/

(si-nl.r ) . / sirt r)
+ r ldx rl y - ----;- ldy = \)
J
.

c.)

/-i
\
si-n 2;c
si.u: x
unde .e(.r,y) =-+.ri9(.r,y)= y---vv'
si-n2-r AO.
AP.
7sia2s ). 7 r--sirtr).
ll
ll
, !4t=
^ (x,y) y- =-=\x,y),dhcileu(,-r,/)=
oy
ox
i ,:\ r-)
,i\y
-+5ids+
( cos2s rt ll' (rt sio=.., )l' cos2.r .rr
yr sinr x. cos2;r. x!
=- 2, -T-T--j-=l-rl
-lt,
n
,y -T./
-/1,.
llt
\
\"

L,\.

_y.t _sin2.r. __1-2sin2x*x2 +/1 _x.t +y.t *sinz-r, *1-2sin'?x. _x.: +/] _

2y.2y22y2y2
sinr;r. sin: _r ,t * y, ^
sint x
?ur--r----u
Y,Y2/L

ste
a.1

solugia gencnlE.

&-

e-'

Avern P(-r,

(2y + xe-')dy = Q
y) = e-' ,Q6, y) = 2y + xe-'

(*, y)
=
{oYf., rl - -r-' = Q
dx

P(.r,y) =lxttg,

-!tQ(x,y)

= x'sec2

*u,' *i-.-la, =( r',s,-zy'

x:)

,:(

,Yt.VJ"lY:

r' tg

(J(x,

y)

cos-

*'(-.'.-J.
cos't

a - rlg - \

xlgt + y'

o*'

xe-,

'-(.
:! ft-,

='( i,=,s,- 4U
s )
,:\

{]'
-t)1,.

.[-':,r,*,'
\

- xltg, -

r: -

*!l'

.,]

+ ,\
...
Jl

=1t7pya!-qy'+C,=
*' tg, * \

* y' = C ate

r). +[-rcos/
f

y) =

sin

+ /si-n

-r +

.os t

- cosr,

*,I),
)*

-cos.r

)d\

(e-r]. -

',(.

Jlsu r

u \x, y ) =

= (ssir:y - ycos
t ]ldr

=u

il= -.o., - "ort * f =

;QG,

^y
aP. y cos y + srn.r eo.
=
\x, ) =
\x, I ) fi
4
u'
r\
1

y) ='le-' as -'[(2, * *."-' )t,=

gencnl.-

+ vstnx + -

nvcm P(x,

x.-/1,.

(x,

-yt =C

estc intcgrala

!dya, rt i+/ -4.r' = ox

Pr,, rt *
=

*+,

y+4y'

(J

t.
'.
-y2 +x.e', +y] -x.e-r'=xe't -y2 +Cr+

-Qt -*n,)tr.=xe-t -x,e-v

'),,1

evem

x= + y2

s+

hs)'.

+ y sut

+ (;r. si.ot

"

l).
;J^

-tcos.r.

lnt)'. =

+ycos.r. -ln-r. +.t. siay-ycos.r. +lny

--r.siny.+/.cos.r.-lny, =.15;r-ycos.r+la(.ry)+c=.rsiny-ycos.r+ln(.ry)=f
=.rsinl, - /cos.r+ln.r--r.

irtegmla gencnli.

si.n7

ror <nlrrria orneela

t>
V\
tl

:r'c\

'--

xdx+vdv-::=-!-=:
xdv-vdx
-:-=4L_
^1t' *

Ecuada se omi

Aradd

x'

r'

9, Sd se determine

( -

,*i" | --:-

[J..'*y'
.r

.\ ( ..

,\
*y'
[J..'
)-

*l --f- 4lat
x-

f(-r,/). =----;g\x,y)=^.
y' -Y^lt'+

y
. --+:-

* L lA =

"
o

Vom folosi fomula .

* y'
^lr'
_2y
uft\f |
ae,
aP,y) = -----+-----:ry -- r =.:=
rt ax ay''-'"
,t +y,
.rt
-{r.
^F\y't
'{
r). (r-;--- v)l'
u). '{ r
Ulx,y1= ll
"
ll /.-.-+-lctt=,Vs-'.y-+-llr/1,.
.1(./s'+y' s- ) ,i\./x; +t' x. ) \
---las+

unloctor integrantfuclie

- *fu *Qy' - sryhy

aP

0,

de E(x,y)

pentm eaqtiile

penn'u, E(x,

9!a.
"-'rt -

1 dr
r(t) dt

ay

ffi=ffi=
ox
+

dQ-1r.

Ax

""r1

p(x,y)!6,y1
eo,y)!6,y1_
ox
oy

ao.

y)
y)
ax' "
Ay'" -..:{.r.
-{x.

'Y

urmdto@e.

y) = x + yt

6y+6y

oy

3 ,-.*,' ,
12y
l2y
=_
= 2y3
=
-6ry-6yt +2ry -4yt -4ty x+ y2
I p= I
dr 3 cdr ^rdt
,d,=- ,= J;=-t J;-r(r)=-rrnl=rtr)=ii=
G+yj

;'

u.1

(.r!

+y: ,tVr-Zxyay =O.pentnt,E(r,y)= yt -r=.

este soluna scncnla.

9!tr.r\-Q(r.r\

dr

'-"'-'- r(t) -dt

-

Vom folosi fomula

. ao.
^ \x,f)---\x,Y)
oy
ox

Ax-"

AJ'"

p(x,t!@,y)
eo,y)*G,D_
oy
ox

aP

QG,

2v - (-2y)
(2v)G2x) - (xz + v!' +7)2v

y)* 6, y) - P(x, y1! g, y1

oy
ox

,-v'-,'r!.dr= 2 -eL=-zfL-hr=h(r+l)-r*
,2= -Y'-y'-I
rr
JI+l
r dt -t-l
''---ts--(r

1I

l):

(_yr

c).xtk + ydy - x(rdy

Ecualia sc transcribe

ir

-.rr + i)!
ydx) =

0,

pentt'u, E(x,

(.r + ,ry)dr + (y

aP

ldr
Vomfolosifomula-.-=
r(t) dt

eP.

y) = xt + yt

t= )dy = 0

ao.

^ \x,y)---\x,y)
ox
oy

i* ox6, v> - P(x. v1{oy Q, v7

eG.

ao,

oy
ox
-(.r,y)-..:{.Y.y}
Q6, y)

Jcx6, D - P(x, y) ]oy (x, y)

3.r
=rry-tj-T;-rV

,..:-r, : dr
=_3

_ l!=_!.1!!_
2rt
,a,--2,-rr-

ltJ

hr=l-orl =r=t1+1t=(x7+y71-1

Lrt -\-r-{'Z
\,

.../'

,,

g (t'

y' -

+2xt

Vom folosi

y21& +

1x2

ep

I b

fomult
.-.---'-

r(t) -dt

y)

oy
-(.r.
eG,

ao.

= 0, p"nr' E(x,y) =

eG,il!6,y)_p(x,)!@,y)
oy
ox

-)-

(x,

v)!oy Q, v)

xy2

_xy-2

xyj -2x)

-2x)

xy(Y

#,=-=r-t;- ff= (f).=

hr=r-2rnr=

il *oxG, y) -

(x, y)

!oy

r@,

v1fi @, v,

=t = l9 = lat -Lur =r
= lL
rd.t

-3vrpr

(l -3rv')d/

'"'*-'' r(r)
-'-

Vom tbtosr tbmuta:

cos

v' 1 -

:> r(t) = e'

: = 111
=,

Pp-r

('r + sin -r +

.u =

sinv)

Deci
0

Pt +l+-P1

--

,Fn

l =

la

$i ecuafia se reducc

.-f,*

y = xp -l\ P cte

.>

prin di

(rc]

=,

-['-;)*

-n

:-. p -ln p

=I

lo:

=I-

-lnp

ln.t

- InC,sf,Y = 1 + la-r
- W'- t'+1.=0
C.r

Troricm

e'

'v' L -t

fome y = ,Y' *

ecuagia sub

y'= p

Folosimzubstitugia

y=.tO*!-t

siecuagiascaducela

caeprindiferenlieresc

( 1\.
1
reducc Ia p& = p& + xdp - --;dp -l x - --; idp = 0.
P'
\ P-)

AY' " Ax''"

-(.r.y)--.":(x.y)

dr

y=

! rl''

=0, pentru,E(xs) = v
df
ou

dr

/' = p

= pdr + xdp

Rcalti solulia singulua -r =

@, y1

cosy-0

ox

v)

[Jt-p'J |.Jt*p'l

ra p&

reduce

AN

vl#G,

I rr-I

=t'--

ox

- -=\x'Y)

oy
=-\x'Y)

Jr*p'.J'

--L',

| -p

la

y = C.r + Jt+J?,si,x2 + Y' =1

b.) v = rv'- ln v'

ao.
aP. y)-:(x,yl

er,,

prin diferenliere sc reducc

).

Deci

oy
-(r,

ldl
r(t) dt

AD

gQr'

;, =

X' +V'

ydy = 0, pentnt, E(x, y) -- x

cos

FV
- -[t- i
'
Jr +/ "'
Jr*p,
/\2/\2

y = xp + ^{t + pt crc

^'r' ,.lrot

Folosim substitufia

sir.r + sin y)& +

Vom folosi fomula

er'.

'

t^

tiecuagia sc reducc

2D

--L

xY

ery

(.r +

,-n

n{-,o=!=

P=-:-6Jr

3)

- ^t?

==

_ryz -2x2y-2y+4x _xy(y-2x)-2(y-2x) _ (y-2.r)(.ry-1)

-2x1 y +

Y"

RealtlsoluliasingulrA r='

ox

D!oxG, v) -

--'Y'

'^lt*
-9Folosim nbstitutia
y' = P

an

y)

-...:{_r.

eaaliile Clairmu.

10. Sd se integrae

;6y

*{x'tl-fiG't)

'

aP

y' +21 y -2x1)dy

eO,yl#G,i_p(x,y)E@,y)

t
Renlt! solulia singulartr -! = --;
F

dr
ou.
' .._(.r.vi-.--:Ix,y)
oy
ox

4ty-9y'-(-3y')

ffi=

d)

esuafia sub

pdr

rcducera

fomd j, = tY'

y'= p

5i

-l

v=C-r-!.si.
'c''

reduce

la

v2

pdt =

*-i

cae prin difereofiere

Rezulttr

y'

--

=0.

Dcci

x = Ce-P

=--+

y- =--7= lz =4x
C'e-P

gi ccuaqia sc reducc

=-pt

la y =

rp + p1 cue

prin difercn;iere

se

(x + zp)ap = g.

pdr =

Reanla solulia

= dt + xdp + 2 pdp

- +dp

&t

+x+

A*

ein difermfiere
Z

obgbem

p=O

= 0 *te

-p+lr-C = x=Ce-P

= C'e-P + C(-l)e-p cae inlocuind in ecualic

Ce-P +Ce-P

+2p =

"-t',

=))
\z)

lx=(-Zpe,
ly = Ge-P -

+2eP

2(p

C' = -2peP

C(p) =

o ecugie cu

vuiabile

soluliagenemldaecuagici

avcm

-zlprt4o = -2[ppelap

+Cb-P =Ce-P

-2(p-l)

l))(1 + p) + p1 =

(p-c (l + p) - 2(pt -

--

5i ecuagia se rcduce

lntroducem substituia
obgincm

la

y = tp * j
v

27ar

scpffibile

(Gz)

\_/

y' = p ti ecualia

dcvinc y =2xP + sir. p , din cae rpin

cos pdp

Eculia

= n fi

+ 2x

cose --

corcspwatoile

omogeoa

&
cctt ^edP
^do l-=
-Zl:=)
-=-24 ^JtJ^'n'

gcncnld a ecuaqiei omogenc. Solufia geEeralA

Ln.r=

p! +Zt=
ap

\ ^
- +LnL
mp-7

diferengierc

este o ecuafie cu

= tr=-_l-

vsiabile

soluFa

a
ecufiei neomogenl o vom gisi Prin metoda vria$ci

c >; & C'p'-czp CUe mloculno lnecuaFcaveE

--t
r
p-aPp =CD'-LID ^r.;rcos
U
-' ;-- ^ L
^ t-p-zL
o=0=
D++
=o=C'(p)
=2-i+cosp
p'
p'
P'
Pdp = - p sin p + o' sin rQ -plin
C @) = - p cos pap = il'
|
[
I

coiltantcl..Y =

2'7a3 21sz

a
,
= p6 =y, = (1,.:2=
o*F=--=)y

l.;l

Dcci y = C.r + a. sf,4 vr -27 rr,tl = 0

/'7-\

pt

p'

pdr = 2 pck + 2xclp +

care prin diferengicre se

p&+xctp-a4oo-( --4)*=o
P''
\ p')
3a

D+

b.)

Ea este o ccualic neomogenl

2a

,-din carc

= !

corespuEitoarc

rdt
.,
)==-)dp = h-t

ly = Ce-' (1+ p) +2 y =2xy'+snY'

/ -\?

