CHAPTER ONE: COMPANY OVERVIEW

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is an

Indian multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Dehradun, India. It is a Public Sector
Undertaking (PSU) of the Government of India, under the administrative control of the Ministry of
Petroleum and Natural Gas. It is India's largest oil and gas exploration and production company. It
produces around 69% of India's crude oil (equivalent to around 30% of the country's total demand)
and around 62% of its natural gas.

History:
1947 1960
During pre-independence, the Assam Oil Company in the North-Eastern and Attock Oil company in North-Western part of undivided India
were the only oil companies producing oil in the country. The major part of Indian sedimentary basins was deemed to be unfit for development
of oil and gas resources.
After independence, the Government realized the importance of oil and gas for rapid industrial
development and its strategic role in defence. Consequently, while framing the Industrial Policy
Statement of 1948, the development of the hydrocarbon industry in the country was considered to be of
utmost necessity.
Until 1955, private oil companies mainly carried out exploration of hydrocarbon resources of India.
Assam Oil Company was producing oil at Digboi, Assam (discovered in 1889) and the Oil India Ltd. (a
50% joint venture between Government of India and Burmah Oil Company) was engaged in developing
two fields Naharkatiya and Moran in Assam. In West Bengal, the Indo-Stanvac Petroleum project (a
joint venture between Government of India and Standard Vacuum Oil Company of USA) was engaged
in exploration work.

The vast sedimentary tract in other parts of India and adjoining offshore remained largely unexplored.
In 1955, Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas resources in the various regions of the country as part of Public
Sector development. With this objective, an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate was set up in 1955 under the then Ministry of Natural Resources
and Scientific Research. The department was constituted with a nucleus of geoscientists from the Geological survey of India.

A delegation under the leadership of Mr. K D Malviya, the then Minister of Natural Resources, visited
several countries to study the oil industry and to facilitate the training of Indian professionals for
exploring potential oil and gas reserves. Foreign experts from USA, West Germany, Romania and
erstwhile USSR visited India and helped the government with their expertise. Finally, the visiting Soviet
experts drew up a detailed plan for geological and geophysical surveys and drilling operations to be
carried out in the 2ndFive Year Plan (1956-57 to 1960-61).
In April 1956, the Government of India adopted the Industrial Policy Resolution, which placed mineral
oil industry amongst the Schedule 'A' industries, the future development of which was to be the sole
and exclusive responsibility of the state.
Soon, after the formation of the Oil and Natural Gas Directorate, it became apparent that it would not be
possible for the Directorate with limited financial and administrative powers to function efficiently. So in August, 1956, the Directorate was
raised to the status of a commission with enhanced powers, although it continued to be under the government. In October 1959, the
Commission was converted into a statutory body by an act of Parliament, which enhanced powers of the commission further. The main
functions of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission subject to the provisions of the Act, were "to plan, promote, organize and implement
programmes for development of Petroleum Resources and the production and sale of petroleum and petroleum products produced by it, and
to perform such other functions as the Central Government may, from time to time, assign to it". The act further outlined the activities and
steps to be taken by ONGC in fulfilling its mandate.

1961 1990
Since its inception, ONGC has been instrumental in transforming the country's limited upstream sector into a
large viable playing field, with its activities spread throughout India and significantly in overseas territories. In
the inland areas, ONGC not only found new resources in Assam but also established new oil province in
Cambay basin (Gujarat), while adding new petroliferous areas in the Assam-Arakan Fold Belt and East coast
basins (both inland and offshore).
ONGC went offshore in early 70's and discovered a giant oil field in the
form of Bombay High, now known as Mumbai High. This discovery,
along with subsequent discoveries of huge oil and gas fields in Western
offshore changed the oil scenario of the country. Subsequently, over 5 billion tonnes of hydrocarbons,
which were present in the country, were discovered. The most important contribution of ONGC,
however, is its self-reliance and development of core competence in E&P activities at a globally
competitive level.

