ien t cong suat 1

1.6 THYRISTOR (SCR- SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER)

Mo ta va chc nang
Thyristor gom 3 lp PN va mac vao mach ngoai gom 3 cong: ien cc anode
A, cathode C va cong ieu khien G. Ve mat ly thuyet ton tai cau truc thyristor: PNPN
va NPNP, trong thc te ngi ta ch phat trien va s dung loai PNPN. S o thay the
thyristor bang mach transistor c ve hnh H1.16. Gia s anode cua thyristor chu
tac dung cua ien ap dng so vi cathode (uAK > 0). Khi a vao mach G, K cua
cathode (tng ng vi mach base- emitor cua tranristor NPN) xung dong IG, transistor
NPN se ong. Dong ien dan tiep tuc qua mach emitor -base cua transistor PNP va
ong no. Cac transistor se tiep tuc ong ngay ca khi dong iG b ngat. Dong qua
collector cua mot transistor cung chnh la dong i qua base cua transistor th hai va
ngc lai. Cac transistor v vay cung nhau duy tr trang thai ong.
Cac tnh chat va trang thai c ban:
Neu transistor b ngat, th anode co the chu c ien ap dng so vi
cathode.- trang thai khoa ;
hoac ien ap am so vi cathode - trang thai nghch.
Hien tng ong SCR tc chuyen t trang thai khoa sang trang thai dan ien
co the thc hien neu thoa man ca hai ieu kien sau:
1/- Thyristor trang thai khoa.
2/-co xung dong ien kch iG > 0 u ln.
Hien tng ngat SCR : qua trnh chuyen t trang thai dan ien sang khong
dan ien (tc trang thai nghch hoac trang thai khoa). Qua trnh nay gom hai giai
oan:
1/- Giai oan lam dong thuan b triet tieu: thc hien bang cach thay oi ien
tr hoac ien ap gia anode va cathode.
2/- Giai oan khoi phuc kha nang khoa cua thyristor. Sau khi dong thuan b
triet tieu, can co mot thi gian - thi gian ngat, e chuyen thyristor vao trang thai
khoa.
ac tnh V-A

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ien t cong suat 1

ac tnh V-A ngo ra: quan he gia ien ap va dong ien i qua hai cc
anode, cathode (xem hnh H1.17). ac tnh ngo vao quan he gia ien ap va dong
cong G (cong ieu khien).
ac tnh V-A ngo ra gom 3 nhanh :

- nhanh thuan (1): thyristor trang thai dan ien. o sut ap gia anode
cathode nho khong ang ke.
- Nhanh nghch (3): ng vi trang thai nghch tng t nh diode.
- Nhanh khoa (2): ng vi trang thai khoa. Neu dong iG = 0 th dang nhanh
khoa tng t nh nhanh nghch. Thay v ien tr rR th ay la ien tr rD
(differential block resistance). Tng t ta co ien ap ong uBO thay v uBR. Khi ien
ap at en gia tr uBO, thyristor khong b pha hong ma se b ong (chuyen t trang thai
khoa sang trang thai dan ien). Khi iG thay oi, tuy thuoc vao o ln cua iG ma gia tr
cua ien the khoa thay oi theo (ien the khoa giam khi iG tang). Hien tng thyristor
dan ien do tac dung ien ap vt qua uBO (iG=0) la s co gay ra do qua ien ap xuat
hien tren li.
Thong thng, ta ong thyristor bang xung dong qua mach G,K. ien tr
thuan rT va ien ap thuan uTO c nh ngha tng t nh trng hp cua diode.
Khac vi diode, cac nhanh thuan cua thyristor khong bat au t goc zero cua he truc
ma t gia tr IH (holding current) dong duy tr trang thai dan. Neu gia tr dong
giam nho hn iH th thyristor tr ve trang thai khoa. Ngay sau khi ong thyristor, trc
khi dong cong iG tat, oi hoi dong thuan phai at en hoac vt hn gia tr dong chot
iL, iL > iH (L: Latching).

