EXPERIMENT NO.

01

HEAT TRANSFER LAB REPORT

{HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH A COMPOSITE OR MULTILAYER WALLS}

Submitted By:Gyanendra K Mishra

Roll. No.
Enr. No.
:
Branch
:
Sem.
:
Signature of student

33
300/07
Chemical Engg.
5th

AIM:- To determine the overall conductance and compare it with the standard values.
To plot temperature profile.
THEORY: In heat transfer, conduction (or heat conduction) is the transfer of thermal energy between
neighboring molecules in a substance due to a temperature gradient. It always takes place
from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature, and acts to equalize
temperature differences. Conduction takes place in all forms of matter, viz. solids, liquids,
gases and plasmas, but does not require any bulk motion of matter. In solids, it is due to the
combination of vibrations of the molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by free
electrons. In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the
molecules during their random motion.
With composite systems it is convenient to work with an overall heat transfer coefficient,
which is defined by an expression analogous to Newtons law of cooling.
FORMULAE USED:-

Q
A

dT
dx

i =n
l
L
= i
kA i=1 k i Ai

.
RELEVANCE: When heat is being conducted from one fluid to another through a barrier, it is sometimes
important to consider the conductance of the thin film of fluid which remains stationary next
to the barrier. This thin film of fluid is difficult to quantify, its characteristics depending upon
complex conditions of turbulence and viscosity, but when dealing with thin high-conductance
barriers it can sometimes be quite significant.
If we want to identify the conductivity of a given material then we can find its conductivity
using the experiment.
Also we can find the application of any given material in industry based on the value of the
conductivity already known from the experiment.

DIAGRAM: -

Figure: 01

PROCEDURE: 1. We will fix the value of voltage and current, and maintain a constant input heat flow
rate.
2. The value of voltage and current is maintained constant throughout the experiment.
3. We take the value of the temperatures in the thermocouples.
4. Then for two successive readings for the same material we note the difference in the
value of temperature.
5. We have to see that the difference between the value in the temperature decreases.
6. If the difference goes on decreasing, it means steady state is reaching.
7. As we approach steady state we decrease the interval in which the readings are noted.
8. We will decrease the time interval first to fifteen and then to ten minutes so that the
temperature remains constant for different materials throughout that time interval.
9. This is the steady state and we will use readings at this point for our calculations.

SPECIFICATION: Slab Sizes

Cast Iron

: 300 mm diameter and 25 mm thickness

Bakelite

: 300 mm diameter and 19 mm thickness

Press Wood : 300 mm diameter and 12 mm thickness

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE: -

current: 0.33 amp

Voltage: 50 volt

Table: 01
Temperatures
( 0C)
Time
2:30
2:45
3:00
3:15
3:30
3:45
4:00

S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

10
11
12
13
14
15
16

10
11
12
13
14
15
15

9
11
12
13
13
14
15

9
11
12
13
13
14
15

11
12
13
13
13
14
14

7
8
9
9
9
10
10

7
7
8
8
8
9
9

8
8
9
9
9
9
9

CALCULATIONS:Area of slab=

0.32 /4=0.0706 m2

Q= (V I)/2=(50 0.33 /2 =8.25 watt. (Because heat generated by heater is going

equally into two opposite parts).
Q
A

VI
2 A

50 0.33
2 0.07065

116.77

First side of heater:Lets assume mean conductivity is

: km

watt/m2 ,

km

Then,

Q ( L1 + L2 + L3 )
=

2 A ( T 1T 7 )

50 0.33(0.025+0.019+ 0.012)
2 ( 0.07065 ) (169)

=0.934 watt/m-k.

-------------------------(1)

Then,thermal conductivities of different slabs:(kci)1

(kb)1

Q dx
A dt

8.25 0.025
0.07065(1615)

Q dx
A dt

8.25 0.019
0.07065(1514)

= 2.218 watt/ m K

Q dx

(kpw)1
A dt

8.25 0.012
0.07065(149)

2.919 watt/ m K

= 0.28 watt/ m K

Since we know that :

Q
A

dT
k
dx

i =n
l
L
= i
kA i=1 k i Ai

&

(Fouriers

Law)
k
L
L
( ci) A+ 2 + 3
k b A k pw A
L
L
= 1
k 'm A

>

L L L
L
= 1 + 2+ 3
k ' m k ci k b k pw

(Lets here mean

conductivity is:0.056
k'm
1

k 'm

0.025
2.919

0.019
2.218

0.012
.28

>k ' m

= 0.9335 watt/m-K

---------------------(2)
From (1)& (2),
km
1

k 'm

---------------------(3)