2a
silgularl -l =
-Fn

2a
,=V-r=i

'c'-

&.
1=-ap-

Ix=e-e -2e-r)
i-

vy' = p

y = r(l + p) + pr

ecutia devilc

+-

Folosin substitulia

reduccra

5i

=-2peP +zl/eodt=-ZpeP +2eP +C

v= Cx+C2,si,4y+x2 =0

y=ry

y' = p

+ p)dx + xdp + 2 pdp

scpmbile

+4x=O

y =-2p1 + pt

(1

Ea este o ecuaFe neomogeoi. Ecuaqia omogeod

P'

pdr = p& + xdp +2pdp

solutia singului x = -2P

x=-2p =

intzgrue eaasiile Lagrmge

sc

y=ry'+y'2
substinrgi

Sd se

omogen". SJiutiu gencnta a ecualiei neomogeoa o vom gasi prin metoda yarialici coostelci.

rcducc la

t.)

v'

ccu;iasc

r=----r111214
= y =---;-p--p'P'pPP-

Elosim

l.

iqeoduccm substitugia

-+

(
t
r\
= p&+xdP+-ae=lx+:;)ae

Realti solulia singurra x =

Deci

= 4x

,-, ,dl. =-?- lL=-zl!-_2

rt
rdt t rr
Y

*) y=x(l+y)+y'7

Folosim substitufia

e.1

P'p'Pp
C-r*!-l.ri,(v+l)2

vl
x=a+.._
Y Y-

Tmricm

=4- o*!-r=Z-r > y +r=2Jx

y=
Dcci .C

oY
dx
_ 4ry:6y' . =_2(2xy-3y-)
y(2r/'3y')
-2ry2+3y)
p=\
Lur=-2lnr -r14=)-

,=4=,

-p? sin p -

[ nlos il'

dr = - p'1

sin p

- 2(p.os

f.os

pap) =

cosP
-psinp-cosP+C= C sinP--T
= -pstn p-cosp?L = x=
7- P
----;c sin p .or p)
^( _;-----;-

= Ll

lP+stn P

p
lpP')
I C sina cost
lx=-;---=---P' P- PDeci J
2-+slnP
lY=-zstnPtpp

+Pcosp

=0=

)
1

c.)Y=:-r7'+eY

e') Y

=2x'l'+lny'

intoducem substiruia

y' = p

introducem substitugia

5i

rpin difercngicre

obqbem

!.

.??
pdr =)rdt*)rap*eodp=Lp!
t
z.

obsbcm

y =i *p * e, din cre

ecutia devine

=0= p{+3x+2ep
'dp

-)t*""

2'dp

=6

ap

+3x =

9 = -zlL - Jx
lQ = tn *= ln p-r + ln c = = !
p 14 = -l tp
x
p'

getrerall

ecualiei omogetrc. soluria genemle a ccualiei oeomogeni o vom gtrsi prin meroda

C > -:dx C'p' -C3 pl C'p. -3C

=
= p';-p' dp -L--p'

2ep = 0

=| =

-2,. "

cue inlocuind

'r

sepmbilc

solutia

.1

o!49

Ecufia

= 2xe
p

+ln p,,

+ 2x +

omogeoe corcspunzAtoare

:-

din cue rpin difereoflere

=g

p!+Z*=

c' (p) = -2 p'

dp = -2
I ",

p2

et + 2 !2

eculiei neomogetri

hp-t

glsi pri!

o vom

lnC

pep dp

3.1

P-P-P

r^

l.r = ---r-:--

I c ot-2(o-l\
j = i -tT"'
I lc - p2 -3p+3
ll -- ;r - '-------;--e'

obtincm

p&

p&

+ xdp

t/*1

y + xp -4G

4----= dp = 0

jlD-

(sq

| 2Gp+C)
ll=-+nP
IP

= 0, din cue rpin difcrenfiere

+x

=0

Zlfi+

corespunzitoe

Ea cste o ccuagie oeomogene. Ecua{ia omogcna

t =0

este o

ecufic cu vriabilc

Trdp Inr=lnp+= +lDu

C
.. & ldp r& -rJi
= J;
=
=.r=J7
;=-ri

sepmDrre

ecuatiei omogenc- Solugia gcncmld. a ecua;ici ueomogcnd. o vom

constmrei..r=

gisi prin

?t

t-

solurraseneEtra

vriagiei

caeinrocuindinecuadcavcm

-2c'Ji:c

p dp

zp.l p
.tE'
2:=c'1p;=Ia
2pc P-c + ?-4=o=2pEZ=
^'l
zP,l
zP^l p .lP
P
P .l P .l P
^l

mctoda

l t'fl-r.
:-.t,
=-

L=4

c(p)=111r*6=

ln n+f
1n atF
>.r= utP-L > y=-utp;L p-+Jl =-.! p(tnp.c)-qli

-,lP
I lnp+c
Dcci jr=-E-

^tP

irf;::
-- .- a"

:: ::;:ia =.: c cs:: {:-ccli :r *:rc.ll

r-

y:) - t/(,xta(x1 +

\
I
I

l2
f

__-_-:

-----:

.:-:-__

--

_-j-

y) =

9f", r, ,

x2

y) _

;/9 ;
ir-+y'

+3t= I(.rt
)'

*y')t

-2(x1 + yr2x6/h(.+yt)+x,)

(..t +.yt)n

4xa

-.-_=__::

---

-i-_!-*:_:--__
.

--. L::-=:-.:--\--:s-=:-l:-!ii!\i.-.:r\--::s.\-=
L-\:
L
\\c\z-\F-r-l:=C'(z-\.:eL-!:-C.(x+y-\.:q'-',
c.;

yzy'+ x2

sinr a =

y)ctgx

1+..t

sin' x

z'

z' -3zctgx=0,oecuagccuvuiabilcscpmbile:

I
I
I
I
I
I

lnz=3lnsin-r+lnC=z=Csi-nl;r soiucag.lei^-:1?csilri:ccg::lP::c-:a;baEesoLuFa

-3zctgr +3x) sinl

ccuagicie neomogcnc

ft =

y'

Efccilem ilbsrihrF a z =

(x,

^:-j

- q-:tr

--

y2)

2xy o3x1 (x2 + y2 ) - 4xylrL(x2 + y!)

>-

f aca

y1 -1rJlt(x2 +yz)+4x7y1 _2xy-xa +3x1 y2 -4xuln(x2 +y2)

(tt * yt)'
(.tt +.y,)'

/^\

eO.

-:::--=-:_-_-

.ai

(rt *rt)'
i.x1 +

__2r-x'-x]

:oail .*".U-,

_24t - z:

i-_

-r

z' =3y'

= 0 xte

ecutic

folosin :mtoda varia:iei

9i

ecuga devinc

liniili

zctgx

ncomogen,, cu raria cacsera

L=lr,ct4;z

rtajati

)lZz =i't9t-t&=
':3:

:cran::r.

C'sir.l;r-iCs'-=:::s;.
::3r:r::3.1 ::-.:
:= I = j s::: :-i:: s=: :
C'si:rr.t+3Csi-o]:cos-:-iCs::j :::=-i::s=:-::r-:1
s -:r.:i::.::+:=::::.
C(-r)=-3 l-r2& =-:r -C -: = -:: - l.-::;
z = Csinj

x=

.,

':

- -- ::

+; l-;---;4'r
t
+ y'
Lf

z' =

i.cvenm:a5::t::i::a5r:::-::

Deci

ecuagia devine

.1

costantci..r =

a) y+xy'={^[/
/'= pti

=-

estc o ccualie cu

,'.s-

vriabilc

soru6ag"ncrattr

metoda varia;ici

introduccm substinrda

& C'p!-C.2p C'p-2C

C -;--;
p' = dp= -- p'*
p'
| ^,.
C'p-2C ^C I ^ C'
.
pT+2,
-- =0=-=-C'(p)
= -t= C(p')=-p+C =
=
p-p-Ppp

yriatiei

rcuar.ie avem

3(c
-)
t= rl--z -p'-2(p-l)
t-e')+e'
Dupi cfecrudea car"ur"lo., o".*,

devine

: dp = 0
papp =

4 = -24!-- l4= -zl4

-Lo.r
X
P .X
'P

omogenc. Solufia gencmltr a

- *= 9, -2P'-:!2)r, -

=-zp2e? ++(pet -er)+C

+ 2xdp +

Ea estc o ecualie neomogenL

O cste o ecualie cu variabilc

scpmbilc
a

y' = p 5i eculia

= 2p&

ap

p{

Ea estc o ecuatie neomogenL Ecuafia omogeul corespuDz.etode

ccsrurcl..! =

p&

ecuhcr

3
1

y=.xy'+e!

c,)

e.)

y =2xy' +lny'

introducem subsrinrtia

y' = p

latroducem substinrlia

/ =i tp * ,, din cae rpin

ccutia dcvine

Ea estc o ecualic neomogenL Ecuaria omogeoe

p! +*

corcspwatoee

ap

4= -z!L - 14 =-zl4-tn*=
X
'P
P JX

sepmbilc

diferenliere

obsirem

pLa3ya2rt
=!pat*)rap*rtap=!pLalx+e,
2' 2
z'dp 2 - =o= 'dp
.

pdt
'

obgincm

9i

p-r +lnc

In

> -r - 9

cosrutei..r

= =! dp=c'pt -93pt -C'p-3c

p'
P'
P'

pt49
'P'p'p-

*II

! = -2eP +

= 0-

soluria

.:-1,r.-rr
-'Y'roP

,_'=:l:--1r

2(p'

vriafici

cueinrocuindin6uafeavem

(p) = -z I p'

e, dp = -2

p' e, + 2

pe, dp =

[2

\lLoP

p'

avcm:

.]

'

-z--:-!-'c-'t)-"

lc

p1

l' 2p'

'

sepffibilc

I f =--L-e-

-3p+3

y = LW +ln p

, din cue rpin diferenfcrc

=o- p!*z**L=o
p9+2*

=0

este o ecuagie cu

dr ^dp r& ^ rdp

l'n-r=lnp -+IoL =-r=--;C
- l-=-Zl-=
-=-24
P
a

ecufici

ncomogena o vom

glsi prin

meroda

C e C'p!-C.2p C'p-2C
=-;p' =t -;-=-p'
p'
dp
I -,.
C'p-2C ^C I ^ C'
=-t=C(p) =-p+C=
O---: , +2-+-=0=-=-->C'(p)
P.P.PPP
3 s =--i--i = y =)--!---:- p +ltp =''. r -' +la p
p-p-P

l-r=-=;
lD'

| 2Gp+C)
lY=a+bP
lp

P-

a.)y+xy'=4^[y
y' = p

lntroducem substinrnz

pdr + p& + xdp

obginem

9i ecuagia devinc

1/ka
4-----= dp =

y + xp - 4^[p = 0, din cuc rpin difcrenricre

- I2

+x

ldp

..&

scpmbrlc

Zpff+

ste o ccuatie ncomogeni. Ecualia omogeni corespuuatoe

Ea

r-

t =0

r& lrdp n:=lDp +. +lrL +.r=-FC

J-:-=-;
J- 'x
2'p
p

:=-;-:=
x
,/.p

ecuagici omogenc. Solulia geaemli. a ecua;ici ueomogeni. o vom gtui prin metoda

.onstur"i..1

,'' u"
fI -r'. I
.l-tJi -2c'Ji:c
=9 -o:dp=2p^lp
.lp
.li'

vuiabilc

soludagenenltra

^l

vriatiei

creialocuindinecualicavcm

o''!zP.l -'P * ?P - 4

= o = re lc'o= = a =c'(p) = =
zP,l P .l P
P
^lP
ln n+1.
1a n+f
''P="
y=-u'P*u
p++uQ=-^[p(lnp-c)-qJ;
=.r= .lP =
^lP
I -----Fln r+L

cste o ecugic cu

(p) = 111o * 6

^l

n..i I't =
"*'
,{

,t

-.

ly = -.1 p\td p + C )+

t.,l p

y'2

12. Sd se

iontegr*e eaapiile diferenyiale wmdtoua

:rln(.rl +
0.)--#

Q x& - ydy = rl, ; at * r[t + y' a

ramrie

Ecualia se

5i ob;inem

scpmbile.

yl) - -rt,

(.r- +-y-)-

* rt b =b -.rr""*p" [, - Jt

r( r---\,
t dy
1 dr
J------=
l-------o
)ly-1trt'pt
'y+,,11+y' ':-./1+-r'
Y- rl:-----;, x- ri:)Jt+ t'dt =:+ .JJI+''&

Et,.-" *,.

cu

""-1ie

vaiabile

,l r----\
= Jtf +Vl+jr. Ik

Cercetim daca ceeatia

udc P(.r,y) =

i-

[^[*iat= I*,=
'Jl +t'

vl'ot".ru r =
.1

r,=

[fiat=h(r-v[F)
-lt * r' at = tJr

'Jl+r,

$ r. =

'{l+t'

Jt'

1
,t , at+ l+d,=.r,+.r,,udc
'Jl+r'

Jr.+
' ./l+r'

*F - t 3 I = 611 a u[l[;

|(.t;;Jat=t .[+r'

d'=

r./i + r; - r

_zxy-x1(xz +y1)-4y(x|n(x2 +y2)-xl y) _

,_ u0+d+rt)+rr4+rt
2

y'

Ing+Jr *yt1+y^,ll+y' . C x:
-t=T=

--^,-_ _.._,
a;a*i'a'YemT-

r=

ln(-rrfi;;-rf-r,

(Zf\

b.)(3r+3/-l)dr.(x+y+l)dy=0
Ecufa

sc

^^

r"

-:#4*cstc

"!

o ccugie omogcna

;^
( J,b/

,_^_

-y' +lrr[(.r+./tr*;1y+.f +l;]+ *!E ar$ar'=g.

