Problem Solutions for Chapter 2

2-1.
2-2.

E = 100cos (2 108 t + 30) e x + 20 cos (210 8t 50) e y

+ 40cos (210 8 t + 210) e z
The general form is:
y = (amplitude) cos(t - kz) = A cos [2(t - z/)]. Therefore
(a) amplitude = 8 m
(b) wavelength: 1/ = 0.8 m-1 so that = 1.25 m
(c) = 2 = 2(2) = 4
(d) At t = 0 and z = 4 m we have
y = 8 cos [2(-0.8 m-1)(4 m)]
= 8 cos [2(-3.2)] = 2.472

2-3.

For E in electron volts and in m we have E =

1.240

(a) At 0.82 m, E = 1.240/0.82 = 1.512 eV

At 1.32 m, E = 1.240/1.32 = 0.939 eV
At 1.55 m, E = 1.240/1.55 = 0.800 eV
(b) At 0.82 m, k = 2/ = 7.662 m-1
At 1.32 m, k = 2/ = 4.760 m-1
At 1.55 m, k = 2/ = 4.054 m-1

2-4.

x1 = a1 cos (t - 1) and x2 = a2 cos (t - 2)

Adding x1 and x2 yields
x1 + x2 = a1 [cos t cos 1 + sin t sin 1]
+ a2 [cos t cos 2 + sin t sin 2]
= [a1 cos 1 + a2 cos 2] cos t + [a1 sin 1 + a2 sin 2] sin t
Since the a's and the 's are constants, we can set
a1 cos 1 + a2 cos 2 = A cos

(1)

a1 sin 1 + a2 sin 2 = A sin

(2)

provided that constant values of A and exist which satisfy these equations. To
verify this, first square both sides and add:
A2 (sin2 + cos2 ) = a 1 (sin 1 + cos 1 )
2

+ a 22 (sin 2 2 + cos2 2 ) + 2a1a2 (sin 1 sin 2 + cos 1 cos 2)

or
A2 = a 12 + a 22 + 2a1a2 cos (1 - 2)
Dividing (2) by (1) gives

tan =

a 1 sin 1 + a 2 sin 2
a 1 cos1 + a 2 cos2

Thus we can write

x = x1 + x2 = A cos cos t + A sin sin t = A cos(t - )

2-5.

First expand Eq. (2-3) as

Ey
= cos (t - kz) cos - sin (t - kz) sin
E0 y

(2.5-1)

Subtract from this the expression

Ex
cos = cos (t - kz) cos
E0 x
to yield
Ey E x
cos = - sin (t - kz) sin
E 0 y E 0x

(2.5-2)

Using the relation cos2 + sin2 = 1, we use Eq. (2-2) to write

 E 2
sin2 (t - kz) = [1 - cos2 (t - kz)] = 1 x
E 0x

(2.5-3)

Squaring both sides of Eq. (2.5-2) and substituting it into Eq. (2.5-3) yields
2
2
Ey
Ex
Ex
2

1
E E cos = E 0x sin
0y
0x

Expanding the left-hand side and rearranging terms yields

2

2
Ex Ey
E E

+
- 2 x y cos = sin2
E 0x E 0y
E 0x E 0y

2-6.

Plot of Eq. (2-7).

2-7.

Linearly polarized wave.

2-8.
Air: n = 1.0

33

33
90

Glass

(a) Apply Snell's law

n1 cos 1 = n2 cos 2
where n1 = 1, 1 = 33, and 2 = 90 - 33 = 57
n2 =

cos 33
= 1.540
cos 57

(b) The critical angle is found from

nglass sin glass = nair sin air

with air = 90 and nair = 1.0

critical = arcsin

1
n glass

= arcsin

1
= 40.5
1.540

2-9
Air

Water

12 cm

Find c from Snell's law

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin c = 1

When n2 = 1.33, then c = 48.75

r
, which yields r = 13.7 cm.
Find r from tan c =
12 cm

2-10.

45

Using Snell's law

nglass sin c = nalcohol sin 90

where c = 45 we have
1.45
nglass =
= 2.05
sin 45
2-11. (a) Use either NA = (n12 n22 ) = 0.242
1/ 2

or

NA n1 2 = n1

2(n1 n 2 )
= 0.243
n1

0.242
(b) 0,max = arcsin (NA/n) = arcsin
= 14
1.0
2-13. NA = (n12 n22 ) = [n12 n12 (1 )2 ]
1/ 2

1/ 2

= n1 (2 2 )

1 /2

Since << 1, 2 << ; NA n1 2

2-14. (a) Solve Eq. (2-34a) for jH:

jH = j

1 H z
Er
r
E z
=
r

j Er +

Substituting into Eq. (2-33b) we have

1 H z
j
E
r r

Solve for Er and let q2 = 2 - 2 to obtain Eq. (2-35a).

(b)
jHr = -j

Solve Eq. (2-34b) for jHr:

1 H z
E
r

j E +

1 E z
= -
r

Substituting into Eq. (2-33a) we have

1 Hz

j
E

Solve for E and let q2 = 2 - 2 to obtain Eq. (2-35b).

(c)

Solve Eq. (2-34a) for jEr:

5

jEr =

1 1 Hz

+ jrH

Substituting into Eq. (2-33b) we have

1 Hz
E z
+ jrH +
= j H

r
r

Solve for H and let q2 = 2 - 2 to obtain Eq. (2-35d).

(d)

Solve Eq. (2-34b) for jE

jE = -

H z
1
j H r +

r

Substituting into Eq. (2-33a) we have

1 E z
H z
= -j Hr
j H r +
r
r
Solve for Hr to obtain Eq. (2-35c).

(e)

Substitute Eqs. (2-35c) and (2-35d) into Eq. (2-34c)

j 1 Hz
E z H z E z
= jEz

+
r

2
r
q r r
r r

Upon differentiating and multiplying by jq2/ we obtain Eq. (2-36).

(f)

Substitute Eqs. (2-35a) and (2-35b) into Eq. (2-33c)

j
2
q

H z E z Hz
1 E z
= -jHz

+
r
r r
r r
r

Upon differentiating and multiplying by jq2/ we obtain Eq. (2-37).

2-15. For = 0, from Eqs. (2-42) and (2-43) we have

Ez = AJ0(ur) e j(t z ) and Hz = BJ0(ur) e j(t z )

We want to find the coefficients A and B. From Eqs. (2-47) and (2-51),
respectively, we have

C=

J (ua)
A and
K (wa)

D=

J (ua)
B
K (wa)

Substitute these into Eq. (2-50) to find B in terms of A:

J' (ua) K' (wa)

1
j 1
+
= B
uJ (ua) + wK (wa)
a u2 w 2

For = 0, the right-hand side must be zero. Also for = 0, either Eq. (2-55a) or (2-56a)
holds. Suppose Eq. (2-56a) holds, so that the term in square brackets on the right-hand
side in the above equation is not zero. Then we must have that B = 0, which from Eq. (243) means that Hz = 0. Thus Eq. (2-56) corresponds to TM0m modes.
For the other case, substitute Eqs. (2-47) and (2-51) into Eq. (2-52):

0=

1 j

B
J (ua) + A 1uJ' (ua)
2
u a

1
2
w

j
K' (wa)J (ua)
B
J (ua) + A 2 w
a

K (wa)

With k21 = 21 and k22 = 22 rewrite this as

ja
1
[k 2 J + k 2 K ] A
B =
1
2

1
1
+

2
2
u
w

where J and K are defined in Eq. (2-54). If for = 0 the term in square brackets on the
right-hand side is non-zero, that is, if Eq. (2-56a) does not hold, then we must have that A
= 0, which from Eq. (2-42) means that Ez = 0. Thus Eq. (2-55) corresponds to TE0m
modes.
2-16. From Eq. (2-23) we have
n 21 n22
1
n 22
=
=
1 2
2
2n1
2
n1
<< 1

implies n1 n2

Thus using Eq. (2-46), which states that n2k = k2 k1 = n1k, we have

n 22 k 2 = k 22 n 21 k 2 = k12 2
2-17.

2-18. (a) From Eqs. (2-59) and (2-61) we have

2 2 a 2 2
2 2 a 2
2
n
n

(NA )2
=
(
)
2
2
1
2

M
a=
2

1/ 2

1000
=
NA
2

1/ 2

0.85m
= 30.25m
0.2

Therefore, D = 2a =60.5 m
2 (30.25m )
(0.2)2 = 414
2
(1.32m )
2

(b) M =

(c) At 1550 nm, M = 300

2-19. From Eq. (2-58),

V=

1/ 2
2 (25 m)
(1.48)2 (1.46)2 ] = 46.5
[
0.82 m

Using Eq. (2-61) M V2/2 =1081 at 820 nm.

Similarly, M = 417 at 1320 nm and M = 303 at 1550 nm. From Eq. (2-72)
4 -1/2
4 100%
Pclad
=
= 4.1%
P total 3 M
3 1080
at 820 nm. Similarly, (Pclad/P)total = 6.6% at 1320 nm and 7.8% at 1550 nm.

2-20

(a) At 1320 nm we have from Eqs. (2-23) and (2-57) that V = 25 and M = 312.
(b) From Eq. (2-72) the power flow in the cladding is 7.5%.

2-21. (a) For single-mode operation, we need V 2.40.

Solving Eq. (2-58) for the core radius a

a=

1/ 2
V 2
2.40(1.32m)
n1 n22 ) =
= 6.55 m
(
2
2 1/ 2
2
2 [(1.480) (1.478) ]

(b) From Eq. (2-23)

NA = (n1 n2 ) = [(1.480) (1.478)
2

2 1/ 2

2 1/ 2

= 0.077

(c) From Eq. (2-23), NA = n sin 0,max. When n = 1.0 then

NA
0.077
=
arcsin
0,max = arcsin
1.0 = 4.4
n

2-22. n2 =

n1 NA =

a=

(1.458) (0.3) = 1.427

(1.30)(75)
V
=
= 52 m
2 NA
2 (0.3)

2-23. For small values of we can write V

2 a
n1

For a = 5 m we have 0.002, so that at 0.82 m

V

2 (5 m)
1.45
0.82 m

2(0.002) = 3.514

Thus the fiber is no longer single-mode. From Figs. 2-18 and 2-19 we see that the LP01
and the LP11 modes exist in the fiber at 0.82 m.
2-24.

2-25. From Eq. (2-77) Lp =

n y nx

For Lp = 10 cm

ny - nx =

1.3 10 6 m
= 1.310-5
10 1 m

For Lp = 2 m

ny - nx =

1.3 10 6 m
= 6.510-7
2m

Thus
6.510-7 ny - nx 1.310-5
2-26. We want to plot n(r) from n2 to n1. From Eq. (2-78)
n(r) = n1 [1 2(r / a) ] = 1.48 [1 0.02(r / 25) ]
1 /2

n2 is found from Eq. (2-79):

1 /2

n2 = n1(1 - ) = 1.465

2-27. From Eq. (2-81)

2an1 2
2 2 2
M=
a k n1 =

+2
+2
where
=

n1 n2
= 0.0135
n1

10

At = 820 nm, M = 543 and at = 1300 nm, M = 216.

