Numericals:

It is desired to setup a central monitoring room for simultaneous monitoring of the signal
from 10 temperature sensors installed in an NIE CREST center unit. The data from the 10
temperature sensors are brought to a processing center over wires and are sampled, quantized,
binary-coded and time-division-multiplexed. The multiplexed data are now transmitted to the
monitoring station as shown in Fig.(1). The temperature sensed signal bandwidth is 100Hz.
The maximum acceptable error in sample amplitudes is 0.25% of the peak signal amplitude.
The sampling rate must be at least twice the Nyquist rate. Determine the minimum cable
bandwidth needed to transmit these data. Monitoring Station

Cable

Processing Receiver
Center

Soln:

Two signals m1(t) and m2(t), both band-limited to 5000Hz, are to be transmitted
simultaneously over a channel by the multiplexing scheme shown in Fig . The signal at point
b is the multiplexed signal, which now modulates a carrier of frequency 20,000Hz. The
modulated signal at point c is transmitted over a channel.
a) Sketch signal spectra at point a, b and c.
b) What must be the bandwidth of the channel?
c) Design a receiver to recover signals m1(t) and m2(t) from the modulated signal at
point c.
Soln:

A radio receiver is tuned to 1500KHz frequency to hear a station clearly. The same station
can be heard with little disturbance at another dial settings. State with reason at what
frequency this station can be heard if Intermediate Frequency(IF) frequency is 465KHz.
Calculate the percentage power saving when carrier and one of the sideband are suppressed in
an A.M wave modulated to a depth of 100 and 50 percent.

soln
In TV receiver, the antenna is often mounted on a tall mast and a long loss-cable is used to
connect the antenna to the receiver. To overcome the effect of lossy-cable, a preamplifier is
mounted on the antenna as shown in figure below.
i) Find the overall noise figure of the system
ii) Find the overall noise figure of the system if the pre-amplifier is omitted and the
gain of the front end is increased by 20dB [Assume F=16dB for the front end]
Antenna
To demodulator
G1 =20dB F2=3 dB G3 =60dB

F1=6dB F1=16dB

Pre-Amplifier Lossy cable Receiver front end

Consider a lowpass signal with a bandwidth of 3.4KHz. A linear modulation system with step
size  =0.1 V , is used to process this signal at a sampling rate 5 Times the Nyquist rate.
i) Evaluate the maximum amplitude of a test sinusoidal signal of frequency 1KHz,
which can be processed by the system without slope-overload distortion.
ii) For the specifications given in part (i), find the output SNR under pre-filtered and
post-filtered conditions.

Derive the SNR of delta modulator for no slope overload condition and with an input x(t)
=a0cos(2f0t). Further obtain SNR for a case where receiver output contains lowpass filter,
whose bandwidth is set equal to message bandwidth W such that f0 W.

Consider the signal x(t)= Amtan(t), where Am and  are constants. Determine the minimum
step size  for delta modulation (DM) of this signal, which is required to avoid slope
overload.

A signal g(t) = 2cos400t +6cos640t is ideally sampled at fs =500 Hz. If the sampled signal
is passed through an ideal lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 400Hz, what frequency
components will appear in the filter output?

Show that if the samploing rate is equal to or greater than twice the highest message
frequency, the message m(t) can be recovered from the natursl sampled signsl by low pass
filtering,

Five telemetry signals, each of bandwidth 1000Hz are to be transmitted simultaneously by

binary PCM. The signals must be sampled at least 20% above the Nyquist rate. Framing and
synchronizing requires an additional 0.5% extra bits. A PCM encoder is used to convert these
signals before they are time-multiplexed into a single data stream. Determine the minimum
possible data rate (bits per second) that must be transmitted, and the minimum bandwidth
required to transmit the multiplex signal.

Soln:
A PCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by a 7-bit binary encoder. The bit rate of
the system is equal to 50x106bits/sec.
i) What is the maximum bandwidth for which the system operates satisfactorily?
ii) Determine the output signal to quantization noise ratio when a full load sinusoidal
modulating wave of frequency 1MHz is applied to the input.

A Delta modulation system is designed to operate at five times the Nyquist rate for a signal
with 3KHz bandwidth. Determine the maximum amplitude of a 2KHz sinusoid for which the
delta modulator has no slope overload. Given stepsize Δ=250mV.

Binary data is transmitted over a microwave link at a rate of 10^6 bits /sec over a channel
having a bandwidth 3MHz. Assume that the noise PSD at the receiver is 10^-10 watts /Hz.
Find the average carrier power required at the receiver input for coherent binary FSK
signaling schemes to maintain a probability of error Pe =10^-4. What is the required channel
bandwidth?