\.-'lO/
\:/

gene.lizar,"

zt -

t-t t* 4
t=
?
!* =*
=+
dx= dx= :+
3z -l
3z -l = 2z -2
r ^/r.-r\
r /1/--r'\+?\
Intesnindobpncm; ll |-f
(z=x- lnC=; ) Jlll -'- z-l '' - ldz=x-lnC=

x+y=z

Erecruam substitud a

'

lnClz -ll= a-!-z =

c.1 yz

y' + x2 16:

Efccruem sbstinrti a

= }(:z+zrn lz-tt)=.r-rnc+

rnc

{t.*)*=;r-

C21z -1)1 =

= yrctgx

z=

lt > r'

z'-3zctgx +3x! sinr.r = 0

z'

3zclgx= 0, o ecuaFe

lnz = 3lnsin.r+

st-t: - C2(x+ y-l1z - s-''1t

cu

y' y'

gi ecugia deviuc

ecufic liniartr

este o

vuiabilc scpmbile:

sint x -- zctgx

ncomogcnn, cu ecuafia omogena ata5ate

= ytg.dx

LnC
z= Csiu3.r sotu6a g.znenla a
ecuagicie neooogene folosim emtoda vuiafiei costaorei.

z = C sinl x

a +..t

= l9 4 lJ:'

e*"0."

z' = C' sill x + 3C silt x cos ;r, cuc iniocuild

6,

";**t;;J,

"

ourir. rotogi"

in euagia intial{ obgiocm

C'sinr.r+3Csinr.rcos.r-3Csintxctgx+3x2 sinr,r=0>C'si-nr,r+3-r:sin',r=0=
C(x) =

"

-,tr

+C

Rcyenim la substitulie 9i obginem

-,

-y' =

(-tt

(--t'

+ C) sinr

+ C) sinr x

solulia ccualicie ocomogenc.

+; l;-----;ds =
/.
+ yLII.

t.

;.s'

vuiabilc

solugiagencnldaeculici

vrialiei

co$tmtei..lr

Deci

Dupi efec!uuea calculelor,

=2p&+2xdp+l*

devile

ste o ccualic neomogcni. Ecu;ia omogeni coiespunzitore

omogenc. Solulia gencral{

-?lp-t) ,,
=

=-2p'e, +n(1te, -er)+C = r=9-2p'

'l(r-

c'

y' = p 5i eculia

aP

P'

ci

2eP

Ea

cste o ccuafic cu variabilc

gencrall a ecualiei omogene. Solu;ia gencmltr a ccuagiei oeomogena o vom gisi prin metoda

=g

pdr

2ry''

c)

=lay'

Fie substitugia

y' = P - y = LxP -

&.1^&.
p- + 2x-- = 0,

ecuale cu

rJx C'nz -) nC
"]Jv

neomogene. cu ccualia omogela arajat.tr

=9

-2f@
.P -x

soluli" ."uficie

p=_+t=

omogeDt. pcntru

0,
a

P-

cmtoda vuiagiei coutanrei:

C'n -2C

= --;J-

cue hlocuind in cuatia

ir;ial(

obprem

C+o
^
-'r
C' --l= C(p)= p+C-1=

P.P.PP.

f.) y = y''z (x

liniui

folosin

C'p-2C ^C I ^
p#+2,
--=0=

-I

"*

obginc solulia ccua$eic ncomogenc

dt pdt = 2 pdx + 2xdp

prin difercngicrc ne

P,cre

ca cstc o ecuagic

vriabil. sepmbilc, dir

=
;aPPP
-=-

ln

-2)

y' = p - y = p'z 1x -2) , cue prir difcrenjiere ne da

pdx = p) dx +2p(x -z)dp 1 6 = p&,+Z(x -2)dp
= (p -l)dx

Fic substitufa

l+ = -21+=
'x-/
'P-r
.r

h l.r-1

l=

tal

p-l

l-r

+hc

x-2 =

.C
'-:---:\p - t')(r-

--

J-

-2(r

-2)dp

\p-r)' =

-P

lr= J+(p-1)'
I
ttll=D-'-

ucct {

(p-l)-

t.

/'(x-hy')=1

c.)

y' = p + pG -In p)= i =

Fie substitufia

I
.$ ( t l).
--+ldP = --+ L:P
\ P. P)

Dcci

y =-tn P+

ay = Pac= P.
$.am.d

!a 6O 11;

5=

p+L

ft
l.r=-+tn,
p
I
ly=P-trp+c
I

h.)

x(/" -t)=zy'
y' = p

Fic substirufa

y'= p .-)

dy -nt

)r(p'

pd, =

- l) =2p > x =

'.;,y=y,r(t+2y')

4+

p&

)(n7-1\-)n-)n
n7-1-)n2
-)^1-)^
p#dp=2pz--1--:4-dp
:'r, :1P dp +
(p' -1)'
(p' -r)' ' = (p'
-t)'

Y=l#p
' \p- - L)-)

y'' -2yy'

B
c
D
-2p1-2p A
*
@' -D' p -r (p -I)' p +L (p +I)'
-*-*-*-2 p' - 2p = A(p -1)(p + L)2 + B(p + 1)r + C(p + 1)(p - l)'1 + DQt - t)l =
A(pt + pt - p-l)+B(p'1+2p+1)+C(pt - p1 -p+I)+ DQt2 -2p+t)=
f t
rA+C=-2
l-tAtw=-L
l-- - lt=c=-r
lA=C=-l
lA+B-C+D=o
lB-D=-z
l'Il-A+28-C-2D---2=l l-2A+2C=0
=18-D---2={-B=-l
=
|

Ambelc

---::-------n- =

sut

y' - y =

1;

P+t

-s=

Ferratia

,y'

pdx =

peP

dp

;c

^.

dp = eP
)eP

rcdz p&.=(eP +Qt-l)eP)dp

tr

y'= p=4t= pdr= pePdp= y= Jneode= peP - [ePdp= pet -eP +C

Deci

(x=eP +C

gi y--l
''
ly = (p-t)eP +C

solufe siDgulad.

y' = p -.y

1n
r+ p'

'-'

*+:

++
'y'
o.1

ye+ e')
= P=

ami

x=2

l1t + :

plap = 2 p + 3 p2 + C

14

J{t+e')a., = lny = x+ e,
=

!{t- r')a' =t'y

+ Cr

x-e' + c,

y'-x=3x,y'-x=-3x,mbeleecualiicuvriabilcscpmbilc.

ceie

*zy,

=o

vriabilc.
=

4!

*lyl' = r{l=
-(,y'
\' 2' ) '2', lg= - 'xg = hy

r*Et = -y -

'y

ry,

+4 = 4," r,' *4={, mucr.

2 2''
2 2'---

-hx+l-n c

=9
-T

=
l9- = -z fg= )ay = -2 ln.r + h c = y = 1
! -, *
@ -zy = .y
.r-

=-4

y'2 -(2x+ y)y'+ xz + xy =

(7'-x): -W'+xt =0= (y'-x)= -y(y'-x)=0

= (y'-x)(y'-x- y)=0- y'-x = 0, y'-x-y = 0 ainm cueprimaesrc o ccuagie cuvuiabilc

scpmbilc,

j.)y=h(1 +y")
p@. = :-----= aP

Ecuagiaseami scric

.i

Fie substitutia

p)dp

solupe singularl

!= fi-r')-

*iyl,
2" -1y,
4'

\.) x-Y - +JxY +2Y- =V

Gy'

y'-- p= y=(p-I)eP,cueprirdifercngicre

= & = z(l +

y'-x=3x=r=!+**=2x1+C
y' - x = -3x - y = lzrdt - tt + C

ccualii cu

Ficsubstitufia

2dp

y'2 -zxy'-gx1 --O

EcuaSiaseamiscrir(y'-x)' =9:r1

l.D=l
+

2p) , cae prin diferen;iere nc dtr

p'1 (1 +
.

ccuafii cu vuiabilc sepmbilc.

y' - y = -ye'

-Jp-t - 66

p'

m.)

ry

y=

!ir'-y)' =(Jr')t - y'-y =/e'sau y'-y =-ye'

y"' *=

ln*r-r*o=o [B+D=o

(eb -1)

= y2

Ecuagiaseamiscric

mctii simplc:

l-n*r*r*o=o
! -t
-r * 4-r * r \|oo = -nO/ = 'tP-r
[l -': +
lp-tr
lp+r)- )
-.]- p+L --+

--

= 2 p(l + 2 p)dp +

la=2p+3p2 +C
qi }-{
Deci {
ly -- p' (1+2P)
I.)

Pcntru a gtui integnla vom despica fi:nc1ia dc sub ea ia

y'

Fic substitugia

(I)

P- -L

x=

(;s

=2mctpp + C

[y

= In(l +

p])

= ln(l +

p']), cm pril

difercogicre ne

.
l:-----= aP = zarctp
'!- P'
1

+L

di

iu a dou

liniarl neomogeni-

este o ecualie

-l
y'-x=0=y= )xd-=t*,

y' - x - y=

0 ue

ecuarie

lny = :a lnC = y = Ce'

folosim mctoda

ataiata

soluFa gencnli.

y' - y =
a

ccugici

y
= *d\ = - -

[4 = Jlat =
)y

omogene. Penu-u primi solugia

cculiei

neomogcne

vriatici coututci.

| = Ce' = f' =

C'(x)=as-'

omogeui

C'

e' * Ce',

niocuiad in ccua$a datl,

aem: C' e' + Ce' - x - Ce' = 0

=

= C(:)= Jx;'d:=-l.G'V.=-.te-r + lx'.e-'dt=-xe-' -e-' +C +

y = (- t"-' - r-' + Cl' = --r - I + Ce'

cstc solutia genenla a ccualici neooogenc.

intergree wmdtorele eaayii liniqe a coefcienli corctanji neomogene:

y' - 4y' + 4y+e2' sin4: = 0
Ecu$a omogeni y' - 4y' + 4y = 0 = 0 are ccu[ia caacteristict
17 -4r +4 =0 e (r -2)2 = 0
Decisolufiagcocrdlaaecuaficiomogene
cste
= 1,, =2.
!o = Creu + C.xel'. Ecuafa ne sugereaz! se ceuEm o solulic paniculu!. a ccualici ncomogcn sub foma
y=e2'(Asrn4x+.Bcos4.r)
y'=2e2'(Asin4:+Bcos4.r) +e2'(4Acos4x-4Bsir4x) =
=
2'
= l(z. e - a n) sn t x + (2 8 + 4 A) cos 4x]e
= y' = [(z,e - + a)sn 4x + Q. B + 4 A)cos 4.rp.e " +
+ l@p e - + a) cos 4x - 4(2 B + 4 A) stn a xp" = l(+ e - w - w - r 62)sin +r]e :' +
13. Sd se

y\') + 4y' + 6y" + 4y' + y = s1a7

yo\ + 4y' + 6y' + 4y' + y = 0 ue ecufia cmctcristici
rt+4r3+5r1 +4r+7=0cr(r+1)t=0=rr.:-:.r=-l.Dccisolu$agcnemliaecugieiomogenc

d1

a.)

a + a rt +

[(+

l-

4;]:' = (- rz,l -

6l)cos

6t -

oa)sin 4: + (l

Ecuadaomogeni

cste

2B)cos 4x]e,,

-+[Q.e-+a)sn+x+(zo+1lt)cos4.r]e.+

+ 4(As:in.4x + Bcos4.x)eL + eL sin4.r = 0 <=

(-n,e-rcn -aA+ftB

4A+ l)sir4.r + (taL-na -BB

-t6A+

4B)cos2:r = 0

+C,,rr;e-'.EcuaFan.sugercazesacautemosolufieparricularaaecuagei

lsi:t.t+

foma y =

Ecos;r - !'= Acosx -.Bsin:r

=
l'=-Asnx-Bcosx-.y'=-lcos.r+Bsinx=lril=lsin.r+Bcos-tinlocuindinccuajic
obgincm: (l sin .r + 8 cos x) + 4(-,{ cos x + I sin;r) + 6(-l sil x - B cos :r) +
+ 4(A co-s x - B sin.x) + I sia.r + B cos r = sin :r <+ -41 sin x - 48 cos.r = sia x
=
l
le=-'. z{ ajugemlaconcluziaci
csreosoluqicparticuluiaccu;icineomogenc.
!,=-trstnx
1- ^

inlocuind in ccuagic obginem

(-tz,l-tol)st+x+(t6,t-na)cos+.r]e"

/o = (Cr+Crx+Crxl

ncomogcnsub

y = (C, +

Deci

C
"

x + C rx2 +

rxr 1e-' -

(ftse+r=o
<>]ln= 15
l-168=0
l^
'
lD = u^-

Ecualia omogentr

rt -2rt +l =0

ajugemlaconcluzi"", y, =Irio4.r.eL

6tcosolutiepafiiculqeaecugeincomogenc.