For a step index fiber we can use Eq. (2-61)
V2
1 2a 2 2
n1 n 22 )
Mstep
=
(

2
2
At = 820 nm, Mstep = 1078 and at = 1300 nm, Mstep = 429.
Alternatively, we can let = in Eq. (2-81):
2

2an1
=
Mstep =

1086 at 820 nm

432 at 1300 nm

2-28. Using Eq. (2-23) we have

(a) NA = (n12 n22 ) = [(1.60)2 (1.49)2 ] = 0.58
1/ 2

1/ 2

(b) NA = [(1.458)2 (1.405)2 ] = 0.39

1/ 2

2-29. (a) From the Principle of the Conservation of Mass, the volume of a preform rod
section of length Lpreform and cross-sectional area A must equal the volume of the fiber
drawn from this section. The preform section of length Lpreform is drawn into a fiber of
length Lfiber in a time t. If S is the preform feed speed, then Lpreform = St. Similarly, if s is the
fiber drawing speed, then Lfiber = st. Thus, if D and d are the preform and fiber diameters,
respectively, then
Preform volume = Lpreform(D/2)2 = St (D/2)2
Fiber volume = Lfiber (d/2)2 = st (d/2)2

and
Equating these yields

D
d
St = st
2
2
(b)

D
s = S
d

or

2
2
d
0.125 mm
S = s = 1.2 m/s
= 1.39 cm/min
D
9 mm

11

2-30. Consider the following geometries of the preform and its corresponding fiber:

25 m
R

4 mm
62.5

3 mm

FIBER

PREFORM

We want to find the thickness of the deposited layer (3 mm - R). This can be done by
comparing the ratios of the preform core-to-cladding cross-sectional areas and the fiber
core-to-cladding cross-sectional areas:
A preform core A fiber core
=
Apreform clad A fiber clad
or

(32 R2 )
(25)2
=
(42 32 ) [(62.5)2 (25)2 ]

from which we have

7(25)2
R = 9
2
2
(62.5) (25)

1/ 2

= 2.77 mm

Thus, thickness = 3 mm - 2.77 mm = 0.23 mm.

2-31. (a) The volume of a 1-km-long 50-m diameter fiber core is

V = r2L = (2.510-3 cm)2 (105 cm) = 1.96 cm3
The mass M equals the density times the volume V:
M = V = (2.6 gm/cm3)(1.96 cm3) = 5.1 gm

12

(b) If R is the deposition rate, then the deposition time t is

t=

M
5.1 gm
=
= 10.2 min
R 0.5 gm / min

2-32. Solving Eq. (2-82) for yields

2
K
=
Y

where Y =

for surface flaws.

Thus
(20 N / mm 3 / 2 ) 2
=
= 2.6010-4 mm = 0.26 m
(70 MN / m 2 )2
2-33. (a) To find the time to failure, we substitute Eq. (2-82) into Eq. (2-86) and
integrate (assuming that is independent of time):
f

b / 2 d = AYbb dt
0

which yields
1

b [ f
1
2
or
t=

1 b / 2

b/ 2
1
] = AYbbt
i

2
(2 b) / 2
(f 2 b) / 2 ]
b [ i
(b 2)A(Y)

(b) Rewriting the above expression in terms of K instead of yields

Ki 2 b K f 2 b
2
t=

b
(b 2)A(Y ) Y
Y
2 b

2Ki

b
(b 2)A(Y )

2
2
if K b
<< K b
or
i
f

2-34. Substituting Eq. (2-82) into Eq. (2-86) gives

d
= AKb = AYbb/2b
dt

13

K i2 b >> Kf 2 b

Integrating this from i to p where

K

i =
Y i

and

p =
Y p

are the initial crack depth and the crack depth after proof testing, respectively, yields
tp

b / 2

d = AYb dt
b

or
1

1 b / 2

b p
1
2

1b / 2

]= AYb

b
p

tp

for a constant stress p. Substituting for i and p gives

2b
2 K
2
2
b
b
= AYb bp tp
i
p
b 2 Y

or
2 K
b 2 Y

2b

1
b 2
b 2
b
p = B b2
b2
= p tp
b i
i
p
AY

] [

which is Eq. (2-87).

When a static stress s is applied after proof testing, the time to failure is found from Eq.
(2-86):
s

b / 2 d = AYb bs

ts

dt

where s is the crack depth at the fiber failure point. Integrating (as above) we get Eq. (289):

B b2
sb2 = bs ts
p
Adding Eqs. (2-87) and (2-89) yields Eq. (2-90).

14

2-35. (a) Substituting Ns as given by Eq. (2-92) and Np as given by Eq. (2-93) into Eq.
(2-94) yields

L
F = 1 - exp
L0

b
( p t p + sb t s )/ B + sb2

m0

L
b
2
t / B + b
m p p
p
= 1 - exp L 0 0

m
b2

( t

b
p p

m
b 2
/ B + b2
)
p

m
0

b 2
bp t p + bs t s

b 2

+ s
m

B

b 2

1
2
bp t p / B + b

b t b B b 2

1+ s s + s

t
t

p s p

p p
= 1 - exp LN p
1
B
1+ 2

pt p

b2

bs t s

1
1 - exp LN p 1 + b
p t p 1 + B

2p t p

(b) For the term given by Eq. (2-96) we have

b

B
s 2 = (0.3)15
p s t p

0.5 (MN / m 2 )2 s

[0.3 (350 MN / m )] 10 s
2

Thus this term can be neglected.

15

= 6.510-14

2-36. The failure probability is given by Eq. (2-85). For equal failure probabilities of the
two fiber samples, F1 = F2, or
m L
m L
1c
1
2

1 - exp
= 1 - exp 2c

0 L0
0 L0
which implies that
m

1c L1 2c L 2

=
0 L 0 0 L0
or
1c L 2
=
2c L1

1/m

If L1 = 20 m, then 1c= 4.8 GN/m2

If L2 = 1 km, then 2c= 3.9 GN/m2
Thus
m
1000
4.8
=
= 50
3.9
20

gives
m=

log 50
= 18.8
log(4.8/ 3.9)

16

Problem Solutions for Chapter 3

3-1.
(dB/ km ) =

10
P(0) 10
z
log
=
log e p

z
P(z) z

( )

= 10 p log e = 4.343 p(1/ km)

3-2.

Since the attenuations are given in dB/km, first find the power levels in dBm for
100 W and 150 W. These are, respectively,
P(100 W) = 10 log (100 W/1.0 mW) = 10 log (0.10) = - 10.0 dBm
P(150 W) = 10 log (150 W/1.0 mW) = 10 log (0.15) = - 8.24 dBm
(a) At 8 km we have the following power levels:
P1300(8 km) = - 8.2 dBm (0.6 dB/km)(8 km) = - 13.0 dBm = 50 W
P1550(8 km) = - 10.0 dBm (0.3 dB/km)(8 km) = - 12.4 dBm = 57.5 W
(b) At 20 km we have the following power levels:
P1300(20 km) = - 8.2 dBm (0.6 dB/km)(20 km) = - 20.2 dBm = 9.55 W
P1550(20 km) = - 10.0 dBm (0.3 dB/km)(20 km) = - 16.0 dBm = 25.1 W

3-3.

From Eq. (3-1c) with Pout = 0.45 Pin

= (10/3.5 km) log (1/0.45) = 1.0 dB/km

3-4.

3-5.

(a)

Pin = Pout 10L/10 = (0.3 W) 101.5(12)/10 = 18.9 W

(b)

Pin = Pout 10L/10 = (0.3 W) 102.5(12)/10 = 300 W

With in Eqs. (3-2b) and (3-3) given in m, we have the following representative
points for uv and IR:

 (
m)
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.0
3.0

3-6.

uv
20.3
1.44
0.33
0.09
0.04
0.02
0.009

IR
---2.210-6
0.0072
23.2
7.5104

From Eq. (3-4a) we have

scat =

8 3 2
2
4 (n 1) kBTfT
3

2
8 3
(1.46)2 1] (1.3810-16 dyne-cm/K)(1400 K)
4[
3(0.63 m)

(6.810-12 cm2/dyne)
= 0.883 km-1
To change to dB/km, multiply by 10 log e = 4.343: scat = 3.8 dB/km
From Eq. (3-4b):
scat =

8 3 8 2
-1
4 n p kBTfT = 1.16 km = 5.0 dB/km
3

3-8.

Plot of Eq. (3-7).

3-9.

Plot of Eq. (3-9).

3-10. From Fig. 2-22, we make the estimates given in this table:
m
01
11
21
02
31
12

Pclad/P
0.02
0.05
0.10
0.16
0.19
0.31

m = 1 + (
2 - 1 )Pclad/P
3.0 + 0.02
3.0 + 0.05
3.0 + 0.10
3.0 + 0.16
3.0 + 0.19
3.0 + 0.31

5 + 103Pclad/P
5 + 20 = 25
5 + 50 = 55
5 + 100 = 105
5 + 160 = 165
5 + 190 = 195
5 + 310 = 315

3-11. (a) We want to solve Eq. (3-12) for gi. With = 2 in Eq. (2-78) and letting
n 2 (0) n 22
=
2
2n (0)
we have
(r) = 1 + (2 - 1)

n 2 (0) n 2(r)
r2
=

+
(

)
1
2
1
2
2
2
n (0) n 2
a

Thus

gi =

(r) p(r) r dr
= 1 +

p(r) r dr

(2 1 )
a2

exp( Kr 2 ) r 3 dr

exp(Kr 2 ) r dr

To evaluate the integrals, let x = Kr2, so that dx = 2Krdr. Then

1
2K2
=
1
2
exp(Kr ) r dr
2K

exp (Kr 2 ) r 3dr

Thus gi = 1 +

e x x dx

e x

1
1!
1
= K =
K
0!
dx

(2 1 )
2
Ka

(b) p(a) = 0.1 P0 = P0 e

Ka 2

yields e

Ka 2

= 10.

From this we have Ka2 = ln 10 = 2.3. Thus

gi = 1 +

(2 1 )
= 0.571 + 0.432
2.3

3-12. With in units of micrometers, we have

196.98
n = 1 +
2
2
(13.4) (1.24 / )

1/ 2

To compare this with Fig. 3-12, calculate three representative points, for example,
= 0.2, 0.6, and 1.0 m. Thus we have the following:
Wavelength
0.2 m
0.6 m
1.0 m

Calculated n
1.548
1.457
1.451

n from Fig. 3-12

1.550
1.458
1.450

d
80 ps/(nm-km) at 850 nm. Therefore, for the LED we
d
have from Eq. (3-20)

3-13. (a) From Fig. 3-13,

mat d
=
= [80 ps/(nm-km)](45 nm) = 3.6 ns/km
L
d
For a laser diode,
mat
= [80 ps/(nm-km)](2 nm) = 0.16 ns/km
L
(b) From Fig. 3-13,

d mat
= 22 ps/(nm-km)
d

Therefore, Dmat() = [22 ps/(nm-km)](75 nm) = 1.65 ns/km

3-14. (a) Using Eqs. (2-48), (2-49), and (2-57), Eq. (3-21) becomes
2
u 2a2
w2
ua
=
b = 1 - = 1 - 2 2
u a + w2 a 2 u 2 + w 2
V

2 k 2 n 22
2 / k 2 n 22
=
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
k n1 + k n2
n1 n 2

(b) Expand b as

b=

( / k + n 2 )( / k n 2 )
(n1 + n 2 )(n1 n 2 )

Since n2< /k < n1 , let /k = n1(1 - ) where 0 < < << 1. Thus,

n1
/ k + n 2 n 1 (1 ) + n 2
=
=1
n 1 + n2
n1 + n 2
n 1 + n2
Letting n2 = n1(1 - ) then yields
/ k + n2

=1 1 since
<< 1
n1 + n 2
2
2
Therefore, b

/ k n2
or = k[bn1 + n2]
n1 n 2

From n2 = n1(1 - ) we have

n1 = n2(1 - )-1 = n2(1 + + 2 + ...) n2(1 + )
Therefore, = k[b n2(1 + ) + n2] k n2(b + 1)

3-16. The time delay between the highest and lowest order modes can be found from the
travel time difference between the two rays shown here.