After 1990
The liberalized economic policy, adopted by the Government of India in July 1991, sought to deregulate
and de-license the core sectors (including petroleum sector) with partial disinvestments of government equity in Public Sector Undertakings
and other measures. As a consequence thereof, ONGC was re-organized as a limited Company under the Company's Act, 1956 in February
1994.
After the conversion of business of the erstwhile Oil & Natural Gas Commission to that of Oil & Natural Gas
Corporation Limited in 1993, the Government disinvested 2 per cent of its shares through competitive
bidding. Subsequently, ONGC expanded its equity by another 2 per cent by offering shares to its employees.
During March 1999, ONGC, Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) - a downstream giant and Gas Authority of India
Limited (GAIL) - the only gas marketing company, agreed to have cross holding in each other's stock. This
paved the way for long-term strategic alliances both for the domestic and overseas business opportunities in
the energy value chain, amongst themselves. Consequent to this the Government sold off 10 per cent of its
share holding in ONGC to IOC and 2.5 per cent to GAIL. With this, the Government holding in ONGC came
down to 84.11 per cent.
In the year 2002-03, after taking over MRPL from the A V Birla Group, ONGC diversified into the downstream sector. ONGC has also entered
the global field through its subsidiary, ONGC Videsh Ltd. (OVL). ONGC has made major investments in Vietnam, Sakhalin, Columbia,
Venezuela, Sudan, etc. and earned its first hydrocarbon overseas revenue from its investment in Vietnam.

Synopsis
ONGC was set up under the visionary leadership of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru. Pandit Nehru reposed faith in ShriKeshavDevMalviya who laid
the foundation of ONGC in the form of Oil and Gas division, under Geological Survey of India, in 1955. A few months later, it was converted
into an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate. The Directorate was converted into Commission and christened Oil & Natural Gas Commission on
14th August 1956. In 1994, Oil and Natural Gas Commission was converted in to a Corporation, and in 1997 it was recognized as one of the
Navratnas by the Government of India. Subsequently, it has been conferred with Maharatna status in the year 2010.

Present Status:
Over 56 years of its existence ONGC has crossed many a milestone to realize the energy dreams of
India. The journey of ONGC, over these years, has been a tale of conviction, courage and commitment.
ONGCs superlative efforts have resulted in converting earlier frontier areas into new hydrocarbon
provinces. From a modest beginning, ONGC has grown to be one of the largest E&P companies in the
world in terms of reserves and production.
ONGC as an integrated Oil & Gas Corporate has developed in-house capability in all aspects of exploration and production business i.e.,
Acquisition, Processing & Interpretation (API) of Seismic data, drilling, work-over and well stimulation operations, engineering & construction,
production, processing, refining, transportation, marketing, applied R&D and training, etc.
Today, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC) is, the leader in Exploration & Production (E&P)
activities in India having 72% contribution to Indias total production of crude oil and 48% of natural gas.
ONGC has established more than 7 Billion Tonnes of in-place hydrocarbon reserves in the country. In
fact, six out of seven producing basins in India have been discovered by ONGC. ONGC produces more
than 1.27 million Barrels of Oil Equivalent (BOE) per day. It also contributes over three million tonnes
per annum of Value-Added-Products including LPG, C2 - C3, Naphtha, MS, HSD, Aviation Fuel, SKO
etc.

Various Operating Divisions:

ONGC's operations include conventional exploration and production, refining and progressive development of alternate
energy sources like coal-bed methane and shale gas. [17]The company's domestic operations are structured around 11
assets (predominantly oil and gas producing properties), 7 basins (exploratory properties), 2 plants (at Hazira and Uran)
and services (for necessary inputs and support such as drilling, geo-physical, logging and well services). [17]

Subsidiaries

ONGC Videsh:

ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) is the international arm of ONGC. It was rechristened on 15 June 1989. It currently has 14
projects across 16 countries. Its oil and gas production reached 8.87 MMT of O+oEG in 2010, up from 0.252 MMT of
O+OEG in 2002/03. ONGC holds 100% stake in ONGC Videsh Limited.

Presence of ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) in Latin America;

Brazil

Colombia

Cuba

Venezuela

Presence of ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) in CIS & Far-East;

Vietnam

Myanmar

Russia

Kazakhstan

Presence of ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) in Africa;

Libya

Nigeria

Sudan & South Sudan

Mozambique

Presence of ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) in Middle East;

Iraq

Syria

"Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited":

It is an oil refinery at Mangalore. MRPL has a design capacity to process 15 million metric tons per annum and have 2
Hydrocrackers producing Premium Diesel (High Cetane). It also has 2 CCRs producing Unleaded Petrol of High Octane.

