SPECIAL VERBS (auxiliary verbs)

( )

CAN-COULD
To can :
. -
. -
.. I can lift this box
()
can I go out?
()
You can park you car here
()
, can , could .
to be able t = ,
...
could
was able to .
.. When I was young I could climb any tree or
When I was young I was able to climb any tree
""
To could + have +
,
e.g. I could have come with you. Why didn't you tell me?
My book disappeared. Peter could have taken it.
(but I don't know exactly)
.
e.g. You could have gone to the cinema yesterday
(You were free to go but you didn't) .
e.g. I wonder how Helen knew about Mary's marriage.
She could have heard it form Jane.
(Perhaps she heard it from Jane).
OUGHT TO ( )
,
, .
.. You ought to finish your work before going out.
You ought to visit your uncle tomorrow
You ought to have returned those books to the library
yesterday
( )
Ought to + have +
.

SHOULD
To Should
.
.
.. You should not tell lies (duty)
You should eat more fruit (advice)
Shops should not remain open on Sundays (sensible action)
, , .
.. You should go to school today
You should visit your friend tomorrow
You should have posted the letter yesterday
To should + have +
ought to .
e.g. You should have been more careful
should not + have +
.
.. You should not have left the door unlocked
( )
MAY-MIGHT
To may ,
.
e.g. You may sit there

May I go out?

It may rain tomorrow

To might , ,
.
e.g. He asked if he might see the manager
If you went there you might meet him
He said he might buy a car.
may/might
. might
.
e.g. John may lend you his car
John might lend you his car.
( )
may/might + have +
.
e.g. He may/might have left ( , )
He said that she might have missed the bus
To might + have +
.
e.g. You might have told us earlier about it.
(but you didn't, you told us too late).

MUST
To must ,
to.
have to. To
.
e.g. You must study hard.
He is not here: He must be ill.
MAKE - DO
To do .

.
e.g. I don't go.
Do I go?
He didn't come.
Did he come?
,
.
To make , , .
make do :
Do ______Did
to do good
to do evil
to do right
to do wrong
to do a favour
to do my best
to do my worst
to do honour
to do damage
to do harm
to do an exercise
to do work
to do homework
to do my military service
to do my duty
to do shopping
to do wonders
to have something to do
to have nothing to do

Done

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Make - made - made

make progress
make money
make friends
make a mistake
make a speech
make a decision
make noise
make war
make love
make peace
make an effort/attempt
make arrangements
make a promise
make a discovery
make a choice
make certain/sure
make trouble
make room
make a complaint
make a statement
make a suggestion
make preparations
make a proposal
make fun of

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Had better - Would rather

To had better " ' , ' " to.
e.g. You had better go to bed early
We had better stay here
: Had I better? Had you better? e.t.c.
: I had not better, you had not better e.t.c.
: 'd better
e.g. I 'd better study hard
He 'd better leave now
To would rather " " to.
e.g. I would rather take this one
They would rather stay in Athens
would I rather? would you rather?
I would not rather, you would not rather e.t.c.

 : d rather
e.g. He 'd rather go to the cinema tonight
We 'd rather not come with you

have +
e.g. I had better have gone there yesterday
I would rather have bought it.
would rather
.
e.g. I 'd rather you went
I 'd rather he had been there yesterday!