| ae We use the present simple: 2) for permanent states, repeated actions and dally routines. ‘He works in a bank (oermanent state) He takes the train to work very ‘moming (¢aily routine repeated actions) ) for general truths and laws of nature. The sun sets in he west ¢) for timetables (planes, trains, ete.) and programmes. The plane trom Brussels arrives at 8:20. 4) for sports commentaries, reviews and narration. a) Peterson overtakes Wiliams and wins the race. (sports commentary) ) Mike Dati plays the pat of Macbeth. (review) 6) Then the prince gets on his horse and quick rides away (naration) €) to give instructions or directions (instead of the imperative) You sprinkle some cheese onthe pizza and then you bake (instead of: Sprnke some cheese onthe pizza.) ‘The present simple is used with the following time expressions: usually, often, always, efc., every day! week monthiyear, in the morninglafternoon) evening, at right, at the weekend, on Mondays, etc. We use the present continuous: ) for actions taking place ‘now, at the moment of speaking He is giving the baby a bath atthe moment ) for temporary actions; thatis actions that are going ‘on around now, but not at the actual moment of speaking ‘Tm looking for anew job these days, (He isnot looking fora jab at the moment of speaking ©) with adverbs such as: always, constantly, ‘continually, etc. for actions which happen very often, usually to express annoyance, iritation or anger. a}! always meeting Sara wien | go shopping. (action which happens very often) You're constantly interrupting me when 1m taking expressing annoyancelirttion) 4) for actions that we have already arranged to do in the near future, especially when the time and place have been decided. They're moving into their new house next week. (The time has been decided) @) for changing or developing situations. ‘More and more species are becoming extinct. ‘The present continuous is used with the following time ‘expressions: now, at the moment, at present, these days, stil, nowadays, today, tonight, etc.Wi use the present pertect: We use the present pertect continuous: 48) for an action which started in the past and a) to put emphasis onthe duration of an ation which continues upto the present, especially with stale started in the past and continues upto the present, verbs such as be, have, especially with time Ike, know, tc In this case, expressions suchas for, we often use or and since, since, all momingiday) ache! has had the dog for year ete. tae years. (She gr the cog Sam has been taking on tee years 390 ard she sil the phone for ha an hou as) (te began taking on the hone ha an hour ago ) for an action which has ‘and hes taking) recently finished and whose sil se) ate Oa ) for an action which stated In the past and lasted resent for some time. The action may have finished or She has ust washed ho hav may sill be going on. [She as now wrapped er har ‘The result ofthe ation Ina towels he acbon has ished) 'svsible inthe present. ©) for an action which happened at an unstated time In the past. The exact time is not mentioned ‘because its either unknown or unimportant been walking a moving. ‘The emphasis s placed on the action. eee The Tayors have bought 3 ‘sible nthe presen her ‘sling boat (The exact tire feet tut) inknoan or unimportant. Wat ‘simp facta they ‘ow nn asain boat) Her feet hurt She has 4) for an action which has happened within a speciic tine period which te not erat the mement ot €) '2%DT€5s anger, ration or annoyance speaking, We often use words and expressions ‘such a foday tis morningievening weekimonth, ete, ‘She has taken fitesn pictures {ody (Te tme period toy. 15 not over yet. She may take ‘more petues) BUT: Se took wen pictures yesteay (ihe time pened yesecay-5 over) Note: We use the present perfect to announce a piece ‘of news and the past simple or past continuous (he speaker's tated) to give more details about it Note: With the vers live, work, teach and fel (= have The police have finaly arested Peer Duncan. He 2 particular emotion) we can use the present was trying (0 leave the county when they caught perfect or present perect continuous with no om diference in meaning ‘The present perfect is used with the following time We have lvedinave been ving here or wey yas expressions: for, since, already, yet, aways, just ever, The present perfect continuous is used with the ever, 50 far, today, this weekimonth, etc, how long, following time expressions: for, since, how long, lately, lately, recent til fn negations) te. recentlyNote: We use the present perfect to put emphasis on number and the present perfect continuous to put ‘emphasis on duration. Compare the examples: (2g, ve typed four reports so far Ive been typing reports al! morning © ‘Adverbs of trequency (always, usually, often, ‘sometimes, seldomirarely, never, et.) come betore the main verb (read, work, ec.) but after the verb to be, auxiliary verbs (do, have, etc.) or modal verbs (can, should, etc). Adverbs of frequency go before the auxiliary verbs in short answers. 