The travel time of each ray is given by

sin =

x
n
n (1 )
= 2 = 1
= (1 - )
s
n1
n1

The travel time of the highest order ray is thus

T max =

n 1 L n 1L 1
s
=
c x
c 1

For the axial ray the travel time is T min =

Ln 1
c

Therefore
T min - T max =

Ln 1 1
Ln 1
Ln 1
1 =

c 1
c 1
c

3-17. Since n 2 = n1 (1 ), we can rewrite the equation as

mod n1

1
=
L
c
V
where the first tern is Equation (3-30). The difference is then given by the factor
1

1
1
=1

1/
2
V
2a (n12 n 22 )
2a n 1 2

At 1300 nm this factor is 1

1
(1.3)
= 1 0.127 = 0.873
2(62.5) 1.48 2(0.015)

3-18. For = 0 and in the limit of we have

C1 = 1, C2 =

3
,
2

+2 1
+1 1
= 1,
= ,
= ,
+1
3 + 2 3 2 + 1 2

1
( + 1)2
=
and
(5 + 2)(3 + 2) 15
Thus Eq. (3-41) becomes
int er mod al

Ln1
12 2 1/ 2
Ln1
1+ 3 +
=

2 3c
5
2 3c

6
). Thus C1 and C2 in Eq. (3-42) become
5
(ignoring small terms such as 3, 4, ...)

3-19. For = 0 we have that = 2(1 -

3


2 2 1 5 2
3 3
C1 =
=
= 5 1 +
+ 2 2 1 6 + 2 1 3
5
5

5
5

 6
9
32 1 2
1

3 2
5

5
C2 =
=
=
3
6

2( + 2)
2 2 1 + 2 2 1
5
5

Evaluating the factors in Eq. (3-41) yields:

(a) C12

9 2

25

9 6
3

4 1 2 1 + 1

4C1 C2 ( + 1)
5
5
5

=
(b)
2 + 1
1 3 2 1 3 4 1 6 + 1
5 5
5

(c)

18 11
18
1 +

25

51

24

25

18 2

25

162 C22 ( + 1)2

(5 + 2)(3 + 2)
2

6
9
2

16 1 2(1 ) + 1

5
5
=
2
6
6
3
4 1 10(1 ) + 2 6(1 ) + 2
5
5
5

2
4 2
9
16 1 9 1
9 2
5
5
=

2
9
3
24
96(1 )(1 )4 1
5
10
2

Therefore,
int er mod al =

1/ 2
1/ 2
Ln 1 + 2 9 2 18 2 9 2

2c + 1 3 + 2 25
25
24

1/ 2
6
6

2(1 )
2(1 ) + 2
3
n12 L
Ln 1 2
5
5

2c 2(1 6 ) + 1 6(1 6 ) + 2 10 6
20 3c

5
5

3-20. We want to plot Eq. (3-30) as a function of , where int er mod al and
int ra mod al are given by Eqs. (3-41) and (3-45). For = 0 and = 2, we have C1 =
0 and C2 = 1/2. Since int er mod al does not vary with , we have
int er mod al N 1 + 2 1/ 2 4C 2 ( + 1)
=
= 0.070 ns/km
2c + 2 3 + 2
(5 + 2)(3 + 2)
L
With C1 = 0 we have from Eq. (3-45)
int ra mod al =

1 2 d 2 n1

=
c
d2

0.098 ns / km at 850 nm

2
1.026 10 ns / km at 1300 nm

3-21. Using the same parameter values as in Prob. 3-18, except with = 0.001, we have
from Eq. (3-41) int er mod al /L = 7 ps/km, and from Eq. (3.45)
0.098 ns / km at 850 nm
int ra mod al
=
L
0.0103 ns / km at 1300 nm
The plot of

1/ 2
1 2
= ( int er + 2int ra ) vs :
L L

3-22. Substituting Eq. (3-34) into Eq. (3-33)

g =

L d L 1
dn
2
2
=
2kn1 + 2k n1 1
c dk c 2
dk

2
1
+ 2 m + 2 2
2 2
+2
n1 k )
- 2
(
2
a
+2

n 2 k 2 d
2 dn
2
2k n1 1 + 2kn1 + 1

dk
dk

+2

L kn1
4 + 2 m 1
n1 k d
=
N1 +
N1

2
2 2
c
2 dk
+ 2 a n1 k


LN1 kn1
4 m +2

1
1
=
+
c + 2 M
4

with

N1 = n1 + k

dn 1
and where M is given by Eq. (2-97) and is defined in Eq.
dk

(3-36b).
3-23. From Eq. (3-39), ignoring terms of order 2,

d
L dN 1 2 m + 2
1+

d
c d
+ 2 M

LN1 2 d m +2
+

c
+ 2 d M

where
N1 = n1 -

(a)

2 2 2
dn1
and M =
a k n1
+2
d

d
dn
d 2 n1
dN 1
n1 1 = -
=
2
d
d
d
d

Thus ignoring the term involving

L 2 d 2 n1
becomes -
2
c
d

d 2 n1
2 , the first term in square brackets
d

(b)

+1
+2
d m + 2
dM 1 +2
+ 2 d 1
m

=
+

d M

d M
+ 2 d M

(c)

dM
2 d 2 2
=
a
(k n1 )
d + 2
d
=

dn
dk
d 2 2
2
2
k n1 + 2k n1 1 + 2kn1
a2
d
d
d
+2
9

Ignoring

d
dn
and 1 terms yields
d
d

dM
2 2 2 2 1
2M
=
a k n1 =

d + 2

so that

d m + 2 2 m +2

=
.
d M
+ 2 M

Therefore

d
L
d 2 n1
LN1 2 2 m +2

= - 2
+
d
c
d2
c
+ 2 + 2 M
3-24. Let

a = 2

d 2 n1
2
;
2 ; b = N1C1
d
+2

+2

Then from Eqs. (3-32), (3-43), and (3-44) we have

2

2
int ra mod al

d g

m
b
a + M

= L
M

L 1
=
c M

m= 0

m= 0

L 1 M
m

b
dm
c M 0 a + M

L
=
c

2
L
=
c

2 2ab
b2
a
+

+ 1 2 + 1

2
L
=

2 d 2 n 2
1

d2

1
M

2
m
2 m
a 2ab
b
dm
+

M
M

10

 2 d 2 n1
4 2

(N
C
)
2
N1C1
+ 1 1
2
d
( + 2)(3 + 2)
+1

3-25. Plot of Eq. (3-57).

3-26. (a) D = ( 0 )S0 = 50(0.07) = 3.5 ps /(nm km)
1500(0.09)
(b) D =
4

1310 4
1
14.1 ps /(nm km)
1500 =

3-27. (a) From Eq. (3-48)

step
L

n1
1.49(0.01)
=
8 = 14.4 ns / km
2 3 c 2 3 (3 10 )

(b) From Eq. (3-47)

opt
n 2
1.49(0.01)2
= 1
=
= 14.3 ps / km
L
20 3 c 20 3 (3 108 )
(c) 3.5 ps/km
3-28. (a) From Eq. (3-29)
mod = Tmax Tmin =

n1 L (1.49)(0.01)(5 103 m)
=
= 248 ns
8
c
3 10 m / s

(b) From Eq. (3-48)

step =

n 1L
248
=
= 71.7 ns
2 3c 2 3

(c) BT =

0.2
= 2.8 Mb / s
step

(d) BT L = (2.8 MHz)(5 km) = 13.9 MHz km

11

3-29. For = 0.95opt , we have

int er ( opt ) ( opt )
0.05
=
=
= 170%
(0.015)(1.95)
int er ( = opt ) ( + 2)
For = 1.05opt , we have
int er ( opt ) ( opt )
0.05
=
=+
= +163%
(0.015)(2.05)
int er ( = opt ) ( + 2)

12

Problem Solutions for Chapter 4

4-1.

3/4
2kBT3/2
Eg
From Eq. (4-1), ni = 2 2 (memh)
exp - 2k T
B

2(1.38 1023 J / K)
=2
34
2
(6.63 10 J.s)

3/ 2

3 /2

[(.068)(.56)(9.11 10

kg)

4.3 10 4

31

2 3/ 4

(1.55 4.3 10 4 T)eV

exp
5
2(8.62 10 eV / K)T

3/2
= 4.151014 T
exp
exp
5
5

2(8.62 10 )T
2(8.62 10 )
= 5.031015 T
4-2.

3/2

1.55

8991
exp - T

The electron concentration in a p-type semiconductor is nP = ni = pi

Since both impurity and intrinsic atoms generate conduction holes, the total
conduction-hole concentration pP is
pP = NA + ni = NA + nP
2
From Eq. (4-2) we have that nP = ni /pP . Then
2
2
2
pP = NA + nP = NA + ni /pP
or
pP - NApP - ni = 0
so that
NA

pP = 2

2
4ni
1+ 2
NA

+1

If ni << NA , which is generally the case, then to a good approximation

2
2
pP NA and nP = ni /pP ni /NA
4-3.

(a) From Eq. (4-4) we have 1.540 = 1.424 + 1.266x + 0.266x2 or

x2 + 4.759x - 0.436 = 0. Solving this quadratic equation yields (taking the plus
sign only)
1
x = 2 [ - 4.759 +

(4.759)2 + 4(.436) ]

1.240
The emission wavelength is = 1.540

= 0.090

= 805 nm.

(b) Eg = 1.424 + 1.266(0.15) + 0.266(0.15)2 = 1.620 eV, so that

1.240
= 1.620
4-4.

= 766 nm

(a) The lattice spacings are as follows:

o

a(BC) = a(GaAs) = 5.6536 A

o

a(BD) = a(GaP) = 5.4512 A

o

a(AC) = a(InAs) = 6.0590 A

o

a(AD) = a(InP) = 5.8696 A

a(x,y) = xy 5.6536 + x(1-y) 5.4512 + (1-x)y 6.0590 + (1-x)(1-y)5.8696
= 0.1894y - 0.4184x + 0.0130xy + 5.8696
o

(b) Substituting a(xy) = a(InP) = 5.8696 A into the expression for a(xy) in (a),
we have
0.4184x
y = 0.1894 - 0.0130x

0.4184x
0.1894

= 2.20x

(c) With x = 0.26 and y = 0.56, we have

Eg = 1.35 + 0.668(.26) - 1.17(.56) + 0.758(.26)2 + 0.18(.56)2
- .069(.26)(.56) - .322(.26)2(.56) + 0.03(.26)(.56)2 = 0.956 eV
4-5.

Differentiating the expression for E, we have

E =

hc
2

or

=
E
hc
2

For the same energy difference E, the spectral width is proportional to the
wavelength squared. Thus, for example,
1550 1550 2
=
= 1.40
1310 1310
4-6.

(a) From Eq. (4-10), the internal quantum efficiency is

int =

1
= 0.783, and from Eq. (4-13) the internal power level is
1 + 25/ 90

Pint = (0.783)

hc(35 mA )
= 26 mW
q(1310 nm)

(b) From Eq. (4-16),

P=
4-7.

Plot of Eq. (4-18). Some representative values of P/P0 are given in the table:

f in MHz
1
10
20
40
60
80
100

4-8.

1
2 26 mW = 0.37 mW
3.5(3.5 + 1)

P/P0
0.999
0.954
0.847
0.623
0.469
0.370
0.303

The 3-dB optical bandwidth is found from Eq. (4-21). It is the frequency f at
which the expression is equal to -3; that is,

1
10 log
2
1 + (2f )

1/ 2 = 3

With a 5-ns lifetime, we find f =

4-9.