Similarly , considering 2nd side of heater:: km

Lets assume mean conductivity is

km

Then,

Q ( L1 + L2 + L3 )
=

2 A ( T 2T 8 )

50 0.33(0.025+0.019+ 0.012)
2 ( 0.07065 ) (159)

=1.08 watt/m-K

---------------------------(4)

Then, thermal conductivities of different slabs:(kci)2

(kb)2

Q dx
Ad t

8.25 0.025
0.07065(1514)

Q dx
A dt

8.25 0.019
0.07065(1510)

= 0.44watt/ m K

Q dx

(kpw)2
A dt

8.25 0.012
0.07065(109)

2.919 watt/ m K

1.40watt/ m K

Since we know that :

Q
A

dT
k
dx

i =n
l
L
= i
kA i=1 k i Ai

&

(Fouriers

Law)
k
L
L
( ci) A+ 2 + 3
k b A k pw A
L
L
= 1
k 'm A

>

L L L
L
= 1 + 2+ 3
k ' m k ci k b k pw

(Lets here mean conductivity is:-

k 'm

0.056
k'm
2

0.025
2.919

From (4) & (5),

0.019
0.44

0.012
1.40

>k ' m

= 0.928 watt/m-K ---------------(5)

km

k 'm

----------------------(6).

From both side of consideration of heater , now we have been sure from eqn (3) & (6),that
Fouriers law is true.
Mean thermal conductivity of different materials:k of Cast Iron =

k of Bakelite =

2.919+ 2.919
2
2.218+ 0.44
2

k of Pressed Wood =

=2.919 watt/m-K

=1.329 watt/m-K

0.28+1.40
2

=0.84 watt/m-K

RESULT: Table: 02
Material

Cast Iron
Bakelite
Pressed Wood

Experimental Value of Thermal

Conductivity k
(watt/m K)
5.836
0.2665
0.291

Table: 03

Literature Value of Thermal

Conductivity at mean temperature k
(watt/m K)
43
0.3
0.2

Equivalent Conductivity by Fouriers Law (watt/ m K)

L l1 l2 l3
= + +
k m k ci k b k pw

0.4766+0.4998
2

=0.4882

Equivalent Conductivity by experiment (watt/m-K)

km

Q dx
A dt

0.462+ 0.492
2

V I dx
2 A dt

= 0.476

Temperature Profile
160
140
120
100
80
one side
TemperatureJunction
( C) temperature

Junction temperature another side

60
40
20

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Distance (mm)

Fig.-02
DISCUSSION:1. This experiments us to analyse the thermal conductivity of different materials and also
helps us to correlate the thermal conductivity of materials with literature.
2. There may be some errors due to loss of heat via radially ,since we have assumed that
there is no loss of heat radially .
3. Some errors also may affect our result due to variation in current and voltage, which
is supplied by power source.

4. Errors also may occur due to human beings during checking readings and also during
in deciding, whether system is in steady state condition or not.
5. Materials which is used in composite walls ,may be impure and we are looking
conductivities of these materials taking as pure form.
CONCLUSION:-We have calculated the thermal conductivities of used materials which is
attached in composite wall of heat transfer apparatus. After that we have compared
conductivity of used materials with reference values and satisfied the relation of Fouriers law
of heat conduction.
Our result is somewhat differ from expected values ,which have been come due to
above discussed reasons.
INDUSRTIAL APPLICATIONS OF HEAT TRANSFER:1) Heat transfer concept is used in electrical power generation whether it be through
nuclear fission or fusion ,the combustion of fossil fuels, magnetohydrodynamic
process, or the use of geothermal energy sources.
2) There are multiple problems associated with industries, some of those can be
solved by heat transfer concepts that will involve conduction ,convection and
radiation .
3) It is used in propulsion system such as, the internal combustion ,gas turbines and
rocket engine.
4) Heat transfer processes are used in the design of convectional space and water
heating system ,in the design of incinerators and cryogenic storage equipment ,in
the refrigeration and for air conditioning process.
5) Heat transfer also relevant to air and water pollution and strongly influences local
and global climate.

REFERENCE:1. Perrys handbook of chemical engineers

2. Heat transfer book by FRANK P. INCROPERA.