2g, Susan often goes sking atthe weekend, Kim is sometimes rude to other people. You can always call me if you need hep. ‘Do you help your mother withthe housework?” Yes, l usually do. ‘© Expressions such as every day, once/twice a weekimonth, etc., most morningsievenings, etc. go at the beginning or the end of a sentence. Usually, often, sometimes, normally and occasionally ‘can go at the beginning or the end of a sentence {or more emphasis. ‘2g. We go on holiday twice a year. Usually, finish work at fe ee! bored sometimes. © The adverbs never, seldom and rarely have a negative meaning and are never used with the word not 2g, [rarely 90 10 bed late. (NOT Hevehpeloni-ge,) Underline the correct tense. 1 The plane leavesihas lett at four o'clock. We must be at the aipor by two o'clock 2 Ingetsiis getting colder and colder every day 3 Have you seen Linda? |have been lookingiam looking foc her for almast an hour 4 Sams ver interesting person. He knowsihas known allkinds of unusual facts ‘5 First, you are heatingiheat the oven to a temperature of 180°C. {6 Have you heard the news? They have just elected! hhave been electing a new club chairman! 7 Martha is finding/has found a new job. She's starting next week 10 10 ‘The teacher has been correctinghas corrected essays for thee hours. ‘Michael's car broke down last week, so he usesis using his father's forthe time being Itrately getsis geting very hot in Bran, Choose the correct answer. ' met our new boss this morning 1... «him, to, He's very nice Ram meeting Bhave been meeting C have met in ante? No, but my parents did last summer in Rome. Abave you ever stayed B Did you ever stay C Ave you ever staying Who ‘sin that new fim? Well a young actress ‘Aras been playing the leading role Bplays Chas played Is David at home? ‘Yes. but he Ais having ‘a shower at the moment Bhas been having Chas ‘Why are you so upset? i my favourte ring Aloe Bhavebeenlosing —_Chave lost Have you found a house yet” ‘No.1 wth my aunt atthe moment Astay Bam staying C have stayed ut the adverbs of frequency in the correct position. Do you wear sunglasses inthe winter? No.1 do. (never) Do you ike fishing, Alan? Yes. | go fishing al weekends. (sometimes) (Do you goto the gym very otter? Yes, go. (once a week) How often do you vst your parents? | vst them, (every weekend) Do you eat in restaurants very otter? No.1 do. rarely) Do you like oysters? | don't know. Ihave eaten oyster. (never) How otten do you go on holiday? |1go on holiday. (once a year) Wren do you read your post? Lead ton the way to work. (usual) Shall lock the door? ‘Of course. You should lock the door when you go ‘ut. (always) You are breaking things! (aways) {im sony. | don't mean to @ > OF Or Orarararar[dentty the tenses, then match them to the correct descriptions. 1 The pane to Sydney leaves at elven o clock, ‘have written two leters this moring, They going on holiday on Saturday. Graham has known El ore years You're always leaving the door open, We are rehearsing anew pay atthe moment. George has bought anew ca, Lisa has been cleaning the house all morning, Look! Alison has dyed he hat More anc more peope are recycing their ruobis, Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present form. 1 Toroses.. five) tobe very ld 8: Tveheas of one which s ove a hundred years od 2 & Are youstl busy? 8 Yes! (0220) tis arte for an how and st (rots, 3A More ané more people (golt0 niversty these days 8: Yes. thnk i's a good thing aa {havel a pary tonight. Do you want ta come? B: Yes. Wat time does it stat?” 5 & Why are your shoes wet? Bt (wash he car, 6 A What's the attr? al (break) my ankle, 7A What do nae to do next? 8 You (a6) the sugar tothe mate ana you (rn ite 8 A Who (use) my ca? B: Ihave. 8 Are younew here? B: No. Actual (ve) nee for aimost ten years. 10: Peteis paying his musc very loud 8: Agan! He (aways) tat 11 A: Have you made pans fr Saturday ye? ca (go) to he cinema wih Jack 12. & Me Colin i avery good teacher 8: Wl he (teach) Maths for twenty-five years, you know 13.