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Conductance, Insulators and Resistance: Ohm's Law and Circuits
Conductance, Insulators and Resistance: Ohm's Law and Circuits
2.
A.
B.
C.
Example 1:
Example 2:
(2)
(3)
(4)
The temperature
Example 1
Example 2
Two wires, both made of brand new copper, did not have the same
conductance, even though the wires were of identical length, thickness and
at the same temperature. What could have been different, leading to
different measurements, assuming that the same quality equipment was
used to measure conductance?
A substance used in the manufacture of wire that will transport electrical energy should
have two of the following properties:
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.
Porcelain is used to support electrical wires on poles. Which two properties of porcelain
make it desirable for this use?
1. Is a good insulator
2. Is non-ductile
3. Does not rust
4. Breaks easily
3.
4.
There are six electrical wires made of the same substance and having the same length :
three have a diameter of 1.5 mm while the other three have a diameter of 3.0 mm.
They are placed either end to end to increase the length of the wire or parallel to one
another to increase the surface area of the wire.
Which three-wire arrangement offers the least resistance to the flow of electric current?
5.
A device consists of a power supply, a fan and two connectors. You are to insert a piece
of wire between these connectors.
Four nichrome wires are illustrated below. You insert each of these wires in turn. They
are the same temperature, but of different sizes. These wires are not drawn to scale.
With which wire will the fan rotate the fastest?
(see next page for rest of multiple choice)
A)
Wire
2 mm
4 cm
10
B)
20 mm
4 cm
C)
2 mm
8 cm
D)
20 mm
8 cm
6.
7.
Copper
C)
Nichrome
B)
Water
D)
Plastic
8.
1 and 2
C)
2 and 4
B)
1 and 3
D)
3 and 4
11
10.
Why does a wider wire conduct electricity better than a narrower one?
11.
a.
b.
Cu
Ag
Au
12.
13.
What is the unit of resistance? Give both word and the symbol.
14.
What is the unit of conductance? Again, give both word and the symbol.
15.
a.
b.
c.
d.
50 S = _____.
0.100 = ______________S.
If G = 1/R, then R = ___________.
R = 12 V/0.5 A. (don't worry about the units until we study Ohm's law)
G = ___________S
12
Ohm's Law
A.
Example 1
Example 2
Voltage (Volts)
Current Intensity
(Amps)
0.0
0.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.7
2.5
3.3
3.0
4.0
13
The electrical property more commonly used than conductance is resistance, which is
measured in ohms ( ). Resistance is a measurement of how difficult it is for electrons to
get through a substance. Resistance converts electrical energy into heat.
R = 1/G
Based on this, what is the relationship between V, I and R ?
Ohms Law
Examples
1.
2.
a.
b.
3.
14
b.
0.0
0.0
1.5
1.0
2.0
1.3
2.5
1.6
4.0
3.0
15
Series Circuits
Imagine the current leaving a battery. If the resistors are
connected in such a way that the current must entirely flow
through every resistor before returning to the battery, then
the circuit is a series circuit.
16
Example 1
a.
What is the total
resistance of the circuit?
b.
c.
Example 2
a.
Find the missing resistance in
the circuit shown, which consists of a
12 V battery hooked to two resistors.
b. If the two resistors represented two light bulbs, and one of the light bulbs was off,
would you be able to turn the other bulb on?
17
b.
Additional Examples
18
2.
Ten Xmas lights gave equal resistances. When connected to a 120 V outlet, a
current of 0.50 A flows through each bulb. What is the resistance of one bulb?
3.
4.
5.
a.
30
A 0.10 A
50
b.
10
40
6.
A 0.10 A
20
a.
30
80 V
50
19
b.
100
120 V
150
c.
100
60V
80
7.
a.
20
8.
Calculate R1
Find the voltage of the power source.
a.
b.
c.
3.0
4.0
10.
a.
b.
Flashback
V
2
Current Intensity
I (A)
0
5
20
35
40
0
1.0
4.1
7.1
8.1
V1
Draw a graph using the above data and then use the graph to determine the
resistance of this resistor.
21
Parallel Circuits
Imagine an electric current leaving a battery. If the resistors are connected in such
a way that part of the current can go through one resistor and the rest of the
current can go through another resistor, then the circuit is a parallel circuit.
IT
I
I
I
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ...
VT V1 V2 V3
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ ...
RT R1 R2 R3
or RT = [R1-1 + R2-1 + R3-1 + ]-1
22
b.
c.