CHAPTER.2 SCOPE MINAR POWER SUPPLY

2.1 Introduction
SCOPE MINAR, Laxmi Nagar receives its main power from BSES Yamuna Power Limited (BYPL). A 33 kV supply
is fed to SCOPE MINAR, Laxmi Nagar, ode of transmission is through underground cables. This 33 kV supply is fed
to One main 33KV Vaccum Circuit Breakers (VCB) . VCB panels are used for the five transformers. The VCB panel
consisits of five VCBs i.e VCB 1 , VCB 2, VCB 3, VCB 4 and VCB 5.
The outputs of VCB are fed in to the transformer. SCOPE MINAR uses5 2500 kAV Kirloskar Cast Resin Dry Type
Transformer .
2500kVA transformer is used to step down the voltage from 33 kV power supply to 433 V power supply .
Since the supply is variable therefore Emergency power supply is also used here. Emergency power supply includes
four Diesel Generators. From the four Diesel Generators used, all are of 635kVA rating each. The DGs are both
auto and manual driven.

Emergency power supply also include the set of several UPS and batteries which are installed on ground floor of the
main building.

To improve the power factor and to save energy, SCOPE MINAR uses capacitor banks which are installed in the
utility area.
25 KVR capacitor banks are used which are Delta connected.

Data sheet of Main Power Supply:

Table 1
S.No
.
1
2

Main Power Supply Description

General Technical Particulars

Main Power Supply Source

Main Power Supply Destination

BSES Yamuna Power Limited(BYPL)

SCOPE Minar, Laxmi Nagar

3
4
5

Main Power Supply kVA Rating

Main Power Supply Voltage Rating
No. of Phases / Wires

2500kVA
33 kV
3-Phase , 3-Wire
6

2.2 Power supply distribution through LT panels:

LT panels consist of different type of relays and metering instruments. All the different loads are supplied through
circuit breaker from the LT panel. Air circuit breaker are used in the LT panels. LT panels are made of aluminium
sheet. These secondary of transformer is connected to LT panels by the means of non segregated phase bus ducts.
These LT panels consist of various feeders which fed the voltage according to the requirements.

Data Sheet of LT Panels:

Table 2
S.No
1

LT Panel Specification
Type of Bus Duct

2
3
4
5
6
7

Bus Duct Material

No. of Bus Bar (Phase/Neutral)
Current Rating of Bus Bar
Voltage Rating of Bus Bar
Bus Bar Material
No. of Air Circuit Breaker

General Technical Particulars

NSPBD(Non segregated phase bus
duct)
Aluminium
3-Phase, 4 wire
4500 A
1000V
Aluminium
5

Note :
Non segregated phase bus duct has all phase conductors in a common enclosure with air space between phases.
There are no metallic barriers between phase conductors of adjacent points. Typical application include connections
between transformers and switchgear. Tie connection between motor control centres and large motors. And as the
main generator lead for small generators.

Figure. HT Switch Gear

CHAPTER.3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM OF SCOPE MINAR

3.1 Key SLD for the plant:

The key SLD(Single Line Diagram) of the classification of the various auxiliaries in the plant viz. unit loads and
station loads are those that are common to both the units. The study of the Key SLD was learnt and was done .
The Key SLD also specifies the various rating of loads and gives an overview of the entire plants operation.

Key SLD of the Plant

CHAPTER.4 TRANSFORMER

Figure. Cast Resin Dry Type Transformer

4.1 Introduction
Transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled
conductors by principle of electromagnetic induction.

Principle
A transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. According to this , an emf is induced in a coil if it
links a changing flux. Primary is connected to the source where as secondary feeds the load.

10

Construction of transformers:

1. Transformer cores. Core of the transformer is either in square or rectangular in size. It is further divided into
two parts. The vertical position of the core is limbs and horizontal position of the core is yoke of the core.
Core is made up of laminations to reduce the eddy current losses get minimized. This lamination is insulated
by using insulation line varnish or thick paper. Paper insulation is used for low voltage transformer and
varnish is used for high voltage transformer.
2. Windings. In transformer, the primary and secondary conductors are coils of conducting wires because each
turn of the coil contributes to the magnetic field, creating a higher magnetic flux density than would a single
conductor. The winding material depends on the application. The winding connected in delta forms HV side
where as winding connected in star forms LV side. The neutral point of the LV side is solidly grounded. The
vector group of the transformer is Dyn11.
D indicates HV side
y indicate LV side
n indicate neutral connected to ground
11 Indicate that LV leads HV by 30 angle.