10

Dcci

y = Ce" t + Crxet'

ozt

I-5in 4r
lo

[f

t O,rf

e(-:a - sl)sin5.r + (-:a

(q + Crxp'
foma

e4Asitx+

Ecuapia nc sugereae sa ceudm o solulic particulari a ccuagici ncomogen

(rr - t s,e - t s A - 2s B)cos sxpi' = (- t e; + :08)sin

inlocuind in ccualie obginem

(rt -l)t

<+

+ (Crx +
.1i

+ : Of )sin

(-

x+

+ s,l)cos5.r]e-3'

lO,l

0=

!
C

lsilx+

Bcos.t=cos.r

=-3+2i.Dccisoluflagcocalaaecuagici omogcnecstc
solude paniculari a

sb foma y = (,a sin S.r + .B cos 5.r!-"

y=e-r'(lsin5-y+Bcos5x)
- y'=4e-)'(Asir5.r+Bcos5r)+e-r'(5lcos5.r-58sia5;r)=
5t)cos5.r]e-t' - y' =K-le-5.8)sin5.t+(-38+51)cos5r|4)e-j'+
=l(-le-58)sia5;r+(-38+
+ (si-:z - sa)cos 5x - 5(- 3.8 + st)sin 5.r]e-r' = (l,l + t sl + t s B - 25 A)sn s xp-t' +
+

csre solujia gencnltr a ccuafici datB.

ucecuafia cecteristic

rr,: = lir:.r

,x)e-'

=-1.

a6\
yJ2

Decisolugiagcnenleaecuaticiomogcnecste

. Ecuagia ne sugercaza sa cautAm o solulic pafiiculare a csuafiei

Bcos;r

+ y' -- Acosx- Bsnx =

y'=-Astnx-Bcos.:r=y'=-,4cos-r+8sinr-y(r)=lsi-n.r+Ecos,rialocuindinccuaflc
obginem: (l sin x + I cos x) - 2(-l sil.r - .B cos:r) + .4 sin .r + .B cos:r = 4 cos r <>

a ccuaflci neomogene.

ccuatia cmcteristicA

=-3t-J9-13

y" = (Cr sin2-r + C, cos2-r)e-J',

gcncnli

csrc solufia

Ecuagia

r2 +6r+13=0=r,,,

"

ncomogen sub

y +oy + Ljy = 2 -- cos)-r

omogcnl y' + 6y' +13y = 0 ue

6.)

yt't -2y'

airr

Deci

eculici

y = (C, + C.x\'

conciuzia ca y' =;cos t

--[on=o=.1'=1",*"",
t*, = t - t, = i "'*t"t
1

Ia

cste o

neomogcnc.

+ (Crx + Cu,r)e-' +

cos

cstc solugia gencnltr a ccuatiei date.

5: + (- 30t - 1 6B)cos 5.r]e-!'

rcB)cos 5.r]e -r' +

tr({,nsin s:r + I cos5.r)e-r')= e-3'cos5;r

l-rce+na-t8r-i0B+lir=0 o l-zt,t=o le=o

=
+r38

= l-:o,l-toa

-18.8+301

., y, = -

ajugem la concluzi"
Dcci

y = (C,

.os 5x

sin 2-x + C, cos 2.- - I

l-zu

.e-"

"os

"rt"

5x)e-l'

rotu6"

"rt"

l, = -;f

purri.ir,*

solutia gcnenli.

n.o-or.o".

"l*6",

a ecuagici datc.

t\ ,[

N 7't

I6.

Sd se

b1

y'

(*\

reolve urmdtoorele probleme ini;iale Cnchy

+ 4y

= 8ctg2x; yl -,: | =

\+'/

l'+4y=

Ecuaqiaomogeul

(-\

S;

y\ : l=

\+'/

c.)

0 ucccuapiacmoeristica r2

+4- 0= rr.r=fl.i.

/. = C, sin 2-r + C, cos 2.r . Pcnur a afla solulia gcnenlZ.

vuia$ci constantci, comiderdn cortmtcle a fimc1ii cu vuiabila x.

metoda

= Cr (x) sin 2.r + C, (.r) cos 2.r

(:) sir

.y' = Cr

+C, (x)cos2.x-2C,(x)sil2;r,inpunemcondifla
y' = 2CrG)

y'

= 2C i

cos2.r

G)

4C,(x) sin2x

oblinem:

(:)

2.r + 2C,

(:)

(-r)sil2x

./' =

2C, (x) sn2.r

4C, (.r) cos

[2C, (-r)cos2-r-2C, (.t)sin2.r

)lnlfal+)?d<

lr!l

'sln/:

r;o 2x +

C. (x)

Deci solugia gcnerali csre

gi

'

cos2.r

x = 8ctg2x

=0=

"

4rcosr I
+ acos tx
=;I ,l-_:_._____;_d,
sln-r cos- .r

(x) =-4 cos 2x

t+ c,).0 = cr =

si::

2: + C, )cos 2.r

t-'t

,L\

+lo-21-z.t+c) t)=4+2c, = 4= c: =o
Deci solulia cautas (soluga problcmci lui Cauchy)

L.

], ]-u tl

.s. y = (2 h I rp

;
|

: - C"

sin.r

(;r)

obtilem:

(-r) cos :r +

C, (-r) cos.r - C, (x) si:r.t,

"o.

(;r) cos.r = /' = Cr

la

C, (x)

sil.r - C, (x) sir-r - C, (.r) cos x,

rmetoml sistcm:

r-.. * Cr'(')

.or

=0

'
1 ,(;r)cos.r-Cr ,(.r)si-n;r=I =C,(x)=l=Cr(x)=lA=x+C,=C,(x)=-t--'
cosr
'
lC,
cosr

=C.(.r)=-ltiotd=lnlcosrl+c:
Jcosx

y = (.r + C, )sin-r +
lmpucm in continuue condi$ile inilialc:

y(0)=f,

^
/[.] ,\
'l /",h1'l
\'l

'
(h I cos.r | +C, )cos

=1

c,sin.r + (x + c,

;.orr * [- JM.
- {t I cos : | +c, ) sir.rl = a, = o
\ cos.r"or.t])
ts
/ = J sin -r + (h I cos x | + 1) cos.r

Dcci solulia ceuate (solulia problemei lui Cauchy) cstc

y' + y'

e-'; y(0) = I, y'(0) = -l

Ecuafiaomogeni y'+.y'= 0 mccua$acmcteristictr

@)

r2

+r =0=

r, =0,7,

=-1.

Cf-'

/.

+[(-acos2.r)co s2x-2(-2sir2.r+c,)sinz'],.+
_,'_-._.'.,.i=lfr

(:) sinx + C,
= /' = Cr
r = 0 , ctfct

Dcci solugia gencnltr a ecuatiei omogenc este

. Pentru a afla soluia gencnltr a ccu;iei
= Ct +
Deomogene vom folosi mctoda vuiadei coutantci, couidcrdn consrdtele ca fuDcfi cu wriabila x.

t
- rio zrl si. z' * z(z to t tsx +2 cos2x+ C,'')"o. z'] +
cos'x
\4/ -J([( rB= -l
)
ll,_:
+

cos

ecuafie

C, (x) = -2 sir 2.r + C:

= (Ztnt t6r | +2 cos 2.r + C, )si.n 2.r + (-

c,).t+(-z

ajugem

y' (0) =

(r\ ( | ,rl
) o (
r
\ E
o
vl : l=l 2ln!p1+2cos-+C. lsin:+l -2sin-+C" lcos-=
-\4i
2 ') 2 \
2 ')
2
I l-4i

= (zt.nt + z. z +

(:)

C, (x) sia x + C,'1r;

Dcci solujia genenlt estc

Impuncm in continuae condifiile infialc:

,* -r( z\

Cr

c,'1r;

sin

=8ctg2x

2:

'

,t I
,t txax,
= + l___=-6 _.+ lsln ^

sin

- 2C, (:)

=ttr

C,'1r;"osr-C, (.r)sirx-Cr'(x)sin.r-C,(.r)cosx+C,(r)sin.r+Cr(x)cos:=-l

\--l

,
nnsr ?v
."^.2 ?,
:=C, (.r)=4-:- a-'=C,(.t) =41:::--:-Ac=
srnzr
surr-r

,rl-sin'2.r,
sln zJ
'l__:__at

4!9|?t

r' nA
l-

(.r)sin2:r-4C"(.r)cos2.r+

=+

1*

Cr (.r) sia -r + C, (.r) cos

inlocuild in

C. (-r)cos2-r
=0
'

'

y=

C, (x)sin2x+C, (x)cos2:=0,crfcl

2x + C, (x) cos 2-r) = 8ctg2x <r 2C, (-r) cos 2.r

ajmgem la metorul sistcm:

(l

0 ucccuagiacmctcristici r2 +l=0=i,t

Deci solu$a gcnenla a ecufici omogene cstc y. = C, sin: + C, cos -x . PeDtru a sfla solulia geneali a
ecuiici ncomogene vom folosi metoda vdialici constantci, co$idcran constdtclc ca fincgii cu vuiabila x.

impuncm condiga

si:r

lC,
I ';'

cos 2-r

(x)cos2x -4C,(-r)si:r2.x-2C,

+ 4(C,
gi

2C, (.r)sin2.t

cos2x

inlocuind 'u ccuajie

2C,

;y(0)=1,y'(0)=0
y'+y=

Ecudaomogeni

Deci solu;ia generali a ecualiei onogene estc

ecu;ici neomogcne vom folosi

y'+y='

y=
C,

+5)sin 2.r

l*

= y' = C \ (x) + C, (.r)e-' - C. (x)e'', impucm conditia

0,sfcl
f' = -CJx)e-' + y' = -Cz G)e-' +C"(x)e-',
=

t(x) + C 2 (-r)e-'

inlocuind

r+o

(x)+C, (.r)e-'
'm

ccuafie obtincm:

C, (x)e-' + C. (x)e-' - Cr(x)e-' = e-'

= C, (x)

C,

(.r)-1.e-'=0=

Cr

(x)

y = C, - e-' + (-x +
lmpuem in contiauc condi[ilc inifalc:
y(o) = Cr -1+Ct =1= Cr+Cr=2

Deci solugia gcnealE este

=-l =

C, (.r) =

-:

+ Cz ri

= lr-'at=-e-'+Cr
C,)e-'

y'(0)=e-' -(-.r+C,)e-'-.-'1,-o =1-C, -1=-1

=C: =l=Cr =1
Dcci soluf a cAutati (solufia problemei lui Cauchy) cste

- e''

(-.r

l)e-'

xe-'

..) y' + y =

4"Y

r;

cos

r: +1=0-

ueccuagiacmctcrjsrict

cculici

Deci solugia genenlaa

y(0) = I

y(0) = 0,

y" +y=0

EcuaFaomogene

omogenc cstc

rr.: ==l

si1x+ C" coSx.

Cr

I.

a aflasolu;ia gencnlea
ccuatiei neomogcnc vom folosi Ectoda vaialiei constantei, consideran coostatclc ca 6mc1ii cu lzriabila x.

/. =

condifi

C,

: + C, (l)

(.r) sin

(-r)cos.r-C,(x)sinx-C,

/'=Cr(:)cosx-Cr(x)sin-t=/'=Cr
cculic

inlocuind in

r e'
l,a-+e"
-

(;r)sir.r-Cr(.r)cos:"

obgincm:

C, (.r)cos.r-C,(.r)sin.r-C,
ti ajungem la mAtorul sistem:

(x)siax-Cr(.r)cos.y+Cr(r)si!r+Cr(r)cos-r=4-rcos,r

t^".
C, (x)sLn.r--- C. (r)cos-r
"- = 0

'-.

l,'.

^,_-.
IC, (x)cos: - C, (.r)sinr = 4:rcos-r

C, (:) = 4xcos2.r

f.r'(sin 2:)dx =

63
\:/

.(n7

c.) Y' =

2-r)cor' -

cos

(.

(J- + _r sm jJ

z' -

\.'.o.

Dcci solutia ceutata (solutia problcmei lui Cauchy)

!l?I

2 )

cos2.x
*

a, ) aor

lr-'l t-^ = Iz * 4, = 3 6, = I2
1

2)

e) ylny&+xdy=0

sin.rdr = -cos2.rlny4
Jcos-2

a; y&

yltydr =-xdy- = rx
[4
integree cdaliile

-14-=h:
JyIny

ln(hy)

+ l-nC

= Ctny

=.t

= t.--&

rdu
J#;

b.) xy'=

=u=
x&dx

= cos- u

o ecuatic cu

r&
= Jf, = tg,*
y*,[y=

C=

- 4 =, * r. ! =

tg

La

**

du

t/ t'tq'l
/'1

=1a7

\1_7

,' = | *

"

t - r.

u +

*-

fr

=t

du
dx

--=

t-;---:,
l_nlu+vu'
-l i=hr+lnc=

ra.r=

c+dZ
x

t.)

a+t,)y
I

* 4:
Z --, y = ra ! =, * t. 4!
!!
=
=, * t = -'
rdx&&a+bu
c+du
du c+du-au-but
a+bu
,
t----:--;---------= - )-bu'-(a-d)u+c
a+bu
dx
a+bu
.

l-n.r-lnC=

|
r

ntl.t
-'"=
bu'+(a-d)u-c

lntegnla rlmile enc

-2!=*t+x.

[11-"'t'
' ljq

r(1

+-r:)'

Jll;*

ttt
- - cos- ir a, =E!0,
= 'f.os-t.r(cos.r)'& = 'F4n,
y'
y'

du=ln!-=x=C
C

greu de calculat, dcci o ltrsam aS&

1.

9i integrala din drcapta o vom calcula prin pdrfi.