-& Are you gong to the concert on Saturday ight? B: Yes. Actually. | (areadybuy) the kets. 14 Hello. Sian, &: On! We (awaysimoot) each other ints superar, savage asta actons which stated the past and continue up tthe present action which has recently shed and whose resus sible inthe present © ta put emphass on the duration of an action which started in the past and conteues up othe present to express crtiism or annoyance timetables and programmes actons that we hav arranged todo inthe near ture acton which has happened wit aspectc ime period lahich snot over al he moment ol speaking action which happened at an unstated ime inthe past | changing or developing stuatons J temporary actions ‘ear Katee, 1 wre) to tel you my news. My schoo! 2) (choose) me to spend sic weeks at a school ine USA. Im very happy about it ‘tthe moment. 13} (pack tings for my tip, because 14) (eave) ext week My mother 8) (book) the ticket. 6) {wat or his opportty for ages. so Im very excted. | 7) tins reading two books about the USA and 8) (Porow) anoter one rom he schoo! sorry 18) (become) more and more nerveus every day! Wel, | must go now ve got ato hings todo. ‘ret you rom the USA Lore. Traey 1b) Which of the present forms in the text above are used to express: + actons whch happened at an united tie in the past 2. actons whic stared in he past and conte UP 12 the present ith emphass on dation aetons happening ator aroun the meme of speokg enanging and developing stutons 5 acbns tat we have arangtd to the near fue10 ‘State Verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than “an action andthereore donot normally have continuous tenses. These incl 2) verbs which express kes and dislikes: ke, lve, dislike, hate, enjoy, preter, adore, ete. eg. love 7 ‘chocolate ie cream verbs of the senses: see, hear, smell taste, fee, look, sound We often use can ot could with these verbs when we rter to what we se, hear, ec. at the moment of speaking. eg im must be at ame. | can see is carparked outside. 9 verbs of perception: know, believe, understand, realise, remember, forget, notice, recognise, think, seem, see (=understand), expect (=think, ee 29. expect they wil belt. " 1) some other verbs such as be, contain, include, belong, fit, ned, mater, cost, mean, own, want, ‘owe, have (=possess), require, weigh, wish, Keep (continue. ete 9 My uncle owns a rove ‘Some ofthe above verbs are used in continuous tenses when they deseribe actions and not states. Study the faliowing examples: 1 think hes ying, (= beeve) Im thinking abou he plan. (= am considering) 2 The ood tastes delicious. (= nasa delicious favour) He's tasting the food. (= is testing the favour of 3. can see some people. (= perceive wih my eyes) | see what you mean, (= undersiand) Im seeing my doctor tomarron. (= am meeting) 4 Itlooks asi they've fished te job, (= appears) kes looking out othe wee (sdectng hs eyes) 10 Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple ort 1 Why (youlsmet) te soap? Bit (mel avy. tke roses! 2A Why (youtaste) he soup? B: Toseeilt (taste good.|thirk 9 itneeds more sat. sal (oo) very tre. B: You should go to bed eat. 0 ant (see) Andy this evening BI (se). So, you don't want to ‘come tothe enema with me, do you? 5 A How much " (the bag of applesiweghy? 1: dont know ye. The man (weigh) the bag now. ext (think) about buying anew car soon, 12 8: Many? (tink) you car isin. Yu dant needa new one 7A What (youtook) at? 13 8: The sy. look as ts going to rain bur: ‘Ths perume smells nice, (= has anice sel) He is smelting the mik. (= i sting) ‘The baby's har feels tke sik. (= has the texture of) ‘She is feeling the baby's orenead (= is touching) ‘Bob has a Porsche. (= possesses) He's having a shower atthe moment shower) The chicken weighs 2klos. (= has a weght of ‘The butcher is weighing the meat. (= is measuring how heay tis) This des fis you perfect. (= is theright size) We are fiting new locks, (= are puting in) He appears tobe nervous. (= seems) He is appearing in anew play. (=i taking pa) Hels a rue person (= character - permanent state) He's being rude. (= behaviour - temporary stuaton, usualy with adjectives such as caret ily, (mote, lay. ec) taking Note: a) The verb enjoy can be used in continuous tenses to express specific preference. 29. m enjoying tis pany alot. (specito preference) enjoy going to partes: enoy pate in general) b) The verbs look (when we rote to a person's appearance), fee! (= experience a particular emotion), hurt and ache can be used in either the continuous or simple tenses with no ditference in meaning £29, You laokiare foking grea ody. present continuous. A Lely (exjoy) omemade food B Sool, ang! (enjoy) ever bt this meal A Why Sano aera Bh (ee) colin here Is the heating on? ‘That famous opera singer (eopear) at the opera house tong 8: Yes He (appear) oe eeing beter ater ns operation. ® Chis (be) a sensible person, isnt 8: Yes, but inthis case he (ve) rater foolish, My daa (i) 8 od Bind tom telving room in my Bedroom today. 