be implemented easily with an achievement of an output power of 75 % of gasoline
specifications.
When operated around excess air ratio = 2~3 in the partial load range, it was
proved that a high thermal efficiency together with clean exhaust gas was attainable.
One of the greatest advantages of Hydrogen as an alternative fuel is that it is they are
renewable and environmental friendly.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books and Journals:

1.

Mathur M. L. , Sharma R. P.,1992, A Course in Internal Combustion

Engines, The Wankel Rotary Combustion Engine, Ch. 23, Pg. No. 822 Dhanpat Rai
and Sons publication, New Delhi.
2.

Prof. Khajuria P. R., July 1981, Hydrogen-Fueled Spark Ignition Engine-

Its Performance and Emission Characteristics, Ph. D. Thesis, I. I. T., New Delhi
3.

H. J. Plass, F. Basrbir Economics of hydrogen as a Fuel for Surface

Transportation S.A.E. journal, Pg. No. 363-368

4.

Kenji Morimoto, Takafumi Teramoto, and Yuji Takamori, Combustion

Characteristics in Hydrogen Fueled Rotary Engine, Society of Automotive Engineers

technical paper #920302 Pg. No. 479-485

Website addresses:
1.

http://www.e-sources.com/hydrogen/

2.

http://www.csa.com/hottopics/hydrogen/overview.html

3.

http://www.humboldt.edu/~serc/generationcenter.html

4.

http://www.ergenics.com

5.

http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/hydrogen/basics.html

6.

http://www.ott.doe.gov/facts/archives/fotw205.shtml

7.

http://www.airproducts.com/Products/LiquidBulkGases/Hydrogen

8.

http://www.enaa.or.jp/WE-NET/report/

9.

http://www.nomicos.com

10.

http://www.anim8or.com/gallery/gallery12/mazda.html

11.

http://www.monito.com/wankel/biblio-sae.html

12.

http://www.monito.com/wankel/rx-evolv.html

13.

http://www-formal.stanford.edu/pub/jmc/progress/batteryswap

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