,o'0"

e'b!'no-d)'-<

I
l+h:v
- cos.r- y
-

.x,

. xy)dy = 4dx= ----!-, _2^lry -

2.1

y' =

x ..... inroducem
r t ll

-1

substitu;ia

''

r * 14!

-r& = -!l-2Ju -,!!^dr= --!:

I_2Ju
r&
! -t
?.,6
-'- )riut--lnr=
l

-C =.E
Cx -.E
crl = r,4
\ +l
ly -^*=
Iy =^(,
ly -,

-^E

dv y=-.y+xz dv /v)t v , - | --+1. lntroduccmsubsrituia

, = -------= ;6 = I\r,/
4Y
rx
vdvdudu
= u = y = tr - -7 = U + X.-- = U+_y-= u' -u +I=
-xar'fr6

*,t7=

2x2

?d"-=
'(r-1)'

--

rrh
- Jt-

r|.4=---]-=br:=
x
u-I

-.t:

= Le'

-/--\\

./l
vh9
I\ (?

+c=ln.r=

1_y

+C=ln-r
y'

= x1 + y2

y'=t=^*
=I-1.(Zl'.
'
2x'!= = ',' 2 2\x)

intoducem substitulia

J16.- r+C=arcsinZ=
a

e.)xzdy=1y|-ry+x2)&

c.) (a+by)y'+cx+dy=0

'

r civ
l:=
t.lor-y,

tny rl I
l-nv I
,(f)'.
- ll - | I\ ydy = -- y + l-. -y dy = ----+
y /
'y
'\y)

,*=u'-2u+t=
&

.
, cx+ay
,
:'=-'
B+by -

llzrJ,- zrJ" f- dx r-zJu r zt,Ju , r

,
rdu,:+'f'
' I ri'
-Lru+lnc=tr-.=-*-r,'u+lnc+
^'=rJu'du-J;=tt-t :.,-^"ruru-"
J,

-=u+cos-ll

- y = tE = *
dr I du
r&
J-J=ld" = J;=
I

laa ha - Lra

q
4
y
u
x = = = tE ) 6 = u * r. d\ du u -u +zuJ; t-aza=
rt-2Ji
.i:=-=

v{iabile sepmbile.

lnx

Prcsupmdad x pozitiv, impa4ind cu x avcm

du
=F=;=

-l

innoduccm subsrirusia

- a'

la-rdv= Jla'dx=-a-'

Z.

y = tE

x)'dr =

Q^fry - x)dy =

ydt = (x -

omogene.

saic y' = Z * aoa'

,r(cos

y = e: ,C > O

r)x7'=y+cos2/-.

du

= ):o(1 + e/) = h0 +Jr?) +ln C = | + et = C(l +.t?)

f.) yr sin.r& + cos2 .t h ya! = Q

rlny
l--+dy
'y-

a"r

t+er

ua"

Efectunm substituli

dv

ffi

arcsirZ = h(a: + ::) + C

et (I + x1 )dy - 2x(I + e' )dt = 0

ev(t+xz)dy=2x(t+ev)&= jlor=

gi dupeefecrutreacalculcloravcm:

y2

Ecuagia se ami

e.)

este

y =:2 sin;r+:rcosx.

2, Sd se

l-+=

J-a- =
,^!o,-_y=

dV f-;---av
,
:=tla- -y- >---=dx)
dx
^lor-y,
sin(-t + C) = Z
= t= asin(.r + C)

rl,. *

c,
')

/
sin2:r)
+.Tslnl..Y+-I+cos2x). lstnjr+lrcos2J-----:lcosr

y=lr-\

/A,

2x

;;7rlr

d.)y'=.{7j

/a.._:
^\
+ .!.x cos .!.x - slD lr,,sm.:r
^..^
\/r + srD /.x
2.rsin 2:r

a'+a'=C

y(0)=C, =o

4=o'.o, -L=a'&=
dx
at

Impuem in continure conditiile initiale:

+ (cos 2-r

'-1\'

Ji-\1-'"
a'+x'

= C:(x) = -JZ-rsia2-tdr = Jx@os2x)'& =

si-n 2.r
^ | ,.(cosf-r)4r =.rcos.i.r^ ---+
c2
= -rcos/.rJx
( 1
cos2x
^ sia2:r+C,
^l lcosx
^
^).lsin:+l( xcos2x-----Dcci solugiagenenlaeste y=l.r'+xsin2.x++C,
',)
')
2
\.
2
\

(uJ =

I
e'
-ac-?
a
o

zr,p-S = y' .(a1 +f )

r-;-----' (a" +-Y-).8
,. dv
^/.xla'
- Y' =

4xcosr x.sin.r+ C, (.r)cos;r = 0

sin-'y
I
= -----=- =
zsn-y
-/

a.l

.J

=;*'rJ'r*a**c,
2

\a.)

.-t r
l------:=*
-o".("'\'
r+l- |
\a/

C,(x) =
J4.rcosr -tdr =

1, 1+cos2-r, 2 (: + x cos 2.r)dv .r' +

= Jar'_l;::el- = ^;7
=
[xgn ?.x)' dx = x: r xsin 2.r -

[r]'
\aj

*ru1"ory.!= r" .. &= -",o11 4,dt a- + e"

sln' y
| ' P'
rcosuav
dt -- - l:#
=
rsm.) = - J--=d,
rJsin-' ycosy{, =
"-,,_[Ll.

e's'd y =-(a2

x = 0, rtfcl

cos

eaoliile ar toiabile sepuabile.

Sd se integreze

e'sinry+(ar +e!')cos y y'--O

a.)

(-r)cos.r+C, (x)cos:-Cr(.r)sin:,

/=Cr(.r)sinx+C"(.r)cos:=.y'=C,'(..)sior+C,
impuem

Pcln-u

inooau."*rubstituria

dy
du
du I ur
du
dx&&22&2
12,rdx2^22x
lnr + L =
= J; = )
, -r=
@ -r)'""
J
l--

Z = u- y= ru
=
.t

7+u2 -Zu
=

^t

r-

- t - y = Inr

+C

)
J. Sd se integrue eaopiile omogene generalizate

Ir,+)\7

a)y'=G;by+c
I + by = ct (1)
dz
,dy c-dz a + blcz + c c--.L ).
r dz
t.
c- = a + bL=
l-:
= l&
= a+Jcz+c = dr = c Ja+Jrt+i
dt
dx
&=
Pcnu-u a calcula integnla din stinga introduccm substitu p^ ,[Ei
=t=

lx+y-I)'

inqoducem substitulla

Se va rezolva sistcmul

1:!:- = z ,\( t -

-!-\a,
a+t)
x + C --Q-->zJczi -zan1o + J-, +
r+ C
=
[dx
"1=

cdz = 2tdt

2tG;

- ".?c.a+r

zonla + 1Gl$i)
b.) 8-r + 4y + I + (4x +2y +l). y' = 0

,
'!=--

by + c

x = u + r' v = v

2arn(a + r)

= 2t

(r)

't'=-"'t3x +2y

2y

-.mdeavem

/^

^/

_'

[3.r+

_ -=.1

2y-5

- )'
"

(,)'

scric

se poatc

cde estc o

\
)

-]at - 2arctgt = u + C = -IoL -2orrtg! = u + C =

+ 2arag!----: = -g
.r-J]
x-)
Efectuamsubstitupz x - y = 7
=sin(x-y)
/'
".)
.dvdzdvdzdzdz l--=
x- y= z
l-'&&dxdzdxdr
- l-: =--:=

l- o.l-yv+

l) =

[6.r+4y-10 =

=-5y+5=0=/o=l

1 dz

t,

=2x=5-3--2+xo=1
introducem substitulia .r = u + 1; y

t\,

.r-3 +ln'

lf.Y+ jv -) = u

,(

2 2-3 3*0

-5'

Rezoivamsistemul:

dydvdv^(v)2dv-lr)=

rtl

y'

5).

\2

?du= Zl --l-l
l''l
lr-\ u)
vdvdtdtt|
L
Efectuam substituFa
= t = v = tu = t + u : = 1 I -- I 2-:-u
du
du (1+r)' =
-du
(t+1)2
dt
2t7
dt 2t2 -t3 -2t2 -t
'
:
=-' dt--du=
du= (1+r)' -l=-=-*=
du
t'+A+l
-r(r'+l)
//.<-\
.t2 +)t+1
, rl+l
,
(l K)
'=*'*2
.'
)dt=u-C=
-l--IJt1a1
=u+C=-[(
J r(r'+l)
r('+1)'
' r(r'-l)
Y-/

A*. + =+ = 2='utoduccmsubstirufia 4x+2y =, - += 4+2y'=

42&
dz
2z+1 d. 4..1-42-2
dz 2
r.
r^.
:=4-2::--:-:=:=
l(z+\\dz=
l2x&=
=-=-a
r
dx
z+I
&
z+l
& z+7 J'
z=
1 ^ Gx+2y)2
'
--:-+z=.r'+C=
'' +4x+2y- xz +C=2(2x+ y)1 +4x+2y =.rr +C
22
5 + (3x +

,*'l

l,'r.-" 0.1-1.1*0.
\)r+lr-tl
r^^(
tv+z=v
tv=-z
, dupi cue cfectuen subsrituia:
{
= j'
lr+y-l=u ^ ur=J^

- ! - A = d, - e ='[,
* 3* - 2- ) = A
"

ccualie omogene $i

>

r+C

8x+4y+l
4x+2y+I

c.) 2x + 3y

y' =21

y' =2--v-:-:!---

d.)

=v+I

= +dx= {du

Jl-sin,-

t.
-^-t--^-r-4
(tt
l-cost --s

)
|

\2

9i ccuagia devinc

=slnz = l_su;z =_

dz

cb

(r
--z

)
I

zt =\2
,fi

t-t
\.i

dv

du

--2(r:+l)+3(v*l)-5 -dv --?u+3v -h = ':;

3(u+1)+2(v+l)-5 du 3u+2v du l+Z!

-z(L-z\ a,
1 r -l.4 2)2r srD-l--,( r z)
\4 2)
1t X-y
arcctg\x - c ) =
4- 2

dz
I r
2J srD-t7( tr :\
|
t4--- 2)
1f 2
arccrg\x - c ) =
1- t=
t) (x+y+l):.y'=1
^=-t-

- *du= , * u4
du dt
dt
2+3t
3t+2t2 +z+Jt
Lt-=-t---u-=
--+
du
du
3 +2t
3+2t

in continurc introd.uccm subsritu;ia v = ttr

dt
2+3t
l+u-= --dtr 3+2t

. )t +7
.1"
I . /rl + "''
1r\'
* =-l-nu+lnC=
| .-' - dt =- rl-=:l\:
r2t'-6t+2
u 2rt'+3t+I
1... +3r+t)
rr--:-: c l("\=a3'" a1 = ." p
aLr(r'
=-l-nu+l-nC= Jrr +3r+1 =;=
i[;j
(y-1):
+3(x-1Xy-1)+(:-1)r
=6:
=C=
^F:.l3r--n

(x
'\4

z)
2)

y + I =,
= * - f4 - r>22 = | > * I
= t + Id,&,&&zt,
{.l-- I ),
l&= ll lrz') W=x+C-z-arclg:=-r+C=
'
'\
x + y +1 - ar*g(:+ 7 + 1) =.1 a f

Fie substitulia x +

\ -

t z1 ,
l-rdz=
Jl+z'

ri

g.)

(:

+ y)dfr + (x + y

+I)dy =

0
1

4. Sd se

-^.)

leotru

(r\

Pc de alti. partc pent'u a gfui intcgrala din drsapta o vom folosi

iP'2

=i

COs.r =

l-tl
l+I'
-Si

. .,c:4

-Lny=-tD.--illu=y=c.L
roI*1

-2

GX

I C'ln.r + i

r&
,&
-lnl
l-=
=- Jcos.r
lJcos:
schinbuea

de

vuiabili:

zdt rl+r: 2dt

2 t-l
i Jl-t'
l-'-=
2 | r+l
l+t'
1+r' --rD-=
-

,r:-'
-2

Pentru a gasi solufia ccualiei ncomogcai, vom folosi

foma realtaillui dc mai -Daintc

K)
\\J
\--l

to!-t

|-"'.^-*^|
--

I = 4 . r 6.,
dx

!=Clnx

C!ln? x = 2.r2 h2

-r

solugiaccuar.iciomogeae.

vuiaFci

constantci.

inlocuind in ccuapa inigiali, neomogena, avcm:

rmde solufia geocnlt

in.r = 2xt
C=
a

ltl x = C!ln2

JZt* :

cculiei

"r

C(x) = a2 a

neomogcnd csrc

ln: -

+C

l-nr = 2x1

h:

y = (xt + C)U r =

C l-n

: + :l lnx

y
. arcsln.r
Jl - :'
Vl - x' .arcsrn.r

Ecuafia omogene corespunzitoue cstc

y'
dattr

l.,orI-ri"I'](.orI-rul') sEr-l
'2 -1 "i.r-^^"r
1
2)\ Z
/)
? \ r.
r. srD-+cos-Y x (. x
.r)f .x ;r\ cos.r -'o
Igi+I
tox

c.) )'---=--=-_-

t /

mcto& vrialiei corotantei. Prima

l: lnx

:./

prin

-y

x ln x

a gasi solugia geDerala a ecuatiei neomogene vom folosi metoda

J' = C' ln x + !-, cm

estc

rdv
,l:=y

y''

este

rdv r dx
I :- =lny=h0a;r)+lnC)l' \, = J,t--

intetree eanaliile liniare-

y cosr+y=U==dv cosr =-y6

= 2x1 lnz x
corespuuatoile

Ecuafia omogene

y' .cosx + y -- 2x

Ecuaria omogenA corcspunlEltode

/' . .!h.r - /

b.)

dy dz dz . z-1
3dy= -+.x+y Ficsubsritulia x + y + I = ;
= +-idx= -& = --l
&
& = -- z
-r+y+l
S,
c-1 lr 1 |
z-'
t'
=!=\-t-'-*=!
&
z & -= )=d:= Je-T=**C(x+!+I)2
=2x+2C
,

ii

0 + ln/ = f+-dr
-:-=
' ./l - x'
./1 - .r' .arcsin -r

dl.m o altii

-y

C arcsin

x cte

solu$a ccuagici omogene.

cosr

[slDt*.ort]lcos--srtr-J

soluqia ccuatiei omogcne:

, ^,sin.r-1 ^cos.y.cosr+sin.r(-i+sin.r) -,sin.r-1 . ^1-si-n.r ^ ..

cosr
cosr
cos-:
cos/^,sin-r-l L^l-sinx\
ecuFa mlFala, avem I L
ZX- ---:- ICOSX + L^sinx-l = ^,
cos'r /
cos.r
\ cosx
2xj
--l-si!r-+ -si!r-!
-,
-,
^ tt-dl+C.dicGdlucdroluu
^
c(sE,-rl+c............_rc............_=2t
-c- Jlinr-l
2'I &
mbt.cBni.6'"..y=c5i!'-r+si!r-1.f
cosr Jsitrr-l

arcsin -r
Peotru a gisi

In(arcsin.r) + lnC

solugia

y' = C' arcsin x + -!