1
10 0.6 1) = 9.5 MHz
(
2 (5 ns )

(a) Using Eq. (4-28) with = 1

gth =

1
1 2
ln 0.32 + 10 cm-1 = 55.6 cm-1

0.05 cm

(b) With R1 = 0.9 and R2 = 0.32,

1
1

gth = 0.05 cm ln 0.9(0.32) + 10 cm-1 = 34.9 cm-1

(c) From Eq. (4-37)

ext = i (gth - )/gth ;

thus for case (a): ext = 0.65(55.6 - 10)/55.6 = 0.53

For case (b): ext = 0.65(34.9 - 10)/34.9 = 0.46
4-10. Using Eq. (4-4) to find Eg and Eq. (4-3) to find , we have for x = 0.03,
1.24
1.24
= E =
= 1.462 m
1.424 + 1.266(0.3) + 0.266(0.3)2
g
From Eq. (4-38)
dP(mW)
ext = 0.8065 (m) dI(mA)
Taking dI/dP = 0.5 mW/mA, we have ext = 0.8065 (1.462)(0.5) = 0.590
4-11. (a) From the given values, D = 0.74, so that T = 0.216
Then n 2eff = 10.75 and W = 3.45, yielding L = 0.856
(b) The total confinement factor then is = 0.185
4-12. From Eq. (4-46) the mode spacing is
2
= 2Ln =

(0.80 m)2
= 0.22 nm
2(400 m)(3.6)

Therefore the number of modes in the range 0.75-to-0.85 m is

4

.1
.85 .75
3
3 = .22 10 = 455 modes
.22 10
( - 850 nm)2
4-13. (a) From Eq. (4-44) we have g() = (50 cm-1) exp
2(32 nm)2
( - 850)2
= (50 cm-1) exp - 2048

(b) On the plot of g() versus , drawing a horizontal line at g() = t

= 32.2 cm-1 shows that lasing occurs in the region 820 nm < < 880 nm.
(c) From Eq. (4-47) the mode spacing is
2
= 2Ln =

(850)2
2(3.6)(400 m)

= 0.25 nm

Therefore the number of modes in the range 820-to-880 nm is

N=

880 - 820
= 240 modes
0.25

m
4-14. (a) Let Nm = n/ = 2L be the wave number (reciprocal wavelength) of mode m.
The difference N between adjacent modes is then
1
N = Nm - Nm-1 = 2L

(a-1)

We now want to relate N to the change in the free-space wavelength. First

differentiate N with respect to :
dN
d n
1 dn
n
1
dn
=
=
- 2 = - 2 n -

d
d
d
d

Thus for an incremental change in wavenumber N, we have, in absolute values,
1
dn
N = 2 n -
d

(a-2)

Equating (a-1) and (a-2) then yields =

(b) The mode spacing is

2
dn

2Ln -
d

(.85 m)2
2(4.5)(400 m)

= 0.20 nm

4-15. (a) The reflectivity at the GaAs-air interface is

n-1 2
3.6-1 2
R1 = R2 = n+1 = 3.6+1 = 0.32

Then Jth =

1
1
1
ln
= 2.65103 A/cm2

+
2L R1R2

Therefore
Ith = Jth l w = (2.65103 A/cm2)(25010-4 cm)(10010-4 cm) = 663 mA
(b) Ith = (2.65103 A/cm2)(25010-4 cm)(1010-4 cm) = 66.3 mA

4-16. From the given equation

E11

(6.6256 10
= 1.43 eV +

J s)
1
1

+
2
32
31
6.19 10 kg 5.10 10 kg
8(5 nm )
34

= 1.43 eV + 0.25 eV = 1.68 eV

Thus the emission wavelength is = hc/E = 1.240/1.68 = 739 nm.
4-17. Plots of the external quantum efficiency and power output of a MQW laser.

4-18. From Eq. (4-48a) the effective refractive index is

ne =

mB
2(1570 nm)
= 2(460 nm) = 3.4
2

Then, from Eq. (4-48b), for m = 0

B 1
(1.57 m)(1570 nm)
= 1570 nm 1.20 nm
= B 2n L 2 = 1570 nm
4(3.4)(300 m)

e
Therefore for m = 1, = B 3(1.20 nm) = 1570 nm 3.60 nm
For m = 2, = B 5(1.20 nm) = 1570 nm 6.0 nm
4-19. (a) Integrate the carrier-pair-density versus time equation from time 0 to td (time
for onset of stimulated emission). In this time the injected carrier pair density
changes from 0 to nth.
td

n th

t d = dt =

J
dn =
J n
qd

qd
1

n= n th

n= 0

= ln
J J th

Ip
where J = Ip/A and Jth = Ith/A. Therefore td = ln I - I
p th
(b) At time t = 0 we have n = nB, and at t = td we have n = nth. Therefore,
td
td =
dt =
0

n th

nB

J nB
qd
dn = ln J n
J n

th
qd
qd
1

In the steady state before a pulse is applied, nB = JB/qd. When a pulse is applied,
the current density becomes I/A = J = JB + Jp = (IB + Ip)/A
Ip
I - IB

Therefore, td = ln I - I = ln I I - I
th

p + B th
4-20. A common-emitter transistor configuration:

4-21. Laser transmitter design.

4-22. Since the dc component of x(t) is 0.2, its range is -2.36 < x(t) < 2.76. The power
has the form P(t) = P0[1 + mx(t)] where we need to find m and P0. The average
value is
< P(t)> = P0[1 + 0.2m] = 1 mW
The minimum value is
P(t) = P0[1 - 2.36m] 0

1
which implies m 2.36 = 0.42

Therefore for the average value we have

< P(t)> = P0[1 + 0.2(0.42)] 1 mW,

which implies
1
P0 = 1.084 = 0.92 mW

so thatP(t) = 0.92[1 + 0.42x(t)] mW and

i(t) = 10 P(t) = 9.2[1 + 0.42x(t)] mA

4-23. Substitute x(t) into y(t):
y(t) = a1b1 cos 1t + a1b2 cos 2t
+ a2(b12 cos2 1t + 2b1b2 cos 1t cos 2t + b 22 cos2 2t)
+ a3(b13 cos3 1t + 3b12 b2 cos2 1t cos 2t + 3b1 b 22 cos 1t cos2 2t+ b 32 cos3 2t)
+a4(b14 cos4 1t + 4b13 b2 cos3 1t cos 2t + 6b12 b 22 cos2 1t cos2 2t
+ 4b1 b 32 cos 1t cos3 2t + b 42 cos4 2t)

Use the following trigonometric relationships:

1
i)
cos2 x = 2 (1 + cos 2x)
1
ii)
cos3 x = 4 (cos 3x + 3cos x)
1
iii)
cos4 x = 8 (cos 4x + 4cos 2x + 3)
iv)
v)

2cos x cos y = cos (x+y) + cos (x-y)

1
cos2 x cos y = 4 [cos (2x+y) + 2cos y + cos (2x-y)]

vi)
vii)

cos2 x cos2 y = 4 [1 + cos 2x+ cos 2y + 2 cos(2x+2y) + 2 cos(2x-2y)]

1
cos3 x cos y = 8 [cos (3x+y) + cos (3x-y) + 3cos (x+y) + 3cos (x-y)]

then
1 2
2 3
4
2 2 3
4
y(t) = 2 a2b1 + a2b2 + 4 a4b1 + 3a4b1b2 + 4 a4b2

constant
terms

3
2
3
3
2
3
+ 4a3b1 + 2a3b1b2 cos 1t + 4 a3b2 + 2b1b2 cos 2t
2

fundamental
terms

b1
b2
2
2
2
2
+ 2 a2 + a4b1 + 3a4b2 cos 21t + 2 a2 + a4b2 + 3a4b1 cos 22t
2nd-order harmonic terms
1
1
3
3
+ 4 a3b1 cos 31t + 4 a3b2 cos 32t

3rd-order harmonic terms

1
1
4
4
+ 8 a4b1 cos 41t + 8 a4b2 cos 42t

4th-order harmonic terms

3
3
3
3
+ a2b1b2 + 2 a4b1b2 + 2 a4b1b2[ cos (1+2)t + cos (1-2)t]

2nd-order intermodulation terms

3

+ 4 a3b1 b2 [ cos(21+2)t + cos(21-2)t] + 4 a3b1b2 [ cos(22+1)t + cos(22-1)t]

3rd-order intermodulation terms
1

+ 2 a4b1 b2 [ cos(31+2)t + cos(31-2)t]

2

+ 4 a4b1 b2 [ cos(21+22)t + cos(21-22)t]

1

+ 2 a4b1b2 [ cos(32+1)t + cos(32-1)t]

4th-order intermodulation

terms
This output is of the form
y(t) = A0 + A1(1) cos 1t + A2(1) cos 21t + A3(1) cos 31t
+ A4(1) cos 41t + A1(2) cos 2t + A2(2) cos 22t

+ A3(2) cos 32t + A4(2) cos 42t + Bmn cos(m1+n2)t

m n
where An(j) is the coefficient for the cos(nj)t term.
-t/
4-24. From Eq. (4-58) P = P0 e m where P0 = 1 mW and m = 2(5104 hrs) = 105
hrs.

(a) 1 month = 720 hours. Therefore:

P(1 month) = (1 mW) exp(-720/105) = 0.99 mW
(b) 1 year = 8760 hours. Therefore
P(1 year) = (1 mW) exp(-8760/105) = 0.92 mW
(c) 5 years = 58760 hours = 43,800 hours. Therefore
P(5 years) = (1 mW) exp(-43800/105) = 0.65 mW
E /k T
4-25. From Eq. (4-60) s = K e A B

or

ln s = ln K + EA/kBT

where kB = 1.3810-23 J/K = 8.62510-5 eV/K

At T = 60C = 333K, we have
ln 4104 = ln K + EA/[(8.62510-5 eV)(333)]
or

10.60 = ln K + 34.82 EA

(1)

At T = 90C = 363K, we have

ln 6500 = ln K + EA/[(8.62510-5 eV)(363)]
or

8.78 = ln K + 31.94 EA

Solving (1) and (2) for EA and K yields

EA = 0.63 eV and k = 1.1110-5 hrs
Thus at T = 20C = 293K

10

(2)

= 1.1110-5 exp{0.63/[(8.62510-5)(293)]} = 7.45105 hrs

11

Problem Solutions for Chapter 5

5-3.

(a) cosL 30 = 0.5

cos 30 = (0.5)1/L = 0.8660
L = log 0.5/log 0.8660 = 4.82
(b) cosT 15 = 0.5
cos 15 = (0.5)1/T = 0.9659
T = log 0.5/log 0.9659 = 20.0

5-4.

The source radius is less than the fiber radius, so Eq. (5-5) holds:
2

PLED-step = 2rs B0(NA)2 = 2(210-3 cm)2(100 W/cm2)(.22)2 = 191 W

From Eq. (5-9)
1 2 2
PLED-graded = 22(210-3 cm)2(100 W/cm2)(1.48)2(.01)1 - 2 5 = 159 W
5-5.

Using Eq. (5-10), we have that the reflectivity at the source-to-gel interface is
2

3.600 1.305
R s g =
0.219
3.600 + 1.305 =
Similarly, the relfectivity at the gel-to-fiber interface is
2

R g f

1.465 1.305
3
=
= 3.34 10

1.465 + 1.305

The total reflectivity then is R = R s gR gf = 7.30 104

The power loss in decibels is (see Example 5-3)
L = 10 log (1 R) = 10 log (0.999) = 3.17 10 3 dB
5-6.

Substituting B() = B0 cosm into Eq. (5-3) for B(,), we have

rm

0-max

P = 2
cos3 sin d ds r dr

0
0
2

0
Using
0

cos3 sin d
0

sin 0
0
=
( x - x3) dx
( 1 - sin2 ) sin d(sin ) =
0
0

we have
rm

2
sin2 0-max sin4 0-max

ds r dr

P = 2
4

2
0
0
rm

2
1

= NA2 - 2 NA4 ds r dr

0
0
rm
2

2
4
= 2 [ 2NA - NA ]
r dr
ds
0
0

5-7.

(a) Let a = 25 m and NA = 0.16. For rs a(NA) = 4 m, Eq. (5-17) holds. For
rs 4 m, = 1.
(b) With a = 50 m and NA = 0.20, Eq. (5-17) holds for rs 10 m. Otherwise,
= 1.

5-8.

Using Eq. (5-10), the relfectivity at the gel-to-fiber interface is

2
1.485 1.305
R g f =
4.16 10 3
1.485 + 1.305 =

The power loss is (see Example 5-3)

L = 10 log (1 R) = 10 log (0.9958) = 0.018 dB
When there is no index-matching gel, the joint loss is
R a f

2
1.485 1.000
1.485 + 1.000 = 0.038

The power loss is L = 10 log (1 R) = 10 log (0.962) = 0.17 dB

5-9.