e ong thyristor, khoang au xung dong kch phai co tr u ln. Dang xung
dong thng s dung cho cong co dang nh hnh H1.18. Do tnh chat cua lp nghch
khong tot nen khong c phep e xuat hien tren no ien the am du ch rat nho. Khi
thyristor trang thai nghch viec kch vao cong G se lam tang dong nghch mot cach

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ien t cong suat 1

vo ch. Cac xung ieu khien thng c truyen en thyristor nh cac bien ap xung.
Nhiem vu cua no la tach mach cong suat khoi nguon tao xung kch. Khi s dung cac
bien ap xung, can phai giai quyet van e lam tat nhanh dong t hoa khi xung b ngat
(neu khong th dong t khong ngng tang len sau moi lan a xung vao) va van e
bao ve lp cong cua thyristor trc ien ap nghch. e giai quyet van e tren ta co
the s dung dang mach hnh H1.22.
Cac tnh chat ong
Tac dung ien ap khoa uV (hoac uD): ve ban chat o la tac dung ien ap
nghch len lp ban dan (xem hnh H1.19). Luc o, no hoat ong nh mot tu ien, ien
dung cua no phu thuoc vao o ln ien ap at vao:
iC =

d (C .uV )
du
dC
= uV .
+ C. V
dt
dt
dt

Theo phng trnh tren, dong iC at gia tr ln khi

duV
u ln (gia s rang C
dt

khong oi). Bi v mot phan ng dan cua iC trung vi ng dan cua dong kch
cong nen co tac dung nh ong kch va lam ong thyristor ngoai y muon. V the ngi
ta gii han o doc cua uV en gia tr:
du
Su crit = V
dt max

Viec ong thyristor khong xay ra ngay khi xung dong iG vao cong. Thoat tien
dong dan iV i qua mot phan nho cua tiet dien cua thyristor cho noi vi cong G. Sau
o, ien tch dan tang dan len cua tiet dien phien ban dan, ien ap khoa giam dan.
oi vi cac thyristor, thong thng thi gian ong ien tgt trong khoang 3 10s.
Khi dong iV tang nhanh qua, ch co mot phan nho tiet dien chung quanh mach cong G
dan ien va dan en qua tai, co the lam tang nhiet o len en gia tr lam hong linh
kien.
diV
.

dt max

V the o tang cua dong iV b gii han en gia tr Scrit =

Ngat thyristor (xem hnh H1.21): giai oan au dien ra tng t nh khi ngat
diode .

Thi gian phuc hoi tnh nghch trr, ien tch chuyen mach Qr (ln hn oi vi
thyristor). Sau khi phuc hoi ien tr nghch cua cac lp J1 va J3 (xem hnh H119), qua
trnh ngat van cha cham dt, can co them mot thi gian na e khoi phuc kha nang
khoa - tc la khoi phuc ien tr nghch cua lp J2. V vay, ta nh ngha them tq la thi
gian ngat toi thieu can thiet ma SCR can duy tr ap ngc e khoi phuc kha nang
khoa, no bat au khi dong ien thuan tr ve zero cho en khi ien ap khoa tac dung
tr lai ma khong lam SCR ong lai (Ig = 0). Neu ta tac dung ien ap khoa len sm

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ien t cong suat 1

hn khoang thi gian tq nay, SCR co the ong ngoai y muon dau cha co
xung kch a vao cong kch. Thi gian ngat phu thuoc vao cac ieu kien luc ngat nh
nhiet o chat ban dan, dong b ngat, toc o giam dong va ien ap nghch. Cac
thyristor thng co tq trong khoang t vai s en hang tram s.
Cac he qua: cong suat ton hao do ong ngat qua ien ap do qua trnh chuyen
mach, cac gii han Sucrit, Sicrit. Qua ien ap do qua trnh chuyen mach co the c gii
han bang mach RC. Cuon cam khang bao ve
vi SCR) e gii han o doc