3. Tapped Windings. The voltage depends on the ratio of the number of turns in the primary to the number of
turns in the secondary. In some cases a single adjustable voltage is needed, and this can be accomplished by
tapping the primary or secondary winding.
The two transformer witnessed in L&T have taps on the hv side i.e. the primary side of
the
transformer. Automatic On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) are used. The gears used in taps are immersed in oil.

11

4. Main Tank. The cooling purpose the tank is welded with cooling tubes. It contains of the oil in which core
and windings are immersed. It is generally made up of rolled steel plates. The transformer tank is usually of
the rigid type provided with removable radiators connected to the tank by means of a shut-off valve. On
request, the tank can be made vaccum proof.
5. Expansion tank ( or Conservator). One of the devices used to reduce oxidation was the expansion tank (or
conservator), which consisted of a small tank mounted above and connected with tha main tank by means of
a constricted connection so that the small tank could act as a reservoir the oil surface exposed to air.
6. Cooling of transformer. A certain amount of the electrical energy delivered to a transformer is transformed
into heat energy because of the resistance of its windings and the hysteresis and eddy current in the iron core.
Means must be provided for removing this heat energy from the transformer and dissipating it into the
surrounding air. If this were not done in a satisfactory manner, the transformer would operate at an
excessively high temp., which would destroy or harm the insulation of the transformer.
The transformer used in L&T Faridabad uses ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural) type of cooling. This means
that both oil and air are naturally circulated and no forced methods are used.

7. Buchholz Relay. Buchholz Relay is gas actuated relay. It is practically used on all oil immersed transformer
having rating more than 500kVA. The Buchholz Relay is installed in between the conservator tank and the
main tank of the transformer. Whenever a fault occur inside the transformer, the oil of the tank gets overheated and gases are generated. The generation of the gases may be slow or violent depending upon whether
the fault is a minor or incipient one or heavy short circuit. The heat generated by the high local current causes
the transformer oil to decompose and produce gas which can be used to detect the winding fault.

12

Technical Datasheet of Various Transformers:

Table
S.
No
.
1.

Description

GT
Parameters

UT
Parameters

ST
Parameters

AT
Parameters

Type

Oil filled,
outdoor
type,1phase,
Two(2)
winding

Oil filled,
outdoor type,
Three
winding
transformer

Outdoor
type, three
(3) phase,
two
(2)winding
transformer

2.

Single
169.8/226.4/
phase rating
283 MVA
at maximum
design
ambient
temperature
of 50C

Oil filled,
outdoor
type, three
(3)
phase, three
(3) winding
transformer
60/35/25
MVA

100/50/50
MVA

20/11.5/11.5

400/11.5/11.5

10/12 MVA
for UAT
4 MVA for
SAT 8/10
MVA for
CHP &
AHP
transformers
11/3.45 kV

3.

Voltage

420 kV//20

13

Service
Transformer
Parameters
3-phase 2
winding, Oil
filled Outdoor
type/Dry
Indoor type

2500 KVA

11/0.433kV,

6.

ratio
Frequency
Vector
group
Cooling

7.

Taps type

4.
5.

kV
50 Hz
YNd11

kV
50 Hz
Dyn1yn1

kV
50 Hz
YNyn0yn0

ONAN/ON
AF/OFAF

ONAN/ON
AF/OFAF

ONAN/ONA
F/OFAF

OCTC

OLTC

OLTC

50 Hz
Dyn1
ONAN/ON
AF (for
transformer
s having
rating > 5
MVA)
ONAN for
transformer
s having
rating < 5
MVA.
OCTC

3.3/0.433kV
50 Hz
Dyn11
ONAN/ Dry
type

OCTC

CHAPTER.5 BUS DUCTS

In electrical
power
distribution,
a busbar is
a
strip
or
bar
of copper, brass or aluminium that
conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, battery bank or other electrical apparatus. Its
main purpose is to conduct electricity, not to function as a structural member. An aluminium smelter will have very
large busbars used to carry tens of thousands of amperes to the electrochemical cells that produce aluminium from
moltensalts.
There are basically three types of busducts that are used in the system. They are classified as: Isolated Phase Bus
Ducts (IPBDs), Segregated Phase Bus Ducts (SPBDs) and Non- Segregated Phase Bus Ducts(NSPBDs).