1
1
Shaded area = (circle segment area) - (area of triangle) = 2 sa - 2 cy
d
s = a = a [2 arccos (y/a)] = 2a arccos 2a

d21/2
c = 2 a2 - 2

Therefore

d21/2
d
Acommon = 2(shaded area) = sa cy = 2a2 arccos 2a - d a2 - 4

5-10.

Core/cladding diameters
(
m)
50/125
62.5/125
100/140

Coupling loss (dB) for

Given axial misalignments (
m)
1
3
5
10
0.112
0.089
0.056

0.385
0.274
0.169

5-11. arccos x = 2 - arcsin x

x3
x5
For small values of x, arcsin x = x + 2(3) + 2(4)(5) + ...

0.590
0.465
0.286

1.266
0.985
0.590

d
d

arccos 2a 2 - 2a

d
Therefore, for 2a << 1, we have
Thus Eq. (5-30) becomes
d/a
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40

PT =

8d
2 d 5d

P2 - 2a - 6a = P 1

3a

PT/P (Eq.5-30)
1.00
0.9576
0.9152
0.8729
0.8309
0.7890
0.7475
0.7063
0.6656

PT/P (Eq.5-31)
1.00
0.9576
0.9151
0.8727
0.8302
0.7878
0.7454
0.7029
0.6605

5-12. Plots of mechanical misalignment losses.

5-13. From Eq. (5-20) the coupling efficiency F

is given by the ratio of the number of

modes in the receiving fiber to the number of modes in the emitting fiber, where
the number of modes M is found from Eq. (5-19). Therefore

MaR
F = M
aE

1 1 2
k2NA2(0) 2 a
+2 R
=
1 1 2
k2NA2(0) 2 a
+2 E

aR
2

aE

a2
R
Therefore from Eq. (5-21) the coupling loss for aR aE is LF = -10 log 2
aE
5-14. For fibers with different NAs, where NAR < NAE

MR
LF = -10 log F = -10 log M
E

2
2
k2NAR(0)
a
2+4
= -10 log
2
2
k2NAE(0)
a
2+4

NA2 (0)
R
= -10 log 2
NAE(0)
5-15. For fibers with different values, where R < E
R
a2
k2NA2(0)
2R + 4

LF = -10 log F = -10 log

E
a2
k2NA2(0)
2E + 4

R(E + 2)

= -10 log
E(R + 2)

5-16. The splice losses are found from the sum of Eqs. (5-35) through (5-37). First find
NA(0) from Eq. (2-80b).
For fiber 1: NA 1 (0) = n1 2 = 1.46 2(0.01) = 0.206
For fiber 2: NA 2 (0) = n1 2 = 1.48 2(0.015) = 0.256
(a) The only loss is that from index-profile differences. From Eq. (5-37)
L 1 2 () = 10 log

1.80(2.00 + 2)
= 0.24 dB
2.00(1.80 + 2)

(b) The losses result from core-size differences and NA differences.

L 21 (a) = 20 log

50
1.94 dB
62.5 =

.206
L 21 (NA) = 20 log
= 1.89 dB
.256
5-17. Plots of connector losses using Eq. (5-43).
5-18. When there are no losses due to extrinsic factors, Eq. (5-43) reduces to

LSM;ff = -10 log

2
W1 + W2
W2 W1

4
For W1 = 0.9W2 , we then have LSM;ff = -10 log 4.0446 = - 0.0482 dB

5-19. Plot of Eq. (5-44).

5-20. Plot of the throughput loss.

Problem Solutions for Chapter 6

6-1.

From Eqs. (6-4) and (6-5) with Rf = 0, = 1 - exp(-sw)

To assist in making the plots, from Fig. P6-1, we have the following representative
values of the absorption coefficient:
(
m)
.60
.65
.70
.75
.80
.85
.90
.95
1.00

6-2.

s (cm-1)
4.4103
2.9103
2.0103
1.4103
0.97103
630
370
190
70

w
w
-sx
dx
Ip = qA
G(x) dx = qA 0 s e
0
0
-sw
-sw

P0(1 - Rf)
= qA 0 1 - e
= qA
1 - e

hA

6-3.

From Eq. (6-6),

R=

q
q
= hc = 0.8044 ( in m)
h

Plot R as a function of wavelength.

6-4.

(a) Using the fact that Va VB, rewrite the denominator as

VB - VB + Va - IMRMn
Va - IMRMn
1-
=
1

VB
VB

VB - Va + IMRMn
= 1 - 1
VB

Since

VB - Va + IMRM
VB

<< 1, we can expand the term in parenthesis:

 n( VB - Va + IMRM)
VB - Va + IMRMn
1

1
1 - 1
VB
VB

n( VB - Va + IMRM)
nIMRM

VB
VB

IM
Therefore, M0 = I
p

VB
VB
nI R
n( VB - Va + IMRM)
M M

IM
VB
(b) M0 = I = nI R
p
M M

6-5.

IpVB
2
VB 1/2
implies IM = nR , so that M0 = nI R
M
p M

< >

T
2/
1 2
2 2
R P (t) dt
= T is (t)dt =
2 0
0
0

=
2

2
P0

2
is (t)

2
R0

(where T = 2/),

2/

(1 + 2m cos t + m2 cos2 t) dt
0

Using
2 /

cos t dt =

and

t = 2 /
t=0

=0

2
2/
1

1 1

2 + 2cos 2x dx =
cos2 t dt =

0
0

we have

6-6.

1
sin t

< i2s(t)>

2
m2
2
= R0 P0 1 + 2

Same problem as Example 6-6: compare Eqs. (6-13), (6-14), and (6-17).
q
P0 = 0.593 A
hc

(a) First from Eq. (6-6), I p =

Then Q = 2qI p B = 2(1.6 10
2

19

C)(0.593 A)(150 10 Hz) = 2.84 10

6

17

(b) 2DB = 2qID B = 2(1.6 1019 C)(1.0 nA)(150 10 6 Hz) = 4.81 10 20 A 2

4(1.38 10 23 J / K)(293 K)
4k B T
6
15
2
(c) =
B=
150 10 Hz) = 4.85 10 A
(
RL
500
2
T

6-7.

q
Using R0 = hc = 0.58 A/W, we have from Eqs. (6-4), (6-11b), (6-15), and (617)
1
2
R0 P0 m) M 2
(
R0P0m2
S

2
=
=
N
1/ 2
2
4qBM1/2
Q
2qI p BM M
2
( R0P0m)
S
=
N
4qIDBM1/2
DB

= 6.5651012 P0

= 3.7981022 P0

2 2
R
P
m
M
0
0
(
)
S

=
N
4qILB
DS

= 3.7981026 P0

2
1
R0P0m) M2
(
2
S

N = 4k TB/R
T
B
L

= 7.3331022 P0

P0
where P0 is given in watts. To convert P0 = 10-n W to dBm, use 10 log -3 =
10
10(3-n) dBm
6-8.

Using Eq. (6-18) we have

2 2
1
R
P
m
M
0
0
(
)
2
S
N = 2qB(R0P0 + ID)M5/2 + 2qILB + 4kBTB/RL
=

1.215 10 16 M 2
2.176 1023 M 5/ 2 + 1.656 10 19

The value of M for maximum S/N is found from Eq. (6-19), with x = 0.5:
Moptimum = 62.1.

6-9.

1 2 2

2 IpM
d S
d
0 = dM N = dM
2+x

+ 2qIL + 4kBT/RL
2q(Ip + ID)M
1 2
(2+x)M1+x 2q(Ip + ID)2 IpM2
2
0 = Ip M 2q(Ip + ID)M2+x + 2qIL + 4kBT/RL

2+x

Solving for M: Mopt

2qIL + 4kBT/RL
xq(Ip + ID)

6-10. (a) Differentiating pn, we have

-sw (w-x)/Lp
1
p n
e
= L pn0 + Be
p
x
-sw (w-x)/Lp
1
2 pn
e
2 = - 2 pn0 + Be
x
Lp
Substituting pn and

-sx
2
+ s Be

2 pn
into the left side of Eq. (6-23):
x2

-sw (w-x)/Lp
Dp
e
- 2 pn0 + Be
Lp
+

-sx
- sBe

-sw (w-x)/Lp
1
e
pn0 + Be

-sx
2
+ Dp s Be

-sx
B -sx
e
+ 0 s e
p

2 1

-sx
= BDp s - + 0 s e
p

where the first and third terms cancelled because Lp = Dpp .

Substituting in for B:
2

- x
s
0 sLp
2 1

Left side = D
Dp s - + 0 s e

2
2

p
p
1 - s Lp

2
2
- x
0 sLp s Lp - 1
s
=D
+ Dps e
2
2

p 1- L
p

s p

-sx
0
=0
= D ( -Dps + Dps) e
p

(b) Jdiff = qDp

Thus Eq. (6-23) is satisfied.

pn
x x =w

-sw
- w
1
- sBe s
= qDp L pn0 + Be
p

-sw
Dp
1
= qDp BL - s e
+ qpn0 L
p
p

sL2 1 - L
Dp
p
s p -sw

e
+
qp
= q0
n0
2 2 Lp
Lp
1 - s Lp
= q0

-sw
sLp
Dp
e
+ qpn0 L
1 + sLp
p

c) Adding Eqs. (6-21) and (6-25), we have

-sw sLp -sw

Dp
Jtotal = Jdrift + Jdiffusion = q0 1 - e
+ qpn0 L
e
+
p
1 + sLp

-sw

Dp

-sw
e
= q0 1 e
+ qpn0 L

p
1 + sLp
6-11. (a) To find the amplitude, consider
J J* 1/2 = q ( S S*) 1/2
0
tot tot
sc

-jtd
1-e
where S =
jtd

We want to find the value of td at which ( S S*)

Evaluating ( S S*)

1/2

, we have
5

1/2

1
.
2

( S S*)

1/2

+jtd1/2
-jtd

1 - e

1 - e
=

jtd -jtd
1/2

-jtd
+jtd

+e
1 - e
+ 1
=
td
[ ( 1 - cos td) /2]
=
td/2

1/2

( 2 - 2 cos td)
=
td

td
sin 2
td

=
= sinc 2
td

2

We want to find values of td where ( S S*)

x
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

1/2

sinc x
1.000
0.984
0.935
0.858
0.757

1/2

1
.
2

x
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

sinc x
0.637
0.505
0.368
0.234
0.109

By extrapolation, we find sinc x = 0.707 at x = 0.442.

td
Thus 2 = 0.442 which implies

td = 0.884

w
1
(b) From Eq. (6-27) we have td = v =
. Then
svd
d
td = 2f3-dB td = 2f3-dB

1
= 0.884
svd

or

f3-dB = 0.884 svd/2

6-12. (a) The RC time constant is

RC =

R0KsA
w

(10 4 )(8.85 10 12 F / m)(11.7)(5 10 8 m 2 )

= 2.59 ns
2 10 5 m

(b) From Eq. (6-27), the carrier drift time is

w
20 10 6 m
td = v =
= 0.45 ns
d
4.4 10 4 m / s
c)

1
1
= 10-3 cm = 10 m = 2 w
s

Thus since most carriers are absorbed in the depletion region, the carrier diffusion
time is not important here. The detector response time is dominated by the RC
time constant.
6-13. (a) With k1 k2 and keff defined in Eq. (6-10), we have
2

(1)

k1 - k1
k2 - k1
k1(1 - k1)
1- 1-k
=1- 1-k 1- 1-k
2
2
2

(2)

1 - 2k1 + k1
1 - 2k2 + k1
(1 - k1)2
=

1 - k2
1 - k2
1 - k2

= 1 keff

k2 - k1
1 - k2
=1-k - 1-k
2
2

= 1 - keff

Therefore Eq. (6-34) becomes Eq. (6-38):

1
1
Fe = keffMe + 2(1 - keff) - M (1 - keff) = keffMe + 2 - M (1 - keff)
e
e

'
(b) With k1 k2 and keff defined in Eq. (6-40), we have

(1)

(2)

k2(1 - k1)
2
k1(1 - k2)

(1 - k1)2k2
2

k2 - k1

k2 - 2k1k2 + k2k1

k1(1 - k2)

'

= keff
2
k1(1 - k2)

k1(1 - k2)

k2 - k2 - k2 - k2k2

1
1 1
2
k1(1 - k2)

'
= keff - 1

1 '
'

Therefore Eq. (6-35) becomes Eq. (6-39): Fh = keff Mh - 2 - M (keff - 1)

h

6-14. (a) If only electrons cause ionization, then = 0, so that from Eqs. (6-36) and (637), k1 = k2 = 0 and keff = 0. Then from Eq. (6-38)
1
Fe = 2 - M

2 for large Me

(b) If = , then from Eqs. (6-36) and (6-37), k1 = k2 = 1 so that

keff = 1. Then, from Eq. (6-38), we have Fe = Me.