8: Realy? {that window? ® My back (hun Why doo' you le down fora while?‘We use the past simple We use the past continuous: 2) for an action which happened ata definite time ina) foran ation which was in progress at a stated time the past. The time is stated, already known or inthe past. We do not mention when the action implied started or tnished. ‘Ar seven o'clock ‘yesteraay evening they were having dinner (We donot row when they stored or ished ther dimer) for an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it We use the past continuous for They went camping byte lke lst math. hen dd the action in progress they 9 camping? Las! month. The mes sated) (longer action) and the past simple for the ») for actions which happened immediately one after action which iterupted the other in the past. it (shorter action) He was walking down the street when he ran into 30 ls ene ©) fortwo or more simulta neous past actions Fist she paid he civer. then she got ut o the tax She was talking on her mobile phone wie she ©) for past habits or states which are now finished. In Was ving fo work ‘such eases we can also use the expression used, ’ to describe the atmosphere, setting, et. inthe introduction to a story betore we describe the main evens, ‘One beavifl auumn aternaon, Ben was stoling ‘oun aque courty tne The bros were singing and the leaves were rusting i ‘then mereused tobe vr citron a hunted yeas ago, the beeze. The past simple is used with the following time ‘expressions: yesterday then, when, How long ago ..2, The past continuous is used with the following time last nightweekimonth'yearTuesday, et, thee days) expressions: while, when, as, all morning |evening/ day! weeks, ete ago, n 1997, ete night, ete. QWe use the past perfec 4) for an action which happened before another past acton o bore a sate tne inthe past She had ished work when she met her frenas or cote, She tishes work es! ar then she met her tienes) for an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the pas. He was happy. He had signed an portant contact. (he action finshed in the past and is res was visble ine pas. 100) Note: The past perfect is the past equivalent of the resent pertect. 29, a) He had fited the old armohar I looked band new. (The acton nad fed happened inthe past The resut looked and new was aso sible in the past) 9 He has fixe te od amchar. it looks brand new (The action - has fed happened inthe past The result looks brand new ssi visible inthe resent) ‘The past perfect Is used with the following time ‘expressions: before, ater, already, just. fr, since, til Lunt, when, by, bythe time, never, ete. Noe: We can use the past perect or the past simple with before or afer without any ference in meaning, 12g. They wont ou afer tha stopped | stopped ‘ang, Wo use the past pertect continuous: 4) to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finshed in the pas before another past faction oa stated time in the past, usually with since or fr. They hed been looking fora house for sx moins ‘belt he found one tey theo for an action which lasted for some time in the past ‘and whose result was visible in the pas. Last Fey Ron na oy o Now York His ight was dle He was annoyed. He had been wating atthe apo or three hours. (He wated atthe airport for tree hours and the su ofthe action was wsible inthe past. 90) Note: The past pertect continuous she past equivalent ofthe present pertect continuous. 29.) | had been driving ‘or ten hows. 50 I felt ertauste. (The achon —had been arving ated for some time in the past. The resut fo ferhausied was ao sible he past) 1) J have been ariving for ten hours. 30 | feel ‘exhausted. (The action have been diving Sate inthe pas. The result feel exhausted is st visible inte present) ‘The past perfect continuous is used with the following time expressions: for, since, how long, before, unt, ate. B[A Brian and Ruth went on a day trip yesterday. Look atthe notes below and say what ‘they did, using the linking words from the lst. fs, then ext, ater that, ater, fay sr: travel to Brighton by vain took around shops walk on beach ‘at lunch at seaside restaurant visit unfair have afternoon tea 1020: nat 220: 200: 430: 530 915, 1030 1130 1290 200 430 Now, in pars, ask and answer ‘questions about what Brian and Ruth were doing at the times in the list ‘below, as in the example. Sh 9:30 am 11:00 am 1145 am 1:18pm 230 pm 5.00pm Put the verbs in brackets Into the simple or the past continuous. A Thesunt) (shine) and te bids 2) (sing) as Miko 3) (cv) ‘own the county lane. He 4) (sme, because he 8) {ook forwar} to the journey