The shape depends on:

- Number of bonding pairs

- Number of lone pairs
- Repulsion: lone pair-lone pair> lone pair-bonding pair> bonding pairbonding pair
In a covalent bond, atomic orbitals overlap forming a molecular orbital.

There are 2 types of shapes that these bonds can have:

1) Sigma bonds: take place when 2 S orbitals, 2 P orbitals or 1 S and 1

P orbital overlap end-on.

2)Pi bonds: take place only when 2 P orbitals overlap sideways.

Single bonds have a sigma bond.

Double bonds have 1 sigma and 1 pi bond.

Triple bonds have 1 sigma and 2 pi bonds.

- In metallic bonding, metallic ions are packed in a lattice and the

electrons from their outer shells form a sea of electrons.

- Between the ions in the lattice and the delocalized electrons, there
are powerful attraction forces.

- The bigger the charge on the ion, the greater the attraction.

- Apart from the covalent bonding inside molecules, there are

intermolecular forces holding them together.