Problem Solutions for Chapter 7

7-1.

We want to compare F1 = kM + (1 - k) 2 and F2 = Mx.

M
For silicon, k = 0.02 and we take x = 0.3:
M
9
25
100

F1(M)
2.03
2.42
3.95

F2(M)
1.93
2.63
3.98

% difference
0.60
8.7
0.80

For InGaAs, k = 0.35 and we take x = 0.7:

M
4
9
25
100

F1(M)
2.54
4.38
6.86
10.02

F2(M)
2.64
4.66
6.96
9.52

% difference
3.00
6.4
1.5
5.0

For germanium, k = 1.0, and if we take x = 1.0, then F1 = F2.

7-2.

The Fourier transform is

hB(t) =

j2ft
HB (f )e df = R

e j2ft
1 + j2fRC df

Using the integral solution from Appendix B3:

2(p) n1 e p
e jpx
=
+ jx) n dx
(n)
(
1
hB(t) =
2C

7-3.

for p > 0, we have

e j 2ft
1 -t/RC
df =
e
1

C
+ jf
2RC

Part (a):

1
h p (t) dt = Tb

Tb/2

dt

-Tb/2

1 Tb Tb

+ 2
Tb 2

=1

Part (b):

(t) dt =

1
1
2 Tb

1 1
Tb
2 Tb

t2
dt
exp
2
2( Tb )

2 = 1 (see Appendix B3 for integral solution)

Part (c):

1
h p (t) dt = Tb

7-4.

t
exp
dt = - [e e 0 ]= 1
T
b

The Fourier transform is

F[p(t)*q(t)] =

p(t)* q(t)e

j2 ft

dt =

q(x) e

j2fx

q(x)

p(t x) e

j2f( t x)

p(t x) e j2ft dt dx

dt dx

q(x) e j2fx dx

p(y) e j 2fy dy

where y = t - x

= F[q(t)] F[p(t)] = F[p(t)] F[q(t)] = P(f) Q(f)

7-5.

From Eq. (7-18) the probability for unbiased data (a = b = 0) is

Pe =

1
[P0 (v th ) + P1 (v th )].
2

Substituting Eq. (7-20) and (7-22) for P0 and P1, respectively, we have
1
Pe =
2

V /2
v 2 / 2 2

1
(vV ) 2 / 2 2
e
dv
e
dv
+

2 2 V/ 2

In the first integral, let x = v/ 22 so that dv = 22 dx.

In the second integral, let q = v-V, so that dv = dq. The second integral then
becomes

V / 2 V
q 2 / 2 2

dq =

V / 2 2 2
x2

where x = q/ 22

dx

Then

V / 2 2 2

2 2
x2
x2
e
dx
e
dx
+

2 2 V / 2 2 2

1
Pe =
2

x 2
=
e dx 2
2
1

V / 2 2 2

x 2

dx

Using the following relationships from Appendix B,

p2 x 2

Pe =

7-6.

dx =
p

and

x 2

dx = erf(t), we have

1
V
1 erf

2 2
2

V
V
= 2.5. From Fig. 7-6 for
= 2.5,
2
2
we find Pe 710-3 errors/bit. Thus there are (2105 bits/second)(710-3
(a) V = 1 volt and = 0.2 volts, so that

errors/bit) = 1400 errors/second, so that

1
1400 errors/second

= 710-4 seconds/error

(b) If V is doubled, then

V
= 5 for which Pe 310-7 errors/bit from Fig. 7-6.
2

Thus
1
= 16.7 seconds/error
7
(2 10 bits / sec ond)(3 10 errors / bit )
5

7-7.

(a) From Eqs. (7-20) and (7-22) we have

P0(vth) =

1
22

V /2

e v

/ 2 2

dv =

1
V
1 erf

2 2
2

and

1
22

P1(vth) =

V /2

( v V)
e

/ 2 2

dv =

1
V
1
erf
2 2
2

Then for V = V1 and = 0.20V1

2
1
= 2 1 - erf0.8

1
1
P0(vth) = 2 1 - erf

2(.2) 2
1
= 2 [ 1 - erf( 1.768) ]

1
= 2 ( 1 - 0.987)

= 0.0065

Likewise, for V = V1 and = 0.24V1

1
1

P1(vth) = 2 1 - erf

2(.24)
2

1
= 2 [ 1 - erf( 1.473) ]

2
1
= 2 1 - erf0.96

1
= 2 ( 1 - 0.963)

= 0.0185

(b) Pe = 0.65(0.0185) + 0.35(0.0065) = 0.0143

(c) Pe = 0.5(0.0185) + 0.5(0.0065) = 0.0125
7-8.

From Eq. (7-1), the average number of electron-hole pairs generated in a time t is
E
N=
h

Pt
=
hc/

0.65(25 10 10 W)(1 10 9 s)(1.3 10 6 m)

=
= 10.6
34
8
(6.6256 10 Js)(3 10 m / s)

Then, from Eq. (7-2)

e-N
P(n) = Nn n!
7-9.

e-10.6
= (10.6)5 5!

133822
= 120

e-10.6 = 0.05 = 5%

v N = v out - v out
v2N =

[v

out

vout

]
2

= vout -2 vout +
= v2out -

vout

vout

7-10. (a) Letting = fTb and using Eq. (7-40), Eq. (7-30) becomes
4

H p (0)
Bbae =
Hout (0)

H'out ()
T
'
H p ()

d I 2
=
Tb Tb

2
b

since Hp(0) = 1 and Hout(0) = Tb. Similarly, Eq. (7-33) becomes

H p (0)
Be =
Hout (0)
1
= 2
Tb
1
= 2
Tb

Hout (f)
(1 + j2fRC ) df
H p (f)

Hout (f)
H p (f)

(1 + 4 f

2 2

RC

Hout (f)
(2RC)2
df +
H p (f)
Tb2

) df

I2
Hout (f) 2
f df =
Tb
H p (f)

(2RC)2
3

Tb

I3

(b) From Eqs. (7-29), (7-31), (7-32), and (7-34), Eq. (7-28) becomes

< v2N >

< v2s >

= 2q <i0 > <m2 >

< v2R >

4kBT
BbaeR2A2 + R
b

< v2I >

< v2E >

BbaeR2A2 + SIBbaeR2A2 + SEBeA2

4kBT

= 2q <i0 > M2+x + R + SI BbaeR2A2 + SEBeA2

b

4k T
R2A2I2
S
2+x + B + S + E
2q
i
M

0
I
<
>
Rb
Tb
R2

(2RCA)2
3

Tb

SE I 3

7-11. First let x = (v boff )/ ( 2 off ) with dx = dv / ( 2 off ) in the first part of Eq. (749):

Pe =

2 off
2 off

1
exp( x ) dx =

v th b off
2

Q/

exp (x 2 ) dx
2

2 off

Similarly, let y = (v + b on ) / ( 2 on ) so that

dy = -dv/ ( 2on )in the second part of Eq. (7-49):
5

 v th +b on
2 on

Pe = -

7-12. (a) Let x =

V
2 2

1
exp(y ) dy =

K
2 2

Q/ 2

exp (y

) dy

For K = 10, x = 3.536. Thus

Pe =

e-x
2 x

= 2.9710-7 errors/bit

2
e-x
-5
(b) Given that Pe = 10 =

then

This holds for x 3, so that K = 2 2

x = 8.49.

2 x

e-x

=2

10-5 x.

7-13. Differentiating Eq. (7-54) with respect to M and setting dbon/dM = 0, we have
dbon
dM

=0

1/ 2

Q(h / ) 2+ x

2+x
+
+
+

=M
W
M
b
I
W
b
I
(1

h on 2
h on 2
2

1/ 2

1 /2

1
1
1+ x
1+x
(2
+
x)M
b
I
(2
+
x)M
b
I
(1
)

on 2
on 2
Q(h / )
2
2
+
+

1/ 2
1/ 2
M(h/ ) 2+ x

2+x

M
b I W
M h bon I 2 (1 ) + W
h on 2 +

Letting G = M2+x bonI2 for simplicity, yields

h

( G

+ W)

1/2

+ [ G(1-) + W]

1/2

1/2

Multiply by (G + W)
1/2

(G + W)

1
G
(1-)

= 2 (2 + x)
1/2 +
1/2
[ G(1-) + W]
(G + W)

[ G(1-) + W]

Gx

W - 2 (1-)

1/2

and rearrange terms to get

= [ G(1-) + W]

1/2 Gx

2 - W

Squaring both sides and collecting terms in powers of G, we obtain the quadratic
equation

x2
x2
G2 4 (1-) + G 4 W(2-)

- W2(1+x) = 0

Solving this equation for G yields

1

x2

G=

- 4 W(2-)

x4

16

2
x2(1-)W2(1+x)

W2(2-)2 +
x2
2 (1-)

1+x
1-
W(2-)
2

1 - 1 + 16 2
=

2(1-)
x (2-)2

where we have chosen the "+" sign. Equation (7-55) results by letting
2+x

G = Mopt

bonI2
h

7-14. Substituting Eq. (7-55) for M2+xbon into the square root expressions in Eq. (754) and solving Eq. (7-55) for M, Eq. (7-54) becomes
h 1/(2+x)
1
1
Q bon
W(2-)

W
2
2

bon =
K + W + 2 (2-)K + W

h W(2-) 1/(2+x) 2(1-)

2I (1-) K
2

Factoring out terms:

(1+x)/(2+x)

bon

h(1+x)/(2+x)
= Q

x/2(2+x)

1/(2+x)

I2

1
1

(2-)
1
2
2

K + 1 + 2 (2-)K + 1


2(1-)

or

(2+x)/(1+x)h

bon = Q

x/2(1+x)

1/(1+x)

I2

(2-)K1/(2+x)

2(1-)
L

7-15. In Eq. (7-59) we want to evaluate

1+x

1+x

1+x

lim (2 )K 2+x lim 1 2+x

lim (2 )K 2+x
=
1 2(1 ) 1 L
1 2(1 )L
Consider first
1

lim (2 )K
lim (2 )

(1 ) 2
=
1 + 1 + B

2
1 2(1 ) 1 2(1 )
(2 )

where B = 16(1+x)/x2 . Since 1, we can expand the square root term in a

binomial series, so that
lim (2 )K
lim (2 )

1 (1 )
2
=
1
B
Order(1
)
1
+
+

2
2 (2 )

1 2(1 ) 1 2(1 )
=

lim
B
B
=4
1 4(2 )

=4

1+x

1+x

Thus

1+x
x2

lim (2 )K 2+x 1+x2+x

= 4 2
1 2(1 )
x

Next consider, using Eq. (7-58)

1+ x

lim 1 2+x
1 L
lim (2 )K
=
1 2(1 )

1/(2+ x)

1
1

(2 )
2 1
2

K + 1 + (2 )K + 1

2

2(1 )

From the above result, the first square root term is

1

(2-)
2
K + 1

2(1-)