ahead. Mike 6) leroy ding, especialy vahen ne). (901 someuherenew. Then sudeniy, the engine). (begin to make a srange nose and te cr 9) (stop) ead inthe male ofthe road. Mae 10) {ty to stata butrating 1) He 12) (9h). then 13) (getout ofthe car As he 14). cao the side of the road, Mike 15) (start to wish he rad stayed at home. {happen (push) the Bohn) (ert his at ana 2) {close the door. He 3) (hangup nis cost, when he 4) (hear a strange noise tap 5) (ran nthe hichen, He 6) (walk) ito the kitchen and 7) (tur) oft Treo, he 8) (reeze), Someone 9} (stand) behind im, He 10) (take) adeep ‘eth and 11) (tum) around, His Ratmate Sieve, 12) {ean inthe coorway, You 1%) (giv mea ght? John exciamed, ‘Steve 14) (ugh) at him. Jon 15) {slat} 10 laugh, t00. 16) Itnk) you hag gone fo London today” he said. ‘No 1” (reply) Steve, ‘Uniounately | 18) (rss te ran Choose the correct answer. Were you expecting James and Paul to stay for inner” No, but! A. alot fod. 0 it int mater ‘A had prepares 8 vas preparing © had been preparing Tony has been singing for years, hasn't he? YES. He RSs record when he was seen A made B wasmaking © hadmade “Tere was a power cut at right 1 know. | some paperwork when the Eghts went out A hadbeen doing Bas dong © had done (i you see Paul Semon in concert? No. was hoping fo ge tickets, but they 1A had sold out B sold out © were seling out The restaurant was packed ast night Yes. Lucky... atable in advance, was booking B had booked © had been booking ‘id you watch the tim yesterday?” No. By the tie we got home: A trishes B was fishing © had fished i you slay up late lst night” No | -- All €ay, $0 went to bed eat. ‘A had been working —B worked © was working 1d you enjoy your hoiday? YEE. We oo most of ute on the beach ‘A hadspent B were spending © spent Kim fokee tre this morning 1, Se al igh ong A studied B had studied had been studying So what happened? We trough the woods when we heard a gunshot ‘A hadwalked B waked —C were waking‘The past simple is used for ations which happened in The present perfects used for actions which happened the past and ace not related to the present. In the past and are related tothe present We use the past simple: We use the present perfect ‘+ for an action which happened at a definite time in. * foranacton which happened a an unstated tine inthe the past. The time is past. The exact time i ether unknown or unimportant, already known ‘and therefore it is not or implied ‘mentioned or implied. Simon Cook painted his ‘Simon Cook as painted fs prt 1980, ‘2ktof pics. (When? (hen In 1980. The iene We do nat know eae The exact time Is not ‘mentaned or imped) * for an action which began and finished inthe past. + for anaction which started in he past and continues ‘up to the present Mr Clank taught as forty years (Hes no longer a teacher. He has retired) rs Nelson has taught French for went years (he stated teaching French went years ago and she i st * foran action which happened inthe past and cannot teaching French ooay.) be repeated. 2g 2) Mko won more than twenty medals when he #28 fran action which happened inthe past and may an athlete. (He sno longer an athlete He cannot be repeated, win anoer mec) 69 a) Ben san athlete He has won more tha ten lance spoke to Frank Shara, (He no longer medals (Hei sti ana. He may winsome alive. (wo speak to him aga) ‘more medat.) ‘+ for an action which happened within a specific time ') We spoken to eine Dion. (Stes stitalve. may period which is over atthe moment of speaking. spaakto heragain) * for an action which happened within a specific time 9, (wrote reels this moming (The time peed is 9 mot et meg eee esis aici vera mone pen. 29, Ive writen two ltrs his moming (Te time pened Note: We use the past simple to talk about actions which were performed by people who are no longer alive, even ifthe time isnot stated. e.g, Chaves Dickens wrote ‘Olver Twist Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the present perfect. awiy (see this fm before. cain (justhear rom) 8 Me oo. but vets actor, He 2) an oid nend of mine (olay alto good rls. B: On, realy? Tom Grase? 