What voltage (V1) would be measured
across each individual resistor?
Example 2
The drawing seems confusing, but note that it is a parallel circuit because the electrons
have a choice. At the junction (shown by the red dot) the electrons either follow the
green route or the orange route.
Use I1 = 1A; I2 = 0.5 A; R1 =
10
.
a. Find V2.
b. Find R2.
23
Exercises
1.
a.
21
b.
5
10
20
24
c.
100
50
100
(answer: 25 .)
2.
a.
12
120V
25
b.
100
150
6V
3.
12V
A1
A2
V2
A3
4.
The electric circuit shown below consists of an ammeter A, a power supply, and
resistors R1 and R2 connected in parallel.
20 V
40
R1
40
R2
26
R2
R
R1 = 3 W
I1 = 4 A
R2 = 6 W
I2 = 2 A
R3 = ?
I3 = 6 A
An electrical circuit consists of a power source, two switches (S1 and S2) and two
light bulbs (L1 and L2). The following table shows what happens to both light
bulbs:
Switch
Light Bulb
S1
S2
L1
L2
open
open
out
out
closed
open
bright
out
Which of the following circuit diagrams illustrates the results shown in the table above?
A)
C)
B)
D)
27
Find the total resistance and the voltmeter reading at each resistor:
a.
50
A 0.50 A
30
40
10
b.
10
40
100 V
2.
Two resistors are connected in parallel. Each draws 2.0 A of current. If the total
voltage is 12 V, find R1 and R2.
3.
Two resistors are connected in series. The total current is 0.500 A. The potential
difference at the resistors is 2 V and 5V, respectively. Find R1 and R2.
4.
A 3.0 A
??? V
2
28
40
2.0
???? V
6.
Find the missing resistance, the total current, and the missing voltage
10
????
40
1.0
2.0 A
0.25
A
A??????
???? V
7.
a.
b.
29
Combination Circuits
Combination circuits combine the features of parallel circuits with those of series
circuits. The key to surviving these is to keep in mind the distinctive features of
those circuits in mind.
Example 1
a. What is the overall resistance of this
circuit?
c. What currents would be measured within the parallel branch? (see diagram for I1
and I2)
Example 2
a. Find the total
current in the
following:
First, well
redraw the circuit
to make sure we
realized that the 5
and 8 resistor
are in series, but
they in turn are in
30
b.
Example 3
Exercises
1.
R1 = 4
R2 = 6
+
_
R3 = 6
R4 = 6
R1 = 15
R
1
R2
+
_
I1=2A
R3
I 2 = 1.5 A
V2 = 90 V
3.
15
R3
R5
R4
10
10
20
Find RT
4.
Vs
12 V
R4
R1
30
R2
R3
10
20
32
5.
W
A 0.5 A
R
R
2 75 W 3
Vs
100 W
4
50 W
What is the intensity of the current flowing from the power source, Is?
6.
The following electric circuit consists of a power supply, five resistors (R1, R2, R3,
R and R ) and an ammeter A .
4
I = 0.25 A
20
40
40
R1
R2
30
R4
120
R3
R5
Vt
What is the potential difference (voltage), Vt, across the terminals of the
power supply?
What is the potential difference across R3?
What is the potential difference across R1?
What current flows through R5?
33
7.
10
3
7
R2
R3
Vt = 6 V
The following electric circuit consists of a power source, five resistors (R1, R2, R3,
R and R ) and two ammeters A4 and At .
4
R2
R1
R3
R5
10
20
5
A4
I4 = 0.75 A
R4
At
It = 1.5 A
What is the potential difference (voltage) across the terminals of resistors R3?
34
V1 = 5 V
V1
R2
R1
It = 20 A
At
R3
A3
I3 = 12 A
10.
R3 = 10
I2 = 1 A R = 10
2
I
What is the current intensity I across the circuit?
35
11.
The following electrical circuit consists of a power source, four resistors (R1, R2,
R3 and R4) and a voltmeter V4 (Vs = Vtotal).
R1= 20 W
R2= 10 W
R3= 30 W
Vs = 100 V
R4 = 20 W
V4
V4 = 60 V
12.
How can one 25 and two 100 resistors be connected so that their total
resistance is 75 ?
13.
How can four 1.0 resistors and one 2.0 resistor be connected to give a
combined resistance of 1.5 ?
14.
Four identical resistors are connected as shown. If the total voltage is 12V, find
the voltage across each resistor.
36