1+x
2
= 4 2 + 1
x

x2 + 4x + 42
=

x2

From the expression for K in Eq. (7-55), we have that

x+2
x

lim
K = 0, so that
1

lim 1
2
(2 )K + 1 = 1

1 2

Thus

1
1

lim (2 )
2 1
2
x+2

K + 1 + (2 )K + 1 = x

2

1 2(1 )

+1=

2(1 + x)
x

Combining the above results yields

1+x

1+x

lim (2 )K 2+x 1+x2+x 1+x2+x 2(1 + x)

= 4 2
4 x2
x
1 2(1 )L

lim
1+x
Mopt
1

so that

2
=x

W1/2 2
= QI x
2

'
7-16. Using Hp(f) = 1 from Eq. (7-69) for the impulse input and Eq. (7-66) for the
raised cosine output, Eq. (7-41) yields

I2 =

1
H () d =
2

1-
2

1
=2
d
-

'
out

1-
2

Letting y =

H'out () d

1+
2

1
2
+ 81-sin - d
2

1-
2

1
2
+ 81-sin - d
2

1-
2

1+
2

we have

+
[ 1 - 2sin y + sin2y] dy
4

-2

1
I2 = 2 (1 - )

1
= 2 (1 - )

- 0 + 2
4

1
= 2 1 - 4

Use Eq. (7-42) to find I3:

I3 =

'

Hout () d

1+
2

1-
2

1
=2
2 d
-

1
H () d =
2
2

'
out

1-
2

1
2
+ 81-sin - 2d
2

1
2
+ 81-sin - 2d
2

1-
2

Letting y =

1 1-3
I3 = 3 2

1 1-3
=3 2

1-
2

1+
2

2y2 y 1
+ [ 1 - 2sin y + sin2y] 2 +
+ dy
4
4

-2

+
4

2
2
2
2y2 1
2
y sin y dy
2 + 4( 1 + sin y) dy -

-2
2

where only even terms in "y" are nonzero. Using the relationships

sin2y
0

and

dy = 4

y sin ydy

x2 sin x2 dx

x3
= 6

x2 1
- 4 - 8

= -y cos y + sin y

sin 2x -

x cos 2x
4

we have
1 1-3
I3 = 3 2

2 13 13 1 2
+ + + + - (1)
62
8 42 4
2 2 32
10

 3 1 1
= 16 2 - 6

- 32

1 1
- 2 2 - 8

1
+ 24

7-17. Substituting Eq. (7-64) and (7-66) into Eq. (7-41), with s2 = 422 and = 1, we
have

Hout()2
I2 = '

H
()
p
'

1
1 s22
2

d = 4e
1-sin - 2 d

0
1
1
2
2
2
s 1 + cos
s22 4

d
=
cos 2 d
= e
e
2

0
0

Letting x = 2 yields

2
2 162x2 4
I2 = e
cos x dx

Similarly, using Eqs. (7-64) and (7-66), Eq. (7-42) becomes

1
3
s22 4 2
2
I3 = e
cos 2 d =

2 16 2 x 2

xe

7-18. Plot of I2 versus for a gaussian input pulse:

7-19. Plot of I3 versus for a gaussian input pulse:

7-20. Consider first

lim
K:
1

11

cos x dx

2
lim
lim

1+
x
1

K=
1+
16
= -1 + 1 = 0
1+
x 2 (2 ) 2
1
1

Also

lim
(1 ) = 0. Therefore from Eq. (7-58)
1

lim 2(1 )
lim
L=
1
1 (2 )K

1/(1+ x)

2+x

1+x
(2-)
2

K + 1 + 1

2(1-)

Expanding the square root term in K yields

lim 2
lim 2

1+ 1+ 16 1 + x 1 + order(1 ) 2
K =
2
2

1 1
1 1
2 x (2 )
=

lim 8(1 + x) 1 8(1+x)

=
x2
1 x 2 2

Therefore
2+x
1

1/(1+x)
1+x
2
lim
2x
4(1+x) + 12 + 1
L = 8(1+x)

x2

2+x
1+x
2x2 1/(1+x) x+2

= 8(1+x)
+
1

21+x
= (1+x) x

7-21. (a) First we need to find L and L'. With x = 0.5 and = 0.9, Eq. (7-56) yields K =
0.7824, so that from Eq. (7-58) we have L = 2.89. With = 0.1, we have ' = (1 ) = 0.9 = 0.81. Thus L' = 3.166 from Eq. (7-80). Substituting these values into
Eq. (7-83) yields
2+x
1 1+x L'

y() = (1 + )

1 -

1 5/3 3.166
=
1.1
.9
L
2.89 = 1.437

12

Then 10 log y() = 10 log 1.437 = 1.57 dB

(b) Similarly, for x = 1.0, = 0.9, and = 0.1, we have L = 3.15 and L' = 3.35, so
that
1 3/2 3.35
y() = 1.1.9
3.15 = 1.37

Then 10 log y() = 10 log 1.37 = 1.37 dB
7-22. (a) First we need to find L and L'. With x = 0.5 and = 0.9, Eq. (7-56) yields K =
0.7824, so that from Eq. (7-58) we have L = 2.89. With = 0.1, we have ' = (1 ) = 0.9 = 0.81. Thus L' = 3.166 from Eq. (7-80). Substituting these values into
Eq. (7-83) yields
2+x
1 1+x L'

y() = (1 + )

1 -

1 5/3 3.166
=
1.1
.9
L
2.89 = 1.437

Then 10 log y() = 10 log 1.437 = 1.57 dB

(b) Similarly, for x = 1.0, = 0.9, and = 0.1, we have L = 3.15 and L' = 3.35, so
that
1 3/2 3.35
y() = 1.1.9
3.15 = 1.37

Then 10 log y() = 10 log 1.37 = 1.37 dB
7-23. Consider using a Si JFET with Igate = 0.01 nA. From Fig. 7-14 we have that =
0.3 for = 0.9. At = 0.3, Fig. 7-13 gives I2 = 0.543 and I3 = 0.073. Thus from
Eq. (7-86)

WJFET =

1 2(.01nA )
4(1.38 10 23 J / K)(300K)
+
0.543
B 1.6 10 19 C
(1.6 10 19 C)2 10 5
1 4(1.38 10 23 J / K)(300 K)(.7)
0.543
B (1.6 10 19 C)2 (.005 S)(10 5 ) 2

2
23
2(10 pF) 4(1.38 10 J / K)(300 K)(.7)
0.073 B
1.6 10 19 C
(.005 S)

or

13

WJFET

3.51 1012
+ 0.026B
B

and from Eq. (7-92)

WBP =

3.39 1013
+ 0.0049B
B

7-24. We need to find bon from Eq. (7-57). From Fig. 7-9 we have Q = 6 for a 10-9
BER. To evaluate Eq. (7-57) we also need the values of W and L. With = 0.9,
Fig. 7-14 gives = 0.3, so that Fig. 7-13 gives I2 = 0.543 and I3 = 0.073. Thus
from Eq. (7-86)
W=

3.51 1012
+ 0.026B = 3.51105 + 2.6105 = 6.1105
B

Using Eq. (7-58) to find L yields L = 2.871 at = 0.9 and x = 0.5. Substituting
these values into eq. (7-57) we have
bon = (6)5/3 (1.610-19/0.7) (6.1105).5/3 (0.543)1/1.5 2.871 = 7.9710-17 J
Thus

Pr = bonB = (7.9710-17 J)(107 b/s) = 7.9710-10 W

or
Pr(dBm) = 10 log 7.9710-10 = -61.0 dBm
7-25. From Eq. (7-96) the difference in the two amplifier designs is given by
W =

1 2kBT
I2 = 3.52106 for I2 = 0.543 and = 0.9.
Bq2 Rf

From Eq. (7-57), the change in sensitivity is found from

x

.5

WHZ + W2(1+x)
1.0 + 3.52 3

10 log W
= 10 log 1.0

HZ

7-26. (a) For simplicity, let

Q

D = M2+x I2 and F = M
h
h
so that Eq. (7-54) becomes, for = 1,

14

= 10 log 1.29 = 1.09 dB

b = F[ (Db + W)1/2 + W1/2]

Squaring both sides and rearranging terms gives
b2
- Db - 2W = 2W1/2 (Db + W)1/2
F2
Squaring again and factoring out a "b2" term yields
b2 - (2DF2)b + (F4D2 - 4WF2) = 0
Solving this quadratic equation in b yields
1
b = 2 [ 2DF2

4F4D2 - 4F4D2 + 16WF2] = DF2 + 2F W

(where we chose the "+" sign)

2Q
h x 2

M Q I2 + M W1/2

(b) With the given parameter values, we have

1.7 10
0.5
bon = 2.28610-19 39.1M +
4

The receiver sensitivity in dBm is found from

Pr = 10 log [b on (50 10 b / s)]
6

Representative values of Pr for several values of M are listed in the table below:

Pr(dBm)

Pr(dBm)

30

- 50.49

80

-51.92

40

-51.14

90

-51.94

50

-51.52

100

-51.93

60

-51.74

110

-51.90

70

-51.86

120

-51.86

15

7-27. Using Eq. (E-10) and the relationship

a
1
2 dx =
2
x
1+
a

from App. B, we have from Eq. (7-97)

BHZ =

1
(AR) 2

(AR) 2
1
1
df = 2
= 4RC
2 2
2RC
1+ (2RC) f

where H(0) = AR. Similarly, from Eq. (7-98)

BTZ =

1
1 0

A
1
A
df = 2
= 4RC
2
2RC
2RC 2
f
1+
A

7-28. To find the optimum value of M for a maximum S/N, differentiate Eq. (7-105)
with respect to M and set the result equal to zero:
d(S/N)
dM =

(Ipm)2M
4kBTB
2q(Ip+ID)M2+x B + R
FT
eq

q(Ip+ID) (2+x) M1+x B (Ipm)2M2

2 =0
4kBTB

FT
2q(Ip+ID)M2+x B + R
eq

Solving for M,
2+x

Mopt

4kBTBFT/Req
q(Ip+ID)x

7-29. (a) For computational simplicity, let K = 4kBTBFT/Req; substituting Mopt from
Problem 7-28 into Eq. (7-105) gives

16

S
N =

2
2+x

1
2M2
(I
m)
p
opt
2
2+x

2q(Ip+ID)Mopt B + KB

xm2Ip

2B(2+x) [ q(Ip+ID)x]

K
1

2
2 (Ipm) q(Ip+ID)x
= 2q(I +I )K
p D
q(Ip+ID)x B + KB

Req x/(2+x)
2/(2+x) 4kBTFT

(b) If Ip >> ID, then

2

S
N =

xm2Ip

Req x/(2+x)
2/(2+x) 2/(2+x) 4kBTFT
2B(2+x) ( qx)
Ip

2(1+x) 1/(2+x)

( xIp)

m2
= 2Bx(2+x) 2(

x
q 4kBTFT/Req)

7-30. Substituting Ip = R0Pr into the S/N expression in Prob. 7-29a,

2
xm2
S
=
N
2B(2+x)

( R0Pr)
[ q(R0Pr+ID)x]

Req x/(2+x)
2/(2+x) 4kBTFT

10 4 / J
(0.8)2 (0.5 A / W)2 Pr2
=
2(5 106 / s) 3 [1.6 1019 C(0.5Pr + 10 8 ) A]2 / 3 1.656 10 20

1.530 1012 Pr 2

(0.5P + 10 )

8 2 / 3

where Pr is in watts.

17

1 /3

Pr
We want to plot 10 log (S/N) versus 10 log 1 mW

. Representative values are

shown in the following table:

Pr (W)

Pr (dBm)

S/N

10 log (S/N) (dB)

210-9

- 57

1.237

0.92

410-9

- 54

4.669

6.69

110-8

- 50

25.15

14.01

410-8

- 44

253.5

24.04

110-7

- 40

998.0

29.99

110-6

- 30

2.4104

43.80

110-5

- 20

5.2105

57.18

110-4

- 10

1.13107

70.52

18

Problem Solutions for Chapter 8

8-1.