duV
.
dt

diV
ket hp vi mach RC (song song
dt

Kha nang mang tai

Kha nang chu ap va dong va kha nang qua tai c xem xet tng t nh
diode. ien the nghch cc ai co the lap lai uRRM va ien the khoa uDRM thng bang
nhau va cho biet cac gia tr ien ap ln nhat tc thi cho phep xuat hien tren thyristor
bi v ien the cc ai khong lap lai cua thyristor thng khong c biet. Kha nang
chu ap cua thyristor at en hang chuc kV, thong thng mc 5-7 kV, dong ien
trung bnh at en khoang 5.000A. o sut ap khi dan ien nam trong khoang 1,5-3V.
Phan ln cac thyristor c lam mat bang khong kh.
Cac thyristor ac biet
Thyristor cao ap: co ien ap lap lai ln nhat khoang vai ngan volt. Cac thong
so ac trng tnh chat ong cua no khong co li (Qr, tq,Sucrit, Sicrit).
Thyristor nhanh: cac thong so cai tien tnh chat ong c tot hn nh tq nho,
Sucrit, va Sicrit ln. Kha nang chu ap va dong cua no thap hn.
Thyristor GATT: ban chat giong nh thyristor ap ng nhanh. Bang cach tac
dung ien ap ngc len mach cong, thi gian tq co the giam xuong con phan na so
vi thyristor nhanh.
Fotothyristor: Co the cho ong bnh thng bang xung kch vao cong G, hoac
bang tia sang len v tr nhat nh cua vo cha thyristor.

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ien t cong suat 1

Fotothyristor cach ly nguon xung kch va mach cong suat, cac dang cua no
c ve tren hnh H1.20. Trong o phng an hnh a/- s dung dang vi mach giup
tan dung nguon tia sang kch thch, phng an b/- va c/- bao am cach ly tot gia
nguon xung kch va mach cong suat, do o han che nhieu tac dung cua song nhieu,
dang c/- ch can cong suat kch cua nguon sang khong ang ke.
Bang B1.4 Cac thong so ac trng cua thyristor SKKT 41/12E (SEMIKRON)
VRRM

1200V

VDRM

1200V

VRSM

1300V

(dV/dt)crit

1000V/ s

ien ap ngc cc ai lap lai cho phep -Repetitive peak

Reverse voltage
ien ap khoa lap lai cc ai cho phep -Repetitive peak
off-state voltage
ien ap ngc cc ai khong lap lai cho phep -Nonrepeative peak reverse voltage
o tang ien ap khoa cho phep

ITRMS
ITAV
(di/dt)crit

75A
48A
150A/ s

dong ien hieu dung -RMS-on-state current

dong ien trung bnh -Mean on state current
o tang dong ien cho phep khi linh kien ong

VT
VGT
IGT
IH
IL

Max. 1,95V
3V
150mA
150mA
300A

ien ap thuan -Direct on- state voltage

ien ap cong kch -Gate trigger voltage
Dong ien cong kch -Gate trigger current
dong ien duy tr -Holding currentdong ien chot -Latching current

Mach kch thyristor

Trong cac bo bien oi cong suat dung thyristor, thyristor va mach tao xung
kch vao cong ieu khien cua no can cach ien. Tng t nh cac mach kch cho
transistor, ta co the s dung bien ap xung hoac optron, xem hnh H1.22

Mach kch dung bien ap xung c ve tren hnh H1.22a. Sau khi tac dung ap
len mach cong B cua transistor Q1. Transistor Q1 dan bao hoa lam ien ap Vcc xuat
hien tren cuon s cap cua bien ap xung va t o xung ien ap cam ng xuat hien pha
th cap bien ap. Xung tac dung len cong G cua thyristor. Khi khoa xung kch cho

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ien t cong suat 1

transistor Q1 b ngat dong qua cuon s cap bien ap xung duy tr qua mach cuon s cap
va diode Dm.
Viec a xung kch dai vao cong G lam tang them ton hao mach cong, do o
co the thay the no bang chuoi xung. Muon vay, xung ieu khien ket hp vi tn hieu
ra cua bo phat xung vuong qua mach cong logic AND trc khi a vao cong B cua
transistor Q1 (xem H1.22b).
Mach kch cha phan t photocoupler co the la phototransistor hoac
photothyristor. Xung kch ngan phat ra t diode quang ILED (Infrared light emiting
diode) kch dan foto thyristor va t o kch dan thyristor cong suat H1.24. Mach kch
oi hoi co nguon dc cung cap rieng v the tang them gia thanh va kch c cua mach
ieu khien.