5.1 Isolated Phase Bus Ducts (IPBDs)

The three conductors are in three separate enclosures. Isolated Phase Bus Duct will serve as interconnection between
the Generator and its associated Generator Transformer, Unit Transformers (UT), Excitation transformer, SPVT
cubicle and Neutral grounding transformer. The bus duct will be naturally air cooled. Positive air pressurization
arrangement will be provided for the busduct to prevent dust ingress. The electrically continuous bus enclosure will
be used as the grounding bus. All the parts of the bus enclosure, supporting structure and equipment frames will be
grounded.

14

5.2 Segregated phase bus duct

The phase conductors are in an enclosure but segregated from each other. The segregated phase duct will serve as
interconnection between MV switchgear and transformers, and also tie feeder connection between unit & station MV
switchgears and between station-1 & station-2 MV switchgears will be though segregated phase busduct. The
busduct will be natural air cooled. The three phases will be enclosed in a weather and vermin proof dust tight
enclosure with phase barriers for phase segregation.

5.3 Non-segregated phase bus duct

The phase conductors are inside an enclosure but not segregated from each other. The bus duct will serve as
interconnection between L.V. terminals of oil filled LV service transformers to their respective Switchgear/PMCC

Technical Datasheet of various bus ducts:

Table
S.No

Description

1.

Type

2.
3.
4.
5.

Rated Voltage (kV)

Highest System Voltage (kV)
Continuous Rating at 500C
Short Circuit rating

6.

8.

One minute power frequency

withstand voltage
Creepage distance for
insulators and bushing
Degree of protection

9.

Busbar Material

10.

Enclosure

11.

Impulse voltage withstand

7.

IPBD
Parameters
Natural air
cooled
20 kV
24 kV
25200 A
180 kA for 1 sec

SPBD
Parameters
Natural air
cooled
11 kV 3.3 kV
12 kV
3.6kV
40 kA for 1 sec

55 kV

28kV
10kV
(rms)
(rms)
20 mm/kV

20 mm/kV
IP:55

Aluminium
Alloy
Aluminium
Alloy
125 kV(peak)

NSPBD
Parameters
Natural air
cooled
415 V
433 V
6000A
50KA (rms) for 1
sec
2.5 kV
20 mm/kV

IP:55 for
outdoor, IP:54
for indoor
Aluminium alloy

IP-54 for Indoor

and IP-55
for Outdoor
Aluminum alloy

Aluminium alloy
or mild steel
75kV
40kV

Mild steel

15

NA

(peak)

Isolated Phase Bus Duct

(peak)

Segregated Phase Bus Duct

Figure. Bus Ducts

16

CHAPTER.6 EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLY

Introduction :
An emergency power supply is a source of power that becomes available, usually automatically, when normal power
line service fails. It is a source of electric power of the required capacity and quality for an emergency power system.

6.1 Diesel Generator :

1000 KVA Diesel

17

Working Principle of DG :
A diesel generator is the set of diesel engine and alternator. Diesel engine is prime mover which rotates the alternator
and alternator generates the electricity. Further diesel engine works on principle of Carnot cycle, air is compressed in
a cylinder, then it is compressed up to high pressure, diesel is injected to this compressed air thus combustion takes
place, this energy force to move the piston in the cylindrical passage, piston is further connected to crank shaft. On
the other hand generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction, when a DC excited rotor is rotated then
at synchronous speed EMF induced in static armature.

Figure. 6 Diesel Generator

6.2 Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) :

Working Principle of UPS :

18

A device that is inserted between a primary source, such as a commercial utility, and the primary input of equipment
to be protected e.g. a computer system, for the purpose of eliminating the effects of transient anomalies or temporary
outages.
An UPS consists of an inverter, usually electronic, that is powered by a battery that is kept trickle-charged by
rectified ac from the incoming power line fed by the utility. In the event of an interruption, the battery takes over
without the loss of even a fraction of a cycle in the ac output of the UPS. The battery also provides protection against
transients. The duration of the longest outage for which protection is ensured depends on the battery capacity, and to
a certain degree, on the rate at which the battery is drained.
An UPS should not be confused with a standby generator, which may not provide protection from a momentary
power interruption, or which may result in a momentary power interruption when it is switched into service, whether
manually or automatically.

In normal mode the input utility (Mains) power is converted in to DC power by charger, this DC power is converted
into AC Power by Inverter. This ac power generated by inverter passes through static switch to the load. Also this
power is used to charger battery.

In an event of mains (utility) power failure or out of tolerance, the charger turns off, the dc power required by
inverter to generate AC power is drawn from battery source and through static switch it reaches to the load.