Jl-x'

vom folosi mctoda vuiaqiei constantel

- sD.r-l

:
.

gcncnli

a ecua$ci ncomogene

cue inlocuind in ccutia inifalz"

-j-* g

-+

c'*csir.' +
= =-g:Lgj- = c' =
=
Jl -tt
Jl-tt
Jl-xt'arcsin:
neomogen,!avem:
1t-t'
A = - arcsir.r + C ) = (- arcsi! r + C) arcsia.r =
C(.r) = - l-*
=
'

-y

= C arcsin.t

arcsi::: .r

^11-

x'

cste solu;ia geuemli a ecuagiei ncomogcne.

y'- ye" =2xe"

ulirohosld'ssPudo**
dt
- de

d..)

t.,

**,"."o...
"bib!dv'n,
"?*,*,.,"1r."-r.*.0.,**-.*'
.oMri./,=c,..+c..'..tbl*ddi.eurcri!iddr.d6m!!!r.rw':
2*" - C' = 2t - C(r'\ = x2 + C r

ft'

cI" *

*r,0. g.*.r1r.drr.rrcooosd.

c.)

Y +ZxY=e

6. Sd se

I y' +2ay =

EcuaFa omogcna corespunzatoac cste

h.y = -.t' + l-nC

Ce-",
= ! =

cste

=
lZr* =
"v -

solufa ccuajici

omogenc. Pentru agasisolqtia gcnenlAa ecuafici

yt = Cte-r + Ce-" (-2x),inlocuind in ecuagia iniFalt,

trcomogen5, avcm

C'e-" -2xCe-" +2xCe-" = e-" = C'= 1= C(.r) = .ra g y = (x + C)e-]

f.)

cste

soluia

geoemla a ccualici ncomogcnc.

rrA
\39

xy'-2y =.,r'cos.r

Ecualia omogena corespunzitoile

lny = 2Lr.t+ h

>

y=

cst

e: xy'

-2y

l&- =2 [9 = "v

atc solufa ccua;iei omogene.

vriatiei coutatei

C.r2

DcomogcDe vom folosi metoda

z' = C' sin x + C , cos r inlocuind i! ecuaf;a iniliali, ocomogela,

C'sin.x + C . cos x - ctgx Csia x = -si:r2 x
C' = -sinr

z' - I z -- 3J , cae

yt = z
= z' =

y1

$i

.cuaia

estc solugia gencnli. a ccuatici ocomogene.

C(.r) = ss5y 1 C'

=

y-2 =(cosx+C)si-nx=y2 =

l;:

solutia

7Q\ost*c)tt-'
(J-l )

f fi obgirc-:, z,' - 2r1 e' = 2e', dup5 cue couideram subsnrufia

,ly =, - t'=+. y y' dupicucobfaem ecuzda2z'-2ze' =2e' >.
z\l

'1
r t L = r' +, ---t--

data. dcvin

impa4im cu

liniri

estc o ccua$e

y'

de ordin intai, cu ccuatia omogeni

corcspwitoare

z'

, 3z ^ dz 3 rd:
l- = 3^r&
l-=' --x =0= -dr =-:
J-t
x = ) z

lnz=3ln.r+lnC

g = C-rr este solujia gcnerali a ecua$ci omogcnc. in contiauuc folosim mctodc vuiatilci comtantei
dctcmina solutia gcncBle a ccalici Dcomogcna ti apoi a ecuagici date.

z' = C'xt * 3C;rr, crc inlocuind b

C(.r)

ecuafla neomogcna.

Avem C

xl +

3Cx2

- 1
r

- ze'

= e', cac

este o ecua;ie

liniue ncomogctrL Ecualia

corcspuuitoae

omogena

z'-ze' --O= rz
lg= rle'dt>lnz=e' +lrrC= ni=r'=
C

gi cu

ecualici omogcoc. Pcoau a gtui soluia generala

ca vom

si:r.r

ll

folosim substitugia

+ C)

Rcvenhdlasubstitufiainiialaobinem

integree eaoliile reductibile la eruolii linioe.

C'x3 =3.t

-v

vuiatiei costatci.

avcm

genenleaecuaficrBcmoutli
b.) y'-2ye' =zJyr'

L)xy2y'=xz+yr
SA

= (cos

y' = C'x1 * 2Cx hlocuind in ccualia inifiall, ncomogena, avcm

x(C'x' + 2xC) - 2Cx' = x' cos.r
C' = cos.r + C(x) = 5in.- * 6
=
=
y = (C + si-n.r)x? cste solugia gcnenll a ecuagiei ncomogene.
5. Sd se

ncomogene yom folosi mctoda

eculici

omogcnc. Pcntru a gtui solu[ia genenla a

ll a ccualci

agtui

Pentru

,"." 'y'*!.lotly=1.siat
x.yr --l-nv-t.v'+!Eu-t - !.sio't
'
2 snx- 2
2'
2---...
..
..-r
-.,
frcsubsilruFa y =z= z =- -2y-ry,=r,=-:'.
*rrT.r-sia2.r
t --, t
,
-.:r_.u.
zyr -i,
2
2
_:
lsio'r=
z'-ctgx.z=
carccstco
ecugie
linirincomogeni.
-sinz:r,
- -++c?-z=
222
Ecuafia omogena corcspuEAtoac cstc z' - ctgx. z = 0
r,5,
= l4 = I:-Ua + h z = ln(si-n x) + Lr C = z = C. si-u x, cste soLufa ccuagei
fr = =
cuescmai

cotrtetei.

ncooogcnc vom folosi metoda vuiatiei

inregrue enaliile lui Bernoulli.

-r + y c65 ;g = yr sin: :

2y'sil

a.)

(y-

cosfantci.

CxJ -- 3x

C.e" e'

-Ce" e' = e'

=t Jx14 = -7 * c

= (e' + C)e"

!cua$ci neomogene vom folosi meroda

estc

=C e' ,cstcsolugia
vrialiei

inlocuind in ecuajia ini$all, ncomogcna, avcm

L=
e"

C' =

este solutia genemli a

Rcvenind la substitulia iniliali obgincm

CG\

ccu$ci

l!-a'=,.e,'
= Je"

-C

= e' +C.

ucomogeac.

y =(G'

CY"

solujia gcnenla a ccuafci Bcmoulli..

,Y,L
f

1'

c.l

y
lv lnx+:=xy

cos.r

='

cu y

2yy'gi

inpArtim

giiv em: 2 W' ln x +

ecuaria dcvine

Z-

= cos

* 1 =cos r, cac estr o ccu$e

,'n,

z = y1

dupa cde efectuem substituli a

cu

omogetre corespunzarodc

liniard Deomogena- Ecua$a omogcnd

6te -.rz' + z =

- r3

. Ecuagia

=, =

.x

corespuzetoare

l.oz

y = y2 Inx
f 5i obginem ry-ly'+ -y-l = Lo.r dupd crc cfectuim substirutia z = y-l
z' = -L y-t y' gi ecuagia dcvine x(-z') + z = lD.r cae estc o ecuatie lidul ncomogcnl
=

e.) xy'+
.,2

inmulgin

.)

.n

z'

lt

x+

1 = o LLo,
x - 6

=-ln(ln;r)+laC* h1= t*

-1x =

= z =9

=
J7d"
z

*=

.st"sotuliaccuagici

omogenc. petrtruagrsi

l:o-2 .r

iDlocuindhecuatiainifal{neomogeuiavem:

'-rr"'i''

Rccenind la substirufle obginem:

y] -

sin

'Y

/Z)

neomogctrc.

estesolugagenemltaecugei

lnx

solutia qencmlt

(J\/
e.u",i"i

g".od)/

Ce-tu'(-cosx)

C(;r)=-si"'a6
= t = (- r'n' * CY- "
Rcccnind la substitugic

l4 =-

fcos

:&

= z=Ce-h'cstcsolufiaccufiei omogcne.pcnuuag&i solqiagcncralia

=lnz=-sinx+lnC

ccuagiei ncomogcne vom folosi metoda

wiafiei

coDstantci.

inlocuiad in ccuagia

inifalt,

neomogenA aven

Recenind la substirufie

y'

=a

2at2

ob;inem:- = C-r + ln+

-Zx(u

2bx +

b)+

(x

objine.'

I
v

este soluga

= 6'a-0" - I

gcocnla a ecugiei neomogene-

solugia genenli. a ecuagici Bemoulli.

! + z'

a7

a 9i b,

J;;*=
(/rr

solufia genenll
cd

Zx(x + 2 + z) + (x + ? + z)1 =

sepuird vuiabilcl.,

u.

z2

rdz
[7fr7

o solupie

ccualiei Bemoulli.

partialu6 ys deforma indicad-

5-.r2,V.r e R

I*

'*'.='t.{
=,{ l4A=l
'

x2

+ z'

2x2

4x

si - 2b + 2ab = 0 si

2xz + x2 + 4 + z1 + 4x +

-,

Pcnru a calcu]a iarcgala din st.inga

I = A(z + 4) + Bz

Iq

ln=!
a.

| = --.]-=
z'+z : --l-z+4
l^
16=-ld

l^
Cz
,.\ l, ^ =-l,Ul-=
l
m(:?c,l+-UlL
' 4
4 :-4
;+al = -lln:4'

l, C:
4 z+4
44

Cz
z+4

-:=-fi-=-=a

'=--

jh

(t i4 )l,
I't
'lt

+42 =0
=-

descomopmcm ia tsacaii simple facli

K3/

impmud coudiia ci.solufa indicati o satisface.

+ b)1 =

x2 + Zabx + b2 =

= I =(l+ B)z+4A,yz.R

(.A

ln.r

-.r2,Vx e R =
1a2 - 2a1x2 + (-2b + 2ab)x + a + b2 ---:2 + 5,V: e R
= .:: - 2a = -l
a + b? = 5
= (a - l)'] = 0 si b(a -1) = 0 si a + b2 = 5 = a = I si b = +?
Deci o solulie particulara e$c y. = x +2 (cealate estc yo = x -2)
ln continuac cfccrqam substitulia y = x +2+ z - l' =1+ z' >
a

+zxz+42 = -rr +5 - z'+

= -l + Ce--'

rl

= J[;J .r*=-tnr-

integree eaaliileRicard urmdtooe Stiind

-2ry + y2 =5-.r2 cuyo = a+ b.

Prima datit vom dcteu-minapmct-ii

l.

Cx + Cx =

l.

[ln.r+l+C)
,
/.=Ejr+r+L.r
a ecuafiei neomogene.

cstc sotupa geocnle

u7

y'- y cos x = y2 cos.r

impa4im cu f 9i obftem y-' y' - y-' cos r = cos.y , dupd carc cfcctuio substitulia
z = y-' a z' =-1.y-'y'
pi ccufadcvine - z'-zcosx = cosr, cre *tc occua;ie liniari
cos.r =

(.rJ=-!7.nra

ln:r |
=;";"c=z=[^

- xC'x -

rf1).

7. Sd se

d)

Dcomogeoi. Ecufia omogcn!. corespuzitoile estc z' + z

treomogene,avem

rl

- L =-;=e

tor*"
,
(c' c ), I c
I, -, xla-;-llnr+-.-=cos.r3C'=cosr=C(-r)=51s..*6=
x)
x ln.r
\IDr
"=ff

z' = C't + C inlocuind'u cculia inifial!,

ln.r

solulia gcnemltr a ccua;iei ncomogenc vom folosi metoda variagici consaotei,

c'
I C'
z, =lnx-\Lr^,n -, x)=

z =Cx,cstesolugiaccuagici ooogenc. penruagisi solutia

hz= h.r+laC

fg=

Jdx J -r
=
genenla a ecuatiei neomogenc vom folosi mctoda vuialiei coostutei-

- JxLn:
13- -

Ce" -l

"

=-!-rt

Ce" -l

-vz=:e

-ri

4e''
--i=--

C-e-"

1,

v
\-n
V\.