13) (meet tim, youknow, Yes. in2) (ote) tome 8: Realy? When? 3 (get the eter is moming. When 4) (be) in Los Angeles on holiday. Thavarnce When @) B® Whoisthat man? {yourestmee) i? B: He's anartst. He 1) (pany alotor = Hes) (ie) net door beaut pictures. tome orto yoars, but he 6) [A nik Van Gogh 2)... (sn he most beaut (move) anay ast June and | petures ever But his fle 3)... be) miserable n (notsee} him sinoe 16© Thepast simple is used for actions which happened immediately one ater the othe inthe past When Jim came home, they watched a fm on TV. (im came home and then they watched tim togetner) came home) © The past continuous is used for past action which was in progress when another action Interrupted it. When Jim came home, Mary was watching a fim on TV. (She was sil watching the flm when im © The past perfect Is used for an ‘action which happened before another past action ora spect time inthe past When sim came home, Mary had already watched the fim on TV. (he watched the fi fist. Jim ‘came home atervarés) ‘© We can use the past simple, past continuous or pas perfect without any dference in meaning with verbs such 8s think, hope, mean, expect, et. for things we hoped or wished to do, but dd. 2g. lexpectediwas expecting had expected him o cal mo, but he ac. ut the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1 What ths morning? al documents ny ote Wy ae you so disapported? B: Because! ‘ass the est. but lint, [youldo) atten ooo (rea some important (hope) that would 3% Have you found your bag ye? B: No.butl (1ep0n) stolen to te police yesterday 4 Did you eroy the play lst ight? B: No. even though | (a0) ‘goed reviews oft before I bought he kel 5A Have you rten your report ye” BI (ustistam when you came in, actually, 6 & Sony! late 8. Where have you ben? | (expect) you an hour ago. Tk We (go) to an arique market yesterday. E {youtbuyl anything? 8 A Were you suprised thatthe tctry closed down? B: Notrealy. Infact itwas going to happen ula oid welin the test, dint she? 8: Yes. She (study) very ara fort (how) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. A nen Simon 1) zens o peonle 2) They 3) (arive) at the cinema (queue outside (wat 10 3ee the same fim 1s Simon. Semen, however. 4) oun aticketin advance so he 8) (walk) ‘stagh othe ont of he queue ana 6) (ert the cinema. He 7) (eet eieved thathe didnt have to quaue. He €) (reach) his seat just asthe bghts 8) (go dwn) forthe stato he fim B Lastweekend, Cathy 1) (he) acar an 2 (crwe) to the seasce. Wren she 3) (are) the wind @) (blow) and the sky 5) (be) cloudy. She 6) {get out of the car and 7) (take) Wak along the seattont. Then she 8) (decide) to go for fsh and chips a a nearby restaurant that she 9) (se eater and iked the look ol By the tne she 10) (ise) the restaurant, 11) (atreadyigrw) dark, As se 12) (wal oer cart 13) (beg) to ran, However, Cathy 14) (noting) because she 15) (have) a wondertul day. v1“ 5 6 7 8 9 Identity the tenses, then match them to the correct People used to haveihad vrysipienesin tote days 8 She was talking onthe phone when her boss came in. | © Sam was in hospital because he ha crashed hs car They had been studying had al morning, so they wer tes Iwas cooking neh whee was pouring te nk \We had been living inthe house for a year belo we decorated te kchen Princess Dara dd alot of work fr chary, Axo oclock his aernoen hey were having inch at wot Fist she knocked onthe doo: Then, se went inde, Dei Wehad bought the ickets bear we wenttothetheate. line the correct tense, Lynne was singinginad sung as she was cleaning the windows Mr Toad was teachingihad been teaching for thay years when he retired "phoned Jack because | wantedihad wanted to ask him a queston 3 They had walkedihad been walking for hours when they stopped for ares. ‘Te shop had been sellingihad sold the table by the g time t go there. Joe was happy. He was winningihad won tst prize in the competion It was rainingihad rained while they were playing the football match, Fob was opening/opened the box and looked inside. Eve was delighted to hear that she was gettingihad got the jb, People used to workiwere working very long hours in those days, | was running when | slippedwas slipping onthe ice. They were already buyingihad already bought ine 8 tickets when they went to the concert Carol had brokeniwas breaking her arm. so she Couldn't wrt or sx weeks, We had been staying’ stayed in a hotel bythe sea last Evvs Presley sangihad sung las of hit songs. lopenediwas opening he door and stepped outside. 4 ‘They had stoodiwere standing ou'sde when the results were announced. Aexander Granam Bell had inventediinvented tne telephone. ‘She broke the gass while she had washedwas washing i. 0 2 8 scriptions. to tak about actions of people who are no longer alive action which happened bere ancther past action or belore a stated time nthe past actions which happened immediately one ater he ‘other in the past {to put emphasis on he duration ofan acon which tare and finshed in the past before another past acton action which was in progress ata stated time inthe past |wo or more simultaneous actions action in progress when another actoninterupted it action which lasted for some timein the past and whose result was