Trong nhieu trng hp ng dung, mach kch n gian s dung cau truc cha
diac nh tren hnh ve H1.23, o ln goc kch phu thuoc thi gian nap ien tch cho tu
(xac nh bi hang so thi gian RC) va ien ap tac dung cua diac. Mach s dung trc
tiep nguon ien cong suat e lam nguon kch. Pham vi ieu khien goc kch b han
che.
Mach bao ve thyristor: thong thng, mach RC mac song song vi thyristor (
hnh H1.22) co the s dung e bao ve no chong qua ien ap. Mach co the ket hp vi
cuon khang bao ve mac noi tiep vi thyristor chong s tang nhanh dong ien qua linh
kien (diV/dt). Cac gia tr RC co the xac nh t ieu kien gii han ien ap tren linh
kien hoac e cho n gian, co the s dung bang tra cu cung cap bi nha san xuatxem bang B1.5
Bang B1.5. Mach bao ve SCR chong qua ien ap (SEMIKRON)
ien ap
nguon AC

50A

100A

200A

400A

800A

1200A

230V

C[ F]

0.22

0.33

0.68

10

4.7

47
5
0.1

33
10
0.22

15
15
0.47

15
25
1

50

400V

R[ ]
P[W]
C[ F]

1.5

10
100
2.2

R[ ]

82

47

22

22

15

12

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ien t cong suat 1

500V

P[W]
C[ F]

7
0.1

15
0.22

30
0.33

60
0.68

100
1.5

150
2.2

120
10

68
25

690V

R[ ]
P[W]
C[ F]

33
40
0.33

22
70
0.47

22
150
1.0

18
250
1.0

47
70

33
100

33
100

22
300

R[ ]
P[W]

1.7 TRIAC
Triac la linh kien co the dan dong ien theo ca hai chieu. V vay nh ngha
dong thuan va dong ngc khong co y ngha, tng t cho khai niem ien ap ngc.
Viec kch dan triac thc hien nh xung dong ien a vao cong ieu khien G. ieu
kien e triac ong ien la a xung dong kch vao cong ieu khien trong ieu kien
ton tai ien ap tren linh kien khac zero.
Giong nh thyristor, khong the ieu khien ngat dong qua triac. Triac se ngat
theo qui luat a c giai thch oi vi thyristor.
Mo ta va chc nang
Viec ong triac theo ca hai chieu c thc hien nh 1 cong duy nhat G va
xung dong kch vao cong G co chieu bat ky. Bi v triac dan ien ca hai chieu nen ch
co hai trang thai, trang thai dan va khoa. Mac du vay co the nh ngha triac co chieu
thuan va chieu nghch.
ac tnh V-A
ac tnh V-A cua triac tng t nh thyristor. Do kha nang dan ien theo ca
hai chieu, ac tnh triac co dang oi xng qua tam toa o. Can noi them ve trng
hp ac tnh cong ieu khien. Viec kch ong triac co the chia ra lam cac trng hp:

uV > 0

uVR > 0

a/- uG > 0 , iG > 0

b/- uG < 0 , iG < 0

c/- uG > 0 , iG > 0

d/- uG < 0 , iG < 0
Mac du co the tao dong kch co dau tuy y, nhng thc te viec kch thuan li
hn khi dong kch dng cho trng hp dong qua triac dng va dong kch am khi
dong qua triac am.
Cac tnh chat ong
Viec ong (xem thyrisror): thi gian ong tgt , nhanh nhat trng hp a,
cham nhat trng hp c. Toc o tang cua dong dan b gii han bi:

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