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DPCM 100
DPCM 100
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TRAINERS
Since
23
Years
MODEL-DPCM100
More
than
2000
Trainers
SIGMA TRAINERS
AHMEDABAD (INDIA)
INTRODUCTION
This trainer has been designed with a view to provide practical and experimental knowledge of Differential
Pulse Code Amplitude Modulation/Demodulation technique as practically implemented in Digital Communication
systems on a SINGLE P.C.B".
SPECIFICATIONS
1. Power supply requirement
7. Demodulator Sections
8. Standard Accessories
: 1. A Training Manual.
2. Connecting Patch cords.
CHAPTER-1
THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION & DEMODULATION
In continuous wave (CW) modulation, some parameter of a sinusoidal carrier wave is varied continuously in
accordance with the message. In contrast with this, in pulse modulation, some parameter of a regular pulse train
is varied in accordance with the message. One may distinguish two basic types of pulse modulation, namely,
pulse-analogue modulation and pulse-code modulation. In the former, a periodic pulse train is used as the carrier
wave, and some characteristic feature of each pulse (e.g.emplitude duration or position) is varied in a continuous
manner in accordance with the pertinent sample value of the message signal. On the other hand, in pulse code
modulation (PCM), a discrete-time, discrete amplitude representation is used for the signal and, as such, it has no
CW counterpart. In a PCM system, the message signal is sampled and the amplitude of each sample is rounded
off to the nearest one of a finite set of allowable values and the rounded values are coded.
(i) Sampling
The incoming message wave is sampled with a train of narrow rectangular pulses so as to closely approximate the instantaneous sampling process. In order to ensure perfect reconstruction of the message at the receiver,
the sampling rate must be greater than twice the highest frequency component w m of the message wave. In
practice, a low-pass filter is used at the front end of the sampler in order to exclude frequencies greater than w m
before sampling.
(iii) Quantizing
A continuous signal, such as voice, has within its finite amplitude range, an infinite number of amplitude
levels. However, in DPCM one retains only a finite number of discrete levels by using quantisation. This
introduce some error in the signal. This is called quantisation error or quantisation noise. This means that the
original continuous signal may be approximated by a signal constructed of discrete amplitudes selected on a
minimum error basis from an available set. Clearly if one assigns the discrete amplitude levels with sufficiently
close spacing, one can make the approximated signal practically indistinguishable from the original continuous
signal.
Graphically, the quantising process means that a straight line representing the relation between input and
output of a linear continuous system is replaced by a staircase characteristic as in Fig.2.
The quantising error consists of the difference between the input and output signals of the quantizer. It is
apparent that the maximum instantaneous value of this error is half of the separation between two adjacent
permissible amplitude levels.
(iv) Encoding
The quantised sample values are coded. Any plan for representing each of this discrete set of values as a
particular arrangement of discrete event in a code is called a code One of the discrete events in a code is called a
code element or symbol. In a binary code, each symbol may be either of two distinct values or kinds, such as the
presence or absence of a pulse. The two symbols of a binary code results in the maximum advantage over the
effects of noise in a transmission medium. It is also easy to regenerate.
With an n bit (binary digit) binary code, one can represent a total of 2 n distinct numbers. There are several
ways by which binary symbols 1 and 0 can be represented by electrical signals. These constitute the DPCM
signal.
(v) Decoding
At the receiver, the received DPCM pulses may be reshaped. The reshaped clean pulses are regrouped into
code words in the receiver and decoded into a quantised DPCM signal. The decoding process involves generating
a pulse the amplitude of which is the linear sum of all the pulses in the code word, each pulse weighted by its
3
CHAPTER-2
CIRCIUT DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE
MODULATION & DEMODULATION
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(5) Power supply section:The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages.
Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate DPCM Modulation demodulation system.
+12V, 250mA
-12V, 250mA
+ 5V, 500mA
Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e.
IC 7812 for +12V,
IC 7912 for -12V,
IC 7805 for +5V,
These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Bridge rectifiers consisting of D1-D4 and D5-D8 &
two 1000/25 EC and 1000/10 EC. The capacitors at each input & each output are for filtering purpose.
**************
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EXPERIMENT-1
EXP. (1). TO GENERATE DPCM SIGNAL BY MODULATING WITH AUDIO SIGNAL GENERATOR: 1. Connect MOD I/P terminal of DPCM modulator to Sine O/P terminal of Audio Oscillator.
Connect CRO channel-1 at Sine O/P terminal (T1) of Audio Oscillator.
Connect ground of probe to ground terminal of Audio oscillator.
Adjust amplitude of sine wave to 2 Vpp and audio frequency to 1 KHz. _______Waveform (T1)
2. Connect CRO channel-2 at Samp Clock terminal
_______Waveform (T2)
3. Then connect CRO channel-2 at DPCM O/P terminal of modulator.
The DPCM modulated waveform will be seen.
6. Then connect CRO channel-2 at FIL O/P terminal of Low pass filtered and observe filtered recovered output
signal.
______ Waveform (T5)
Conclusion:
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+ 1V
H = 0.5 ms
V = 1.0 V
Trig = CRO-1
- 1V
1 ms
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+0.5V
H = 0.5ms
V = 0.5 V
Trig= CRO-2
-0.5V
T5 Filtered Signal
+1V
H = 0.5 ms
V = 1.0 V
Trig= CRO-2
-1V
0.5 ms
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