The binary data 011100101 are applied to the input of a modified duobinary system.
i) Construct the modified duobinary coder output and corresponding receiver output
without a precoder
Suppose that due to error in transmission, the level produced by the third digit is reduced to zero,
construct a new receiver output.

Binary data is transmitted at a rate of 106 bits /sec over a channel having a bandwidth 3MHz.
Assume that the noise PSD at the receiver is No/2 =10-10 watts /Hz. Find the average carrier power
required at the receiver input for coherent PSK and DPSK signaling schemes to maintain a probability
of error Pe =10-4.

Binary data is transmitted over a microwave link at a rate of 10^6 bits /sec over a channel
having a bandwidth 3MHz. Assume that the noise PSD at the receiver is 10^-10 watts /Hz.
Find the average carrier power required at the receiver input for coherent binary FSK
signaling schemes to maintain a probability of error Pe =10^-4. What is the required channel
bandwidth?

In digital CW communication system, the bit rate of NRZ stream is 1Mbps and carrier
frequency is 100MHz. Find the symbol rate of transmission and bandwidth of the channel in
the following cases of different techniques used.
i) BPSK system
ii) QPSK system

For a given input binary sequence 01101000, sketch the in-phase and quadrature phase component
of QPSK. Then by adding these two waveforms, draw the final QPSK waveform.

An FSK system transmits binary data at the rate of 2 X 106 bits per second. During the source of
transmission, AWGN of zero mean and two sided power spectral density 10-20 watts per hertz is
added to the signal. The amplitude of the received sinusoidal wave for digit 1 or 0 is 1 microvolt.
Determine the average probability of symbol error assuming non-coherent detection.
Theory Question Bank

Using the definition of Hilbert transform, show that if the output of a phase-shift modulator is an SSB
signal, the addition at the summation junction produces the lower–sideband SSB signal with the
spectrum

Amplitude of the demodulated signal drops to zero when there is an arbitrary phase difference of φ
in a locally generated carrier at the receiver in a coherent detection. Suggest a method to avoid the
above mentioned problem and explain about a practical synchronous receiver suitable for
demodulating DSB-SC waves.

With relevant mathematical expressions, explain the demodulation of FM using PLL and show
analytically that the signal at the output of loop filter is proportional to the message signal.

With relevant expressions, show that the frequency domain representation of wideband FM
modulated signal contains infinite number of delta functions spaced at where n=0
,
Using the orthogonality of sine and cosine, show that two different signal can be transmitted and
received simultaneously on the same carrier frequency.

Soln: QCM/QAM

Amplitude of the demodulated signal drops to zero when there is an arbitrary phase difference of φ
in a locally generated carrier at the receiver in a coherent detection. Suggest a method to avoid the
above mentioned problem and explain about a practical synchronous receiver suitable for
demodulating DSB-SC waves.

Discuss the generation of standard AM along with necessary mathematical equations.

Explain the direct and indirect method of angle modulated signals

Find an expression for the figure of merit of an SSB receiver using a coherent detector.

Show that the spectrum of naturally sampled signal is weighted by sinc function and scaled
by pulse width.

Mention the conditions for frequency aliasing and explain its effect on the output of the sampler.
What is aperture effect and how it is minimized?

For T1 carrier system, calculate the duration of each bit, resultant transmission rate and minimum
required transmission.

Calculate the duration of each bit, resultant transmission rate and minimum required transmission
bandwidth for T1 carrier system used in digital telephony. What is the expected improvement in
rate if T2 system is utilized.

Derive an expression for signal to quantization noise in dB for a PCM system and find the
improvement in SQNR if the number if bits per sample in a PCM system is increased from n to (n+1).

Derive an expression for signal to quantization noise power ratio for delta modulation. Assume that
no slope overload distortion exists.
What is the necessity of non-uniform quantization and explain companding

What is slope overload distortion and granular distortion in delta modulation ?

Explain the effect of Inter Symbol Interference(ISI) and discuss the ideal solution to overcome ISI
using Nyquist pulse shaping

Derive the Nyquist criterion for distortionless baseband binary transmission and mention its practical
limitations and solutions for it .

Explain the measurement of different parameters using eye pattern.

What is the necessity of equalization in digital transmission?

Represent QPSK signal in the signal space and find distance between them. What is the significance
of this distance?

The binary data 011100101 are applied to the input of a modified duobinary system.
i) Construct the modified duobinary coder output and corresponding receiver output
without a precoder
ii) Suppose that due to error in transmission, the level produced by the third digit is
reduced to zero, construct a new receiver output.

Explain the principle of quadrature sampling of band pass signals

For a given input binary sequence 01101000, sketch the in-phase and quadrature phase component
of QPSK. Then by adding these two waveforms, draw the final QPSK waveform.