February 2011

doc.: IEEE 802.11-11/0272r0

Outdoor Path Loss Models for 802.11ah

Authors:

Submission

Date: 2011-02-25

Slide 1

Ron Porat, Broadcom

February 2011

doc.: IEEE 802.11-11/0272r0

Summary

Following the discussion in [4] on channel models, we add here additional

outdoor path loss models for Macro, Micro, Pico/Hotzone(Relay) deployments
based on 3GPP LTE assumptions and COST231 channel models

It is anticipated that some of the scenarios proposed for 802.11ah fit better
Hotzone deployments and some may fit better Macro deployments

Submission

Slide 2

Ron Porat, Broadcom

February 2011

doc.: IEEE 802.11-11/0272r0

Recap - LTE Macro Path Loss Models

Macro cell propagation model for urban area is applicable for scenarios in urban and
suburban areas outside the high rise core where the buildings are of nearly uniform height
which is assumed to be 12m
L 40 (1 4 10
3h) log
10 (R) 18
log
10 (h) 21
log10 (f) 80dB

h is the antenna height above roof top levels and assumed 15m (we plot path loss with 2m
antenna as well)
R is in [km] and f in [MHz]
With LTE assumptions we get 15.3+37.6*log10(d) at 2GHz and where d is the distance in
meters
Frequency dependency is seen in the term 21log10 (f) and contributes 7.3dB to the path loss
difference between 2GHz and 900MHz.
In the following, we concentrate on path loss at 2GHz since most LTE models assume
that frequency.

Submission

Slide 3

Ron Porat, Broadcom

February 2011

doc.: IEEE 802.11-11/0272r0

LTE Micro-cell system simulation parameters (Table A.2.1.1-4 [1])

Submission

Slide 4

Ron Porat, Broadcom

February 2011

doc.: IEEE 802.11-11/0272r0

Other Path Loss Models

COST 231 - This path loss model for Macro and Micro deployments is used in
the SCM channel model [3]
The Macro model is based on Hata model and assuming 2GHz frequency we get
35.2+35*log10(d) where d is the distance in meters
The Micro model is based on Walfish-Ikegami model and provides NLOS and LOS
models. The NLOS path loss model for 2GHz is 35.7+38*log10(d). The LOS model
for 2GHz is 35.7+26*log10(d)

802.11n path loss model assumes one breakpoint with LOS propagation up to
that point and an exponent 3.5 after

LTE-Advanced newer Pico path loss model [2] is 30.6+36.7*log10(d)

Submission

Slide 5

Ron Porat, Broadcom

February 2011

doc.: IEEE 802.11-11/0272r0

Summary of Outdoor Path Loss Models at 2GHz

Note that Cost 231 Urban Macro, the new LTE-A Pico and LTE Macro with 2m
antenna height exhibit similar path loss
-40

Path Loss Comparison at 2GHz

-60
-80

dB

-100
-120
-140
-160
-180 1
10

Submission

LTE Macro - 15m

LTE Macro - 2m
LTE Pico
COST231 Urban Macro
COST231 Urban Micro NLOS
LTE Micro Outdoor to Outdoor
11n model with bp=5m
2

10
Tx-Rx distance [meters]

Slide 6

10

Ron Porat, Broadcom

February 2011

doc.: IEEE 802.11-11/0272r0

LTE-A Path Loss Models

LTE Rel.10 [2] (LTE-Advanced) added newer low power Hotzone deployment
options and introduced newer path loss models that are partially based on
measurements conducted by China Mobile [5][6] and include a NLOS formula
and LOS formula.

Initially the two components were added together with a weight based on a probability function
but later on changed to be treated separately.

PL d m Prob d PLLOS d 1 Prob d PLNLOS d

For consistency [6], the Macro model was changed to include a LOS model and
the NLOS model was adjusted
Hotzone Urban Model

PLLOS(d)=41.1+20.9log10(d)

PLNLOS(d)=32.9+37.5log10(d)
Prob(d)=0.5-min(0.5,5exp(-156/d))+min(0.5, 5exp(-d/30))

Macro Urban Model

PLLOS(d)=30.8+24.2*log10(d)

PLNLOS(d)=2.7+42.8*log10(d)

Submission

Prob(d)=min(1,18/d)*(1-exp(-d/63))+exp(-d/63)
Slide 7

Ron Porat, Broadcom

February 2011

doc.: IEEE 802.11-11/0272r0

LTE-A Hotzone Path Loss Models at 2GHz

-40

Path Loss Comparison at 2GHz

LOS probability

LTE-A Hotzone
LTE-A Macro

0.9

-60

0.8

-80

0.7
0.6

dB

0.5

-100

0.4
0.3

-120

0.2
0.1

-140

0 1
10

10
Tx-Rx distance [meters]

Submission

10

-160 1
10

Slide 8

LTE Macro
LTE-A Hotzone NLOS
LTE-A Hotzone LOS
LTE-A Hotzone Combined
LTE-A Macro NLOS
LTE-A Macro LOS
LTE-A Pico
2

10
Tx-Rx distance [meters]

Ron Porat, Broadcom

10

February 2011

doc.: IEEE 802.11-11/0272r0

Conclusions

Several outdoor path loss models are shown with some variation.

We note that Cost231 Macro Urban, Cost231 Micro Urban, LTE Hotzone
NLOS, LTE Pico and LTE Macro with antenna height 2m are very similar and
models from this set can be chosen.

In addition, a link budget calculation or system simulation should include the

following components:
Adjustment for different frequencies
Shadow fading with 10dB std
Penetration loss for indoor clients

Submission

Slide 9

Ron Porat, Broadcom

February 2011

doc.: IEEE 802.11-11/0272r0

References
[1] 3GPP TR 25.814 - Physical layer aspects for evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(UTRA) Annex A.2 system simulation scenario

[2] 3GPP TR 36.814 - Further advancements for E-UTRA physical layer aspects, Annex A.2system simulation scenario
[3] 3GPP TR 25.996 - Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Spatial channel
model for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) simulations
[4] 11-11-0251-00-00ah-outdoor-channel_models-for-802-11ah.ppt
[5] 3GPP TSG-RAN WG1 #56bis, R1-091566, China Mobile, Vodafone - Relay to UE channel
model for LTE-Advanced
[6] 3GPP TSG-RAN WG1 #58, R1-093270, China Mobile - Consideration on eNB-UE channel
model

Submission

Slide 10

Ron Porat, Broadcom