?
y=-xv
53. 2 '

y+

s4.

lt8

xy' = a^[y'

,''
-"
ar-/ -.'+y

1s

JiI

,r.

xdr -

ytv =

,r.

(3.r +

3/ - l)dr + (x + y + l)dy

y'y' + r' t;^t

ss.

G'

,r- y=

--

,r. Y' =

yln(.rt

y')'

,0.

+y!)+.r'

--

(x' + y')'

!).

nI

!''(t-2),u
-

I ta
-c'-qy-v

$. xv

.l

- t)= /.y
^

/,6il

) cos

11

)dy

Zx(l + e' )dx = 0,r,

1 ,r,

t*Jtq

vdr +

,,
go.

Q'ftt -

'"

r' rb =

1dt = o

ry + x')dr

7,;.,=?*ii"i)",,,,,

"'
y'
so."-.b'/' = t' +

/zz

,r. | -- !'' {l+2f) ,zs

,r. !'' -2)7'= y7(e7' -l) /.
,r. !'' -24'-8t' =o,u
t'y'' +3xy' +2y2 = ,o
6g.

,tr'='{&

,ro

,0.

,r.

ul

o.

-zs.'

= 4cosx

y' t y = -J_. r(o)

cos r

76.

1,

a]
"\.4/
",f

s,

=+

'
,oo.

/25

nt-f

n. y' + y'= e-'; y(0) = 1, y'(0) = -llus

n. y' + y = 4rcos:; y(0) = 0, y'(0) = lr.o

/.

ro2-

/
utr'

t-I3

-6

'

-7 + /-Ixt +(

/7

2q)

t\

--t/
t-1

ul

/ z"

{
ffo,:-

"nJ-

dZ/r4\

(D --FG) + 4(
a_

-.ry

!=*r-t#tL

qo//.

DX

-:a-

4.

1(

h=Y*,-togtryWa
^,r;"y ' fuMq

-i [t- /, =ft rrt y'Y

lqH) " /
_/'-t

!'= /,^t J(yl

ff '/r't

=[-*"---.r.
aztz'^

ury.

z. q-. ?L/ /.u .,/--",.'.JLL1"

I

o1,
./

[ -;tar -f "*'
J;;7y7-ffi

L
/'' qY'f 2x'-6r t X
f/.
",*
r2-r''Vfvr v) 4x
7 .r/Vx"
b

67

=zxe n7
y' +Lty = e-"
lza
-f"

@b+
,/.az-."9

.t/: qYe
/ '-t:- -

/tt
y
, arcsn-r
.r/1 -:r2 . arcsrn:
Vl - rt

L*-r.

t'j/1r,,(^
+

,n . xf' -2/ = x'cos.rra,

7r = /tn)

= Ftt

,r,

7:s

(r+/+1)'.r'--lBs
(.x - y)rir. (x' y Ll)dy = 0
laa

n8

y'(a) = s

/4a-i

$
1'

,r. Y' cosx - | = 7x ,,zs

y =2r' ln',
99. /'.xfnx -

/27

v'+ 4y =a"rrzr,"\4/
ul,I) =

\x+y-l)

sA.
,r.

(4x

,r. y' = sin(:r - /)

n. lt" +4y'+6y'+4y'ty=su1 7r,

+

4y

y,=2 (v+2)' - - v,=2( v*z

(:+y-l)'

t'' - (2, + /)y' + x2 + 4 o

!' - 4!' + 4! + e2' sil 4: = o /ze

!"' -2!'

+l+

1zz

pt

+2y +1). y' = 0,ro

,r. 2x + 3y - 5 + (3x +2y - S). y' ,*

,. 8:+

,r. l" +6!'+13y = 2-* cos5r/26

,0.

lzt

R7

,r.(ax+b/)t'+cz+dy=0,r,

/24

y' y' = 0 lzt

y''(a'+x2)

/2 sin :d: + c 6st xln ydf = 0 p1

vlnvdx+ xdY =0 lJt^-

et'4'=

\( \\ J
\--l

,r.'' ='*"o"

,r,

/'(x - ln f') = | ,u

,,

(a: + eL

'^[o'-7 ,r,

(l
,r. et +

no

v = y3ctgx
,ro

2ry' - Y = ln Y'

,0.

$ * S a',ro

at *

:ln(:rl + y')-r'y

5s.

,o.rr^[7]7

2,

l=2x!'+ln:,'

,r.

,r. e' sin' y

+e'

e'*)*/"V'-o

\u

/n

Lt -,

,.!"=xe'1
z.Y \x+a)

ar./l')+l'=x2+xp"
!('-6!" +6--o 1s,

=L lI

/ =a!csln:+-1

,o.

!l-:-

ar!'+l=xpa

/'

( ,

t* =2(l' -|)ct*x ,,
-xy'=y'+x1^
,. xln x' y" = y' ,,
xy' = y'(ln y' -)r.x)
7.
/3
o.

33.

8.
rc.

t',o -4)**['',".'
.

y * +y'

-J-r*i-rr

v')'

*{)ay

ho
=o

'

/10

(sn2x ). I sin"),
I
lax+l Y------;- ldY =U
y')
\.
i
*\ /
/n
-+ir
I
e' dx (2y + xe''
0

x/3

x=2y, yt=ctgxlc

l'- !'tgx+2f

u-').

[./rt+rt

^e
xy +zy -xy=\t,yt=-

9 /"sinr

I ll. ( ,
x l)

lJtt+vt
32 \'

,r.

0, J t = sinxTs

G' *2)v' -zy' - e'y = o,y, = e' 6

j2. y'+(tgx-Lctgx)y'+2yctgzx = 0, y, = sin;r75
,r. 4' - (2r +I)t' +2y = 0 ,
(:2 -l)/'+(: -3)y'-y=o
,0.

)dy =

x.)ldr

:o \

,,

/rj

(.siny;ysin r-: r\, +lfrcosy-cosr

\

+-1).
ldy =0
"Y)
,r,

xdx+ydy . xdy-ydx

,r. !tt) + 4!' +3! = o ,"

x'
,, Jt'+rt
/r2
y'
rbt
*
by' - 6ryhy = 0, pentm, E(x, y) = x + r' ln
,r. b
,r. (r'*/' +lpx-zryay=O.penrru,E(x,y)- rz -x2 1rt
xdx + ydy - x(rdy - ydt) = 0, pentm, E(x, y) = r' + y'
oo.
lrt
o, (ut +2x' y' - yt 1dz + 1x7 y2 + 2x3 y -2x17dy = 0,ro

,, /(" -/=0,"

or.

r)

t,ro

u. }r') +2y' + 4y' - 2y' - 5y = O B

,0. !t'r + 4y' +l\y' +l2y' + 5y = 0 ,,

o, Qo' -3vtp:+Q -3ry')dy =0,pentru,E(x,y)

y,ro

tt

,, /(')+8y-+l6y'=0tt
,r. )'(t) -10)t' + !' = 0,,
9

2,
22.

t\'t -4ylf,6f-1/
.y'+ 6y' +lly'+6y

y =o

/a

=12 /a

,, /{') -2y'+21 -2y'+y=1,,

!? + 4y' +6y' + 4y' + y =l ls
,r. !" + !' =2 p
,o

26.

yt'\

4y) + 4y' --

tg

0
zt. !' -.Y'+2x = ,,
,r. f' - !' + l' - Y = xl + x,r"

(-r + sin :r +

si

y)dr +

v=n'+^ll+v''
u.t1a
or.!=4'-bt'1s

or.4'' -D'-l'+l=0zu

t =L*f=
4i. Y' /'' ,r,
or.!=x!'+l'2,16
to
y-ry+,rz

49.
so.

,,

"t

/t5

y = x(I+ y\ + y'2
/r7
| = 2x!' + sin y'

,r,

eos

ydy =

0,

pentru, E(x,

13

b) y'. =

y'1

,ctt,y. = ss'
pmeo'ul 4 impmind

+ e2' t- e'

-2ye'

Prima data vom dctcu-mina

= ae'

/'

ae' =

a2

e2'

(a-l)'? = 0,si,a = I
=

Zaer' + e7' + e'

a=I

) y,

1-;-

d.)

condiia ca solutia indicata o satisfacc

ae' =

@1

2a +

l)er'

e',V.r e R =t

Prima data vom dctcmina pmmetrul 4 impun6nd coodiia c{ solulia indicata

'
a(-sin x)
,. = --'..._;cos-:

= e',este,sol, parriculara

y = e' + z * y' = e' + z'

=
e'+z'--G' *tl -2@'+z)e'+e2' +e'a 7'=s7'+2e'z+22 -2e2'-2ze'+eb
-

ln contbuuc cfectuemsubstitulia

t4= Jlar=-l=x+c
= Jz'
=, =-]-z
x+C

z'=

z1

c.)

y' = x' y'

x1

+ ry +7,cu,

y.

'

-;

.( a)
- r'l-i.J

= y. = -L* ,rrr",.

rot,

x7

z' = -xz +

inpa4ind cu
7't = y 1

"(\

u=

Cr

=0

a=

-1

-r "))

*t

\---l

-i * ",' =

- 2xx

+ x' z2

xz' = - z + xz1, este, o, ecuatie, B ernoulli

truscrie in foma: xz-!2' + z-t = lr. intoducem substirugia
-l. z-7 z' = u' - - xu' + u = r, cde ste o ccugic liniartr ncomogeni,
x1

/-z:\

l),

r'-

+.," + 1

, ^sin.r
'|-u:u=
-u + -U
cosr

C'x2

cos

+z

-r

sinx
- y' = ------;cos - :

rdu ^lsin.r,
)l-=ll-&=
L! rcos-t
C
tnx=-lD(cos-xJ+lnL:-u=cosr:-lr

zz -

-.ru'

solufia ecualiei omogcnc. Pcntru

= I:
a

= [g -

Ln

z = ln.r +

l-u

.sin.r
_Ccos2-r-C.2cosx(-sil.t),
--"a"*

cu ecualia

cosux

= -x=

, = t. to(9)

C(.r) =

solugia

- ig +

avem:

ecu;ici

C(.r) = -ln ;r + ln C

ncomogenc.

Din

.-"

1=

.,

C(.r) =

6[9]

\*/ =

ln

-r

- C.2cos.r(-sinx)
.-=

C _ ^,___.
a*tr=-sinr=-

C'cos2:

=-sul'r=
"oria
-cosl't+c
u =------i-=
cos'-r

-----

n9 o

h C -.r

Ccos2

c'
cosr: c
^. - = |
jr'srnrdlr = --+-=
Su-r= U(.r)
Jlcoscos'.r
3
3
3cos2;r
1
3cos2.r
-cosr.r+C
cosr C-cos'x
icos':r
-cos'.r+ C
e.) /'e-' + y' -2ye' =1-ez',cu,y. = ae'

gtui solufa e cuatici neomogenc vom folosi mctoda variagicic

u' = C'x + C , cae inlocuind in ecutia initiali

-x(C'x+C\+Cx=x

z2 ccuatia sc

+u=

o sarisface

a+a- =2= a=ysau,a=_Z

+ z'
srnY
| |
t
2sin-v
-::i::-+ r'-','
*z I sin.r=_-=
cos-.r
cos-x
\cosr )
sin-r
sin.r
2sin-r , ^sin.r
,.
^zsinr :
-----;-T: f ------;-i&--i-si.E.r
+L-z
=-z-slnrcos-.r
cos- n
cos-r
cos- r -z
cos.r
x.
,-' r' + 2sb z-l = -sinx. Efecuu subsrirud t z-' = u + -1. z-t . z' = u'
=
cos.T
, 2sinr
- U + cos.t = - Sln X cdc cst o ecuade liniai neomogenr, cu ccualia omogcna corespunzAtoac

Efecruem substitufia

o satisface

(a +

sil

sut dou&oiutii particulilc.

( /Sd ,
\!\/
/

=-L*, = y'=\*

- Lr *,]' *..f-

omogena corcspunz.ttoare

corotantei

I=

= a2 + a +

portirrloro
to'o

incontinuae cfccilemsubstitufi^

, +.,'\ =
\:'
/

l
- x+C

impuand cooaiia ci solulia ildicati

, a2 a
xi .IU+;rl+1 . = -a

-r a si-n x a'
2 sil.r
cos'.r cos'.r cos',t
cos'-r------l_--;_=_____=_a

12
- y. =-,respecnv,y,

=!

Prima dati vom detctrmila pmmetrul

,.