vile in he past past habit or state which now fishes Acton which finshed in the past and whose result was ‘sie inthe past Choose the correct answer. He went to bed... he had brushed his teeth A belore —-B ater © while | was watching television the doorbell rang. ‘Avwhen —-B assoonas while she hado't finished the washing up when the guests arrived A yet B pst cst We had been walking for hours we reaches the camps A snce 8 fer © belore sobn was repairing the car Steve was tying the garage, Awnle Before © ater ‘We went to Spain on holiday ‘A tomorow B netyear © last year Yet asleep ‘closed my eyes. A jst B assoonas © already did Jane and Ted get mated? A Howiong B Howlong ago © While ‘She hasnt seen Jn she let schoo A tor B ust © since He wont go home he has fished his work ‘A how long Bunt C yet "have led in Kent ten years now. A since B for © betore We haven't frished work A yet Bunt € just id Tina meet Steve? A Howlong B Howlong ago © Whilea) Fillin the past form. with an appropriate (ne fine morning, a man 1) inarver The sun2) (shine) and the man 3) (at) on the ever bank, Everything was very quit and peaceful. The man 4 (wai) patiently for several hours (isn) when suddenly ne 8) (ie something puling on the fshing ine. He 6) (stand 1p) quckly and 7) {veg 10 tae in the ine. He 8) (Gusti) the huge fsh be had caught out ofthe water when there was a loud splash anditfellbackinto there. Ars, the man int know what 9) (happen) Tren, he 10) (loos) caetuly at ns fishing ine. 11) (snap). The poor man was so disappointed tht he 12) (pack) away als things and went home. 1b) Which of the past forms in the text above are used to express: + emphasis onthe duration ofan action which started ho fished in the past before anather past acton or alate tme inthe past 2. acton which happened at adefinte time inthe past time stated, known or implied ‘3 actons which happened immedately one ater the tern the past 4410 describe the atmosphere, the seting, et. inthe inroduction to story '5 acon which happened betore another past action Complete the sentences using any appropriate past forms. 1 While Joanne her hai, Carl was ‘leaning the house, 2 Ihave noiea where ry wali He his leg when he fl of his skateboar, We in the classroom for ten minutes bore the teacher arrved ‘she to the theatre ast right My tootn fora week beloe! wont tothe dentists She cried when she hor drving est. Weat when the alarm went of? Trey got into the car and away. could tel she the competion because she coulon stop smiling We ‘along the beach when we heard a ey fr help, Tom the piano for years belore he became famous. Put the vorbs in brackets into the correct tense. Helo, Mark. You 1) (take) along time to answer the door Sorry 12) (notnea the bet. ome in, Tory. 3) What (youll) todo today? Wel. 14) {tink of going fora picnic the county, but the weather isan! so 3) (change) my min. (Oh dear. Wel, yesterday Mary 6) ten ‘me at she 7) (buy) to tke to soe the Rocking Sars, ou she coulont goto the concert. So i) (buy) the tickets from her because |9) (think you'd tke to go. Tony, thats bailar! 110) (mean) to buy tickets for tht concen. but they 11) {sol ut by the time 112) booking fee. Wl ucky 113) {g9 ome (see) Mary, hen, iti? Put the verbs in brackets Into the correct tense. Look at Steve! Hes soaking we 8: Lknow. He (wash the cr. 1 Winy (yourmake) so much food? 8: Well (expect) guess, but hey honed o say they count come, ‘dla performed wel atthe concert B: Yes. She (practise or months belorenang & (youlevergo} to Spain? B Yes. (Go) lst yea 1 Vike your new coat, B: Thank you. (wear my old coat for yeas, so decided to buy anew one 1p you know his town wel? B: Ot couse. (ove) here for six years, 9Wie use the future simple: 4) In predictions about the future usually with the verbs thin, believe, expect, ee. the expressions be sue be afraid, etc, and the a ‘adverbs probably, emaps, certainly, ete. ®) for on-the-spot .) Aecisions. €) for promises (usually withthe verbs promise, swear, ‘quarantee. etc), threats, warnings, requests, hopes © {usually with the ve hope) and oes. We use be going to: {or plans, intentions or ambitions we have for the futur Now that hey ve onthe lone. hy are going to buy big house. rtentoniptn) for actions we have already decided todo in the near future They ae gong 0 get Imari nee mont. (They have aveacy decides fodoit) ‘BUT: They're geting ‘marie rent ect, (They have deci and ‘ranged 60) In preletions when there is evidence that something will happen Inthe near future, Look atthe cloud! ts going torn Note: 1) We normally use be going foto tak about 4) for actionsieventsistuations which wil defintely happen in the future and which we cannot contra The temperature will ach 40°C tomorow. ‘something we intend to do and will 10 give ls or make comments. 