19

CHAPTER.7 CIRCUIT BREAKER

7.1Introduction:
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage
caused by overload or short circuit. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker
can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breaker are made in varying
sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect
high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

7.2 Operating Principle:

A circuit breaker is a switching and current interrupting device. It consists essentially of fixed and moving contacts,
which are touching each other and carry the current under normal conditions. When the circuit breaker is closed, the
current carrying contacts called the electrodes engage each other under the pressure of a spring.

20

During normal operating condition the circuit breaker can be opened or closed by a station operator for the purpose
of switching and maintenance. To open the circuit breaker, only a small pressure is applied on a trigger. Whenever a
fault occurs on any part of the power system, the trip coils of the breaker get energized and the moving contacts are
pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit. The separation of current carrying contacts produces an
arc. The current is thus able to continue until the discharge ceases. The production of arc not only delays the current
interruption process but it also generates enormous heat which may cause damage to the system or to the breaker
itself. Therefore the main problem in a circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc within the shortest possible time so that
heat generated by it may not reach a dangerous value.

7.3 Types of Circuit Breaker used :

Low Voltage Circuit Breakers:

Low voltage (less than 1000 V AC) types are common in domestic, commercial and industrial application, and
include:

MCB (Miniature circuit breaker): Miniature Circuit Breaker are based on thermal magnetic
technology. The protection is provided by combining a temperature sensitive device (bimetal) and a
current sensitive electromagnetic device. Both components trigger the mechanism mechanically. The
MCB design is based on current limiting technology.
MCCB ( Moulded case circuit breaker): A circuit breaker which is assembled as an integral unit in
a supportive and enclosed housing of insulating material, generally 20 to 3000A in size and used in
system up to 600V AC and 500V DC.

MCB

MCCB
Figure.7 Circuit Breaker
21

Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers :

Medium voltage circuit breakers can be classified by the medium used to extinguish the arc:

Vacuum Circuit Breakers: A circuit breaker in which a pair of contacts is hermetically sealed in a
vacuum envelop; the contacts are separated by using a bellows to move one of them; an arc is
produced by metallic vapor boiled from the electrodes, and is extinguished when the vapor particles
condense on solid surfaces.

22

Air Circuit Breaker: An air circuit breaker automatically interrupts the current flowing through it
when the current exceeds the trip rating of the breaker. Air is the medium of electrical insulation
between electrically live parts and grounded (earthed) metal parts.

CHAPTER.8 RELAYS USED FOR PROTECTION

8.1 Introduction:
Relay is a protective device which sense the faulty conditions in a power system line and initiates the operation of
circuit breaker to isolate the faulty part from the rest of the healthy power system. The main principle employed in
operation of the relay is either electro-magnetic attraction or electro-magnetic induction. Electromagnetic attraction
relays operates by virtue of a plunger being drawn into a solenoid, or an armature being attracted to the poles of an
electromagnet. Such relays may be actuated by DC or AC quantities. Electromagnetic induction relays use the
principle of the induction motor whereby torque is developed by induction in the rotor; this operating principle
applies only to relays actuated by alternating current, and in dealing with those relays we shall call them simply
induction-type relays.

8.2 Types of Relays witnessed in LT panel:

The relay is used to sense the fault. So the relay sense the fault and gives the breaker an indication to open contact.
Following are the types used in LT panels.

23

Over current relay: It monitors the currents in each phase and gives tripping signal if the current exceeds the
preset value. This preset value can be changed by setting the knob.
Over/Under voltage Relay: These relays used in LT panels are made by L&T. This relay operates when the
system voltage exceeds or falls below the preset value.
Earth fault Relay: These relay used to sense earth fault. Whenever there is any line to earth fault or two
lines came in contact with each other or came in contact with earth than this relay signal the circuit for trip.

24

Auxiliary Relay: Protective relays have a limited number of contacts hence auxiliary relays are used to relive
the protective relays from duties such as giving alarm, showing indication etc.

25

Master Trip Relay: When none of the relay operates under fault condition during their respective response
time, than master trip relay came into action and signals the circuit breaker to trip.
Trip Circuit Supervisory Relay: This type of relay is used to monitor the trip circuit continuously and
activates an alarm if a problem in the trip circuit is detected.
Motor Protection Relay: This type of relay is used to provide protection against thermal overload, earth
fault and locked rotor.

26