"u --r'

y +y- surx=-----i-rcu,y.=-.a
cosx
cos- x

Prima dati vom deten'rnina

pmetrul 4

impundad coodiia ci. solulia indicatt o satisfacc

!. = ae' = ae' e-'. + a7 eL - 2ae' e' = | - e2' = a + (a1 la'-2a=-l -=a=1=

J.=e' esteosolupiepanicularl
l-

I
1
I
l+lo.r-lnC
y=--+z=xLrC-:rln.r x x(l-oC-ln.r) xQrC-lar)

2a)e2' =

- e!' =

i = e' + z = y' = e' + z' =

(e' + z')e-' +(e' + z)z -2(e' + z)e' =l-e?'
=

htoducemsubstitulia

l+z'e-'+e2'+2ze'+22 -2ez'-2ze' =I-eb - z'e'' =-r' - I+=-!e'dr=

l,^1,1
-v-z
z

--=-;

e'+C

'

e'+C

--y=a

\.:

=>

"'{y)

il4

JUn
q4

= /,

x7
qv,4=pr

24r

'/eG)
' z/7 *)

'tr ftR

Y'I

J
'/
(t
n
t/) - L, lrl - t

l;t^-a

4-

(/

Q/- (,

<-./

lr./
1,,"' ,'/r ,

4-n 4^'-/-L ' c'7'&)

@ l^',(t't,r) U 4t t
at+ 4t

dtz

P-.()
. ./o o)

rl ,r-

, l:

'da

+. +Cp/p(D--o
(V xe;)

w,.(x) -o v *,
o'r" ot'z -' 6t4,
oq

Oor,-.-tdofu

AolL.'

6nnl

rlrl

14,, c/L -'ot1

I

IA

I {t-

Jr,)

4at

o,,^

-'.

"n.l

wn(x).
XE

.n
70-

9 {- ,1/,

/'. u'*x /n 1 "ror" L y /,/ --o

(- y /y - z/^ t olv ,'/ ,*-'v
c-an" x
' /'.

1_,

y'=/(*)
s-tJ'Lir, (

y @"/,"

=o

=)

V={

't"t

!1, x''o
'.

/A^a
a{n uY7

&1
/

/'

---tf
"

fl,1

- [-^t^x
co'>'d

'l
1':a'"ufv.t/'\

-r,*r/:42

/'''o

4-L.

^t1"".,*/-'("'

4' x C:/r,*)
,,

t
,/

6il

1.1

1,
rt
r/
l/:1t-vl,t=- / 4"/1/;

v lJ/

tt"

"/

& : /:/!I-_ --)

X
O"Y
t/)

vry'

t'

I-

1-- /- -i i ol*
{(-) --

--) 6 (^)'F6; t(

- .c,- "--r:.4 ^t/^-t-1--4

A' = {J4-z
x

' /

L.t

Dn
t

|
-- t
/ f nl^, : lil ail /

?4 2.l,
/
x)/=/rllzi:V-,/t
= _t----t Ur=;t

/ u" / '/ "

tPvvq///

/->

"/x

./ =' fr / \//,x
/ -16
I -- z,
-/:-+/*
cx
J1""=-t
a;-d'r/ -- -[7-nl,
/(- -- )
u <-2,></
<iax
J/ \ ct/>X/
(

(*x

/
c-ps

+l

"tt-

*"
!\ r,T!'-,
tl\T/ | -J
-) j - x,"
\lt
I',
Y,
Y

lal

/,=

/r

-,r.r/

,'-.ur

x..,,'

=/4 ffi@- t

o'=,/)TT

< Lz- <4 .-^

,- -----=

,l

-'t.

fua

*'

)-,L1,) ,(

a-4
|

'/

1,,

= -

7_
-T'

t7

/-{i;f

+'Y
efr.

- /
't/ - --':i
/._tlyV

,n

t--.-

'

=')X-J-

&/
,r")t2

ft")/'-tr"1'

( tY'

t'
qz
,ul -- ,K -+ ;;L

y'= 1
z
v
./

, z/ (!)'
"' //
'^

a"-*'"^'o:
ii

tt

'^'r'

! = 7'o
Ut-x''#r,rty
//

iJ'
r\\,Db

. ol*

!{trrt t(

4t

/7

..Ut/xl

/./

-/

l+-lf,/l=t 'tvl
ltt

c/-o=/l

tutvz%
/v

4 r/ /*

* Ll- ra vr
df =!(,,u-)*1.Lfu

n
n Ll
G-l
t('
r l?-''l-!-tx)
Lltr

ed*,lr:,,',

'!o"f

-'o *a) . {
(^'
I
^,-

..2*-.1,-/^

ru-rY'-'.!*!'^'

x',,'r'

4 >J-ry4-^ l/- -deLd.r

<rF____: -'rlta; 7x
/
gi !- lo *Q;1 =.(-lx\.(

.t.

't"-----'-'--

qlv

//'t'l'

I-

.11...

'rl

x + (-

=)

>

LVI-,-

e/.

f | -q IAJ -v
-4

(- ,4/-J.}& "l ,..4.- f

(/\

F (r,/,,r')
/,=l (y/ /)

f /,t /1"

=o

l=(r,y) (*),/, b I -- o, y x

a't.<,)r'A

eI

4,,

?i

2Q) \

--:--

Vt

=/(#)

t -, ,Ul
"l
x o{.r
d-v
,x/
d; =/(a)

*^rY)
fu

:-t
eQ)

,.

t:)

U =761 /*

,2k'y,/)'o
9t *-i".^^
/vt.2l1)
r r x/

{ &e

r-r-I !:il|

'tt--;Z-A

fit

,@:, l*

r (r xtry J ' /(U)-/(+)=r(>,v) -{o F (r,v)

/'-/ca.2fu)
clq

,y =

F(r,v)

uw /

- v'.

/,ffTfr/-1"

7.y(x,! t vfQo
/' '/ (";
t =///tv lo
7' P6, + (
.h

11

Q-

(7''/

L/. ; Z = /(r1 , x*J-

4. L

/,a
/x

-\.t--./J

F3)

x z(

Y=

-- / r-)
4P"=atY ' 4"/,ri
dx

J e - clt

,L
^fi

L
d lr--F/ -t^ -O

d+
ax

G(y)-trrrt=( z5r-6..c-

--

y'r4 -.tt

^r,--r-{4
"/(-,Y -,o e-u-.-;tt/'

--:a/.------:--1--

''

F, '7.,/ - x-21_
'
zr^1
r/
Aq - -/-zt
o{x
, -2-x

w-_1
-/tl

,ap = t.l_
P'/ - 1.7

x/=:_
/ '
't{

il__!_
Y
az

z ./)l
ld .(, I=o
14 P

*v 4& = 1-zn
dr
2 --7

Y"1z
ax = tZZ-z:::'
z'+t

ft'--)1

=''//-/ v :
/'--.
,/ u'- q ,/ 17 ,/

b =Llt

t'-'\

t/

( b+)

^.t
U

rr2

-,

Ec- o

{)

,-vZ*{
+c"-'.*"""-4'--l1o'r-t/'/
| <x *t.t +//
1

1='/ = a

/./t=/fY4Zl
rtaxtfr//
=

(et!4-)
I \J
=, [+)
+P ; ./ {"'

4Ax"/= qtz)
f/.gt*l /h,
=

fx
\e

ty'=zx-!/2
--J
-'\, o

[o ol

z.x-yr3=Z

llVr<

-_/ta7
,a^;rVry7r)

J'/
/L

, 6t\ -- dG
^+.? W)- dr
dz
"vf = a rLn /or(H*)

lt-+x7+ x-=(

ot,=
/ t-/

--,1.q

x.l

r4%/e
12"t4.7 w
+ /-

<

*-tffi*#r)

\_-,/
(
t^ lu' -? ttnnl -- -z /^lrl oL
'Z
"L/r/f
{-- ^q!y''xx-

4/

-J (z)

4=---z--q:=2-*
,'4n
dr

G-/' z\)@= x-/ - ,Y

f -l f alr
r
f
J
,/ Z-.
I -U--c- =

Ll*-tl=-xn /-

4A = x-u-z{
dy
\ty -z

/A
.-1- X
z -2 - Y

3). \"
II/-

plllo

)
/^.
((2

-2
^U

?: n
{- (.:/
=o
=o

tL
7

l"

Z
-L a
-v

/o

j "+
-l + +2

(v

?^

1"1

(1 =.t" t/o
r[, (a,yrt*c 1 -

[ ?(,]rx")
^11
P (((l*4orO(a"/")tp

.l(4!4-ri{,67.
' | /, t rba, ta Xatts% r,

:,,,l/ fo
fo
,4/4

1"t

o{.!
4_+

T
q>

,4
/7
1

(a/ +ly +c = o
:d
<d, v rF/ tr,
frl (*o'y'')
(x ^- /rx"

/-4-,
4f
41

,1

t-t

4l

't

1l
'I

11

2x'/lt=('-n-^

dtf

+=/,lt
d(
++//:j +&
t

t_,
/ -/

, #-/M=n

Itr y.=l'
-l
i.--.

t/

(----

l," fi = 4.2, ,
-l
, t .a!_g=

./-v
, -

"la&M - /-7'z-z>4'z
l'.U:zUe- ="zl; U
t
,./ z'fzz - '{ /
?t

,(- lz"+ zz -4 -'t,Lt t.L.

72tLZ-,=^7

Er.

f yl+zx/'&4

aU

"L l*:^-

q' -/ lY2,t 4o

^z

7irf,":Tot
^#

, a.rN

AY

E+={o G) tr

/r

'/

[4a o-J/fz/*
/ g
/1
n
G /l | : -2 r'^-' yrL

V^

.-n'Z
V -YL o'x
r'o-

'!- =T(x)x
x'[lt'(r)'r-t-tt L t*1
'f,

Lly)

- P(,) +L

- r*)

l,y'('o

*t x futr) ,-'

Q-"//- ' 1,144 - "-*lt*Jt

(G)'n ' P(r)

P(t
\ ('(r) .o- r Ler/-*'425-tr

rrJ

X^"r--f

lq =

'

,<--

vtD /!gr.7'Ft't

=p (,)

('(rs= 2G)'t?'I*)
( <t = (J<,,1 ', '"'of * =Qr4 + (

/.

\2 4dx --tzx/

@-t'l*'^.;*n
o/v
--f

l^

',

Lq

ctr4l t

--o(* 1 <-P(')*

%=

/"

lo

-P( >)--

(' f

nz/tqr) -, .W ^-' r zl{[>

/(i ("t--t
V'(

((*)-/#y
ln

*("+()*-z-*o

4-a
rp'

'i
a

4 r
>'\-71

- A /Za

a=4
<--

i.

4
2.,
(Lx7-l
=t

=1

% /-t1/

h-,-'"'-*^-U-

,,lx) - ,t:?r

rp/x)!=q lxl(^/:/^

AT

ln

"r

/*/'t,

l11

1r-a

-, ht

a'(^) =-3->-zy
/
<(>) = - s.! r-,'w

T7;;

.o-. x

"rt.3r*-o' -

=Z"--tfl

< 2.t"a ZX

.rt'-* |

"-'t*'
./enx "r-?u4x;*

l-:-----:J

(t-")/^r/''Yt

/^^-x / (--'*r)s ly

ZL
.o

t 7<{v) z

%c

x^a 2T
zx
<''t^
/e'o'x
=
Y''/3

'2

(r)

/l 'r7ron *

V-E

ryallrl-t /,t

=!Q

- -c,l t t"/'(

f--r---=t
I v'-z I

*)' A,F
l
=
-/+/, ( ''i-?kt

(____ -j
-'t

-3

tL'r)

Zl

=
t- t Z C-^. >z ^^a LY
,-3
Zt I -72 . c.'a-r- -- -3*_ ?y
vl -sZ - 4.--)Y = o
Jffio. / 32 'c-.Y

ldz.
/

,/

-1L
/\ ?-tF \

'

-l
JJ
I

( - r-tui

2t,
-3
j*2> ,-f
t -{
./.,
=L.t
2,_,nn x 7J',1
/Fn^

z1

e *-

!' nn

t'*xt'hC
{,-z=J
1r_

z-cu

it-'At - t/

= t -f*\"4 .3) ola.

-"rt-a2 Xd-r'I

'ft

f3t -

R-^a-y'|
lwt

yLtXl Y) / r

Jt

! ,'!t
ot-o --- E n,^J-'

&) :o

P-o
7
w\24

y = 1(r. c)

,lr r ? rr.y)U ="rodU ,,r, : e ('rt, /)

,/,o,7)

'V

tr
H qjlfr'f
,/'

J!,"u da.t/,.,,= / o:gJnz 6, ,,rl):

"'"rv)J
iu)y

hrl"ffi.("pzrya
'tl u

Y)c// =o

'u

yrn'Q(ro,!) ,

\
r/r,

,"rol:: /r*t

)d>.74{r",y1

DQ . r/'
Dtry

J- v L t./
L''

DJEJ
. r /-*3)-/"
",D'/t
/4.:
Urr,,7) -'Q

ffi

P
2C

2!

4'2
q

-L,tatr
=.\fL-J-?
zf:y \'y' ? -) Ltr/,,/) / x,Q r"v + z>j)
x^ r/.,- ,r"1.)N
/ \
/\/r
qf; ^ riiz
:- -2'-I
l(#
=

u.<

L-,

c",v))

Qg-:ld+l
-ld'l 2E
D!
-*r-/

DR ,lE,nl

A'
t6

' D_(n'q,r
D1

= -y'''(c)

x
y = / tx,q,)

y _ _ n2/rnu gt.;

=o/'

lg?la

V E. 'L"?
y :\ /tet *1te1

'! G:
{y
( x'x(P)

.lF) lr n n /',r, ulpt gt n dr

(y!r:) a1'' : ( / ot *tlo.,) /p

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