9.4 Im going to have 2 pary nest week (1 Inte al ny fonds. 2B: Thal be grea 2) We normally use the present continous rather than be going to with verbs which express ‘movement, especialy the verbs go and come. 2.9, Sam is going to he market in afew mutes. ‘Sheila is eoming to my rouse ota ths aternean “The future simple and be going to are used with the following ime expressions: tomorrow, the dy after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/month year, in a weekimonthiyar, In worthree daysiweeks, ecWe use the future continous: 2) for an action which will be in progress ata stated future time, for an action which will definitely happen in the future asthe result ofa routine or arrangement. ) when we ask politely about someone's plans for the ‘near future (what we want 1 know isi our wishes ‘itn with thelr plans.) Wi you be using the photocopier for long? Trees to make sme protocopes We use the future perfect: for an action which willbe finshed betore a stated future time, ‘She will have delivered a the newspapers by 8 oiock The future perfect is used with the folowing time expressions: befor, by, by then, by the time, until Note: Until ae only used in negative sentences. 2) Sha wll have irished the rear by tomorow. (NOT: sntiiomeron) ) She won't have completed the report until iebek We use the future pertect continuous: to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time inthe future. By the end next month, she wil hae been teaching or twenty yas. The future pertect continuous is used wit: by. for. Note: After the time expressions by the time, unt, betore, we use the present simple because they Introduce time clauses. The future perfect and the future perfect continuous may come either belore or after the time clause ‘Study the following examples: 2) wont have finished cleaning the house unl you ‘come back By the time ey reach Yor they wil have been traveling for our hous. "Note: We can us the future simple, future continuous or future perfect to make a prediction about the present or ast that sto say what we believe may be happening or have happened. Study the following amples 29.2) ‘Thor's somebody on he hone for you Thal be my mother. 2) Don't cab her now ~ ste'l be sleeping 6 fs seven o'clock. Dad wll have let the fice by now.We use the future simple: 0 " when we make a prediction based on hat we think, believe or imagine. Ine yea 2020 people wil ave elec ears {or on-the-spot Aecisions. Toke is ore (oat than the the take Fill in the future simple or be going to. Have you frishea your essay yt? No, but im sue {irish ton tie, "have cecided what to wear forthe pay. Realy? What (youlwear, then? Wy do you need hot soapy water? Because | ‘id you post hose ltrs? No, rgot. aternoon, Did you book a table at the restaurant? Yes. but dont expec t Im hungry Me too. tocat What are you doing ths weekend? on. ny grandparent. Look at that dog! Oh yes! (swin) across the ever. Tony neal eigreen sn he? Yes. He (work) for his father when he leaves schoo), ‘he you gong into town today? Yes. (give) you a if you lke. Your shits ay Oh dear! anather one 1 hope we forthe meeing 8: Don't worry, There's plenty of ime, (wash) the ar. {post them tis (be) busy (make) us someting (peobablyisit (change) ito (rovarive ate ‘We use be going to: ‘when we make a prediction based on what we can see (evidence) or what we know. She is going to cut the sulowers, ‘for actions we have already deci Inthe future. to do 4) imacingia (Gre tomy ange, eee 13 A: Im eally thirsty alr all hat har work, Bt (make) some tea 14 A: Did you gue Steve his present? 8 No! {ve} to him tonight at dinner Watch ot! You head onthe doortame. 8: Oh! cit reakse t asso low. (ang) your unde line the correct tense. A New Saucy. Dasy 1) i ying ies to Par for a ‘business meeting. Her secretary has already booked the teh The pane 2) wil eeveleaves at nine < lek nthe mening and one of her buss lets 2) wil have met be meeting Yer at he arpot wen the pane lands. She goes knw how ang the ree wl ast, but she 4) wil ave returned wi fave been ctuning home by Thursday evening Forence 1) is going to become\will be becoming 2 ctor when she finishes medical school She thinks she 2) il probably work wil have probably worked ina hospital for most of her carer. Ths tre next ‘month, she 3) will have revisediwil be revising hars for her exams. By the time she gets her degree she 4) wll have been studying wil have studied medicine for fve years. Florence hopes she 5) will have passediwll pass all te exams wih excelent grades,