SYSTEM 1: From Eq. (8-2) the total optical power loss allowed between the light
source and the photodetector is
PT = PS - PR = 0 dBm - (-50 dBm) = 50 dB
= 2(lc) + fL + system margin = 2(1 dB) + (3.5 dB/km)L + 6 dB
which gives L = 12 km for the maximum transmission distance.
SYSTEM 2: Similarly, from Eq. (8-2)
PT = -13 dBm - (-38 dBm) = 25 dB = 2(1 dB) + (1.5 dB/km)L + 6 dB
which gives L = 11.3 km for the maximum transmission distance.

8-2.

(a) Use Eq. (8-2) to analyze the link power budget. (a) For the pin photodiode,
with 11 joints
PT = PS - PR = 11(lc) + fL + system margin
= 0 dBm - (-45 dBm) = 11(2 dB) + (4 dB/km)L + 6 dB
which gives L = 4.25 km. The transmission distance cannot be met with these
components.
(b) For the APD
0 dBm - (-56 dBm) = 11(2 dB) + (4 dB/km)L + 6 dB
which gives L = 7.0 km. The transmission distance can be met with these
components.

8-3.

From g(t) = ( 1 - e-2Bt) u(t)

-2Bt10

1 - e
= 0.1 and

we have

-2Bt90

1 - e
= 0.9

so that

-2Bt10

-2Bt90

= 0.9 and e

= 0.1

Then
2Btr

2B(t90-t10)

.9
= .1 = 9

=e

It follows that
2Btr = ln 9
8-4.

or

tr =

ln 9
0.35
= B
2B

(a) From Eq. (8-11) we have

t2
1/2
1
1
exp- 2 = 2
2
2

1
2

which yields t1/2 = (2 ln 2)1/2

(b) From Eq. (8-10), the 3-dB frequency is the point at which
1
G() = 2 G(0),

or

(2f3dB)2 2
1
=
exp 2
2

Using as defined in Eq. (8-13), we have

f3dB =

8-5.

2 ln 2
0.44
(2 ln 2)1/2
=
=t
tFWHM
2
FWHM

From Eq. (8-9), the temporal response of the optical output from the fiber is

g(t) =

1
t2
exp- 2
2
2

If e is the time required for g(t) to drop to g(0)/e, then

g(e) =

e2
1
g(0)
exp- 2 = e =
2
2

1
2 e

from which we have that e = 2 . Since te is the full width of the pulse at the
1/e points, then te = 2e = 2 2 .
From Eq. (8-10), the 3-dB frequency is the point at which
1
G(f3dB) = 2 G(0). Therefore with = te/(2 2 )

G(f3dB) =

1
2

1 1
1

exp - 2(2f3dB )2 = 2

Solving for f3dB:

f3dB =
8-6.

2 ln 2
2

0.53
2 ln 2 2 2
= t
t
2
e
e

(a) We want to evaluate Eq. (8-17) for tsys.

Using Dmat = 0.07 ns/(nm-km), we have
2
2 1/2

440(7)0.7 350
2
2
2
2

tsys = (2) + (0.07) (1) (7) + 800 + 90

= 4.90 ns
1
1
The data pulse width is Tb = B = 90 Mb/s = 11.1 ns
Thus 0.7Tb = 7.8 ns > tsys, so that the rise time meets the NRZ data requirements.
(b) For q = 1.0,
2
21/2

440(7) 350
2
2

tsys = (2) + (0.49) + 800 + 90

8-7.

= 5.85 ns

1
We want to plot the following 4 curves of L vs B = T

(a) Attenuation limit

PS - PR = 2(lc) + fL + 6 dB, where PR = 9 log B - 68.5
so that L = (PS 9 log B + 62.5 - 2lc)/f
(b) Material dispersion

tmat = Dmat L = 0.7Tb

L=

0.7Tb
Dmat

0.7
BDmat

or
104
= B (with B in Mb/s)

(c) Modal dispersion (one curve for q = 0.5 and one for q = 1)
q

0.440L
tmod = 800

0.7
= B

1/q

or

800 0.7
L = 0.44 B

With B in Mb/s, L = 1273/B for q =1, and L = (1273/B)2 for q = .5.

8-8.

1
We want to plot the following 3 curves of L vs B = T

(a) Attenuation limit

PS - PR = 2(lc) + fL + 6 dB, where PR = 11.5 log B - 60.5, PS = -13 dBm, f =
1.5 dB/km, and lc = 1 dB,
so that L = (39.5 - 11.5 log B)/1.5

with B in Mb/s.

(b) Modal dispersion (one curve for q = 0.5 and one for q = 1)
q

0.440L
tmod = 800

0.7
= B

1/q

or

800 0.7
L = 0.44 B

With B in Mb/s, L = 1273/B for q =1, and L = (1273/B)2 for q = .5.

8-9.

The margin can be found from

PS - PR = lc + 49(lsp) + 50f + noise penalty + system margin
-13 - (-39) = 0.5 + 49(.1) + 50(.35) + 1.5 + system margin
from which we have
system margin = 1.6 dB

8-10. Signal bits

0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

Signal bits

Baseband (NRZ-L) data

Clock signal

Optical Manchester

8-11.

The simplest method is to use an exclusive-OR gate (EXOR), which can be

implemented using a single integrated circuit. The operation is as follows: when
the clock period is compared with the bit cell and the inputs are not identical, the
EXOR has a high output. When the two inputs are identical, the EXOR output is
low. Thus, for a binary zero, the EXOR produces a high during the last half of the
bit cell; for a binary one, the output is high during the first half of the bit cell.
A

8-12.

NRZ data

Freq. A

Freq. B

PSK data

8-13.
Original 010
code

001 111 111 101 000 000 001 111 110

3B4B
0101 0011 1011 0100 1010 0010 1101 0011 1011 1100
encoded

8-14. (a) For x = 0.7 and with Q = 6 at a 10-9 BER,

Pmpn = -7.94 log (1 - 18k24h4) where for simplicity h = BZD

(b) With x = 0.7 and k = 0.3, for an 0.5-dB power penalty at

140 Mb/s = 1.410-4 b/ps [to give D in ps/(nm.km)]:
0.5 = -7.94 log {1 - 18(0.3)2[(1.410-4)(100)(3.5)]4D4}
or
0.5 = -7.94 log {1 - 9.09710-4D4} from which D = 2 ps/(nm.km)
B (Mb/s)

D [ps/(nm.km)]

140

280

560

0.5

Problem Solutions for Chapter 9

9-1.

RIN limit
58

CNR

Quantum
Noise
limit

54

Thermal noise
limit

(dB)
50

12

Received optical power (dBm)

9-2.

f1
Transmission
system

f2

f3

Triplebeat
products

2-tone
3rd order

f4

f5

16

9-3.

The total optical modulation index is

21/2
m = mi
i
9-4

= [30(.03)2 + 30(.04)2 ] = 27.4 %

1 /2

120
1/2

2
The modulation index is m = (.023)

i=1

= 0.25

The received power is

P = P0 2(lc) - fL = 3 dBm - 1 dB - 12 dB = -10 dBm = 100W
The carrier power is
1
1
6
C = 2 (mR0P) 2 = (15 10 A) 2
2

The source noise is, with RIN = -135 dB/Hz = 3.16210-14 /Hz,

< i2source>

= RIN (R0P)2 B = 5.6910-13A2

The quantum noise is

< i2Q>

= 2q(R0P + ID)B = 9.510-14A2

The thermal noise is

2
iT

< >

4kBT
Fe = 8.2510-13A2
= R
eq

Thus the carrier-to-noise ratio is

1
(15 10 6 A)2
C
2
N = 5.69 1013 A 2 + 9.5 10 14 A2 + 8.25 10 13 A 2 = 75.6

or, in dB,

9-5.

C/N = 10 log 75.6 = 18.8 dB.

When an APD is used, the carrier power and the quantum noise change.
The carrier power is
1
1
C = 2 (mR0MP) 2 = (15 105 A) 2
2
The quantum noise is

< i2Q>

= 2q(R0P + ID)M2F(M)B = 2q(R0P + ID)M2.7B = 4.7610-10A2

Thus the carrier-to-noise ratio is

1
(15 10 5 A)2
C
2
N = 5.69 1013 A 2 + 4.76 1011 A2 + 8.25 10 13 A 2 = 236.3
C
or, in dB, N = 23.7 dB

9-6.

32
1/2

2
(a) The modulation index is m = (.044)

i=1

The received power is

= 0.25

P = -10 dBm = 100W

The carrier power is

1
1
C = 2 (mR0P) 2 = (15 106 A) 2
2
3

The source noise is, with RIN = -135 dB/Hz = 3.16210-14 /Hz,

< i2source>

= RIN (R0P)2 B = 5.6910-13A2

The quantum noise is

< i2Q>

= 2q(R0P + ID)B = 9.510-14A2

The thermal noise is

< i2T>

4kBT
= R
Fe = 8.2510-13A2
eq

Thus the carrier-to-noise ratio is

1
(15 10 6 A)2
C
2
N = 5.69 1013 A 2 + 9.5 10 14 A2 + 8.25 10 13 A 2 = 75.6

or, in dB,

C/N = 10 log 75.6 = 18.8 dB.

(b) When mi = 7% per channel, the modulation index is

32
1/2

2
m = (.07)

i=1

= 0.396

The received power is

P = -13 dBm = 50W

The carrier power is

1
1
C = 2 (mR0P) 2 = (1.19 10 5 A) 2 = 7.0610-11A2
2
The source noise is, with RIN = -135 dB/Hz = 3.16210-14 /Hz,

< i2source>

= RIN (R0P)2 B = 1.4210-13A2

The quantum noise is

< i2Q>

= 2q(R0P + ID)B = 4.810-14A2

The thermal noise is the same as in Part (a).

Thus the carrier-to-noise ratio is
C
7.06 10 11 A 2
N = 1.42 1013 A 2 + 4.8 10 14 A 2 + 8.25 10 13 A 2 = 69.6

or, in dB,

9-8.

C/N = 10 log 69.6 = 18.4 dB.

Using the expression from Prob. 9-7 with = 0.05, f = 0.05, and = f = 10
MHz, yields

RIN(f) =

4R1R2

-4
-2

-2e
cos(2f)
1 + e
2
2

f +
4R1R2
1
(.1442)
20 MHz

Taking the log and letting the result be less than -140 dB/Hz gives
-80.3 dB/Hz + 10 log R1R2 < -140 dB/Hz
If R1 = R2 then 10 log R1R2 = 20 log R1 < -60 dB
or 10 log R1 = 10 log R2 < -30 dB

Problem Solutions for Chapter 10

10-1. In terms of wavelength, at a central wavelength of 1546 nm a 500-GHz channel
spacing is
2
(1546 nm )2
9 1
=
f =
500 10 s = 4 nm
8
c
3 10 m / s
The number of wavelength channels fitting into the 1536-to-1556 spectral band
then is
N = (1556 1536 nm)/4 nm = 5
10-2. (a) We first find P1 by using Eq. (10-6):
200 W
= 2.7 dB yields
10 log
P1

Similarly, P2 = 10(log

200 0.47)

(log
P1 = 10

200 0.27 )

= 107.4 W

= 67.8 W

200

= 0.58 dB
(b) From Eq. (10-5): Excess loss = 10 log
107.4 + 67.8

(c)

P1
107.4
=
= 61%
P1 + P2 175.2

and

P2
67.8
=
= 39%
P1 + P2 175.2

10-3. The following coupling percents are are realized when the pull length is stopped at
the designated points:
Coupling percents from input fiber to output 2
Points
1310 nm
1540 nm

A
25
50

B
50
88

10-4. From A out = s 11A in + s 12Bin

Bin =

s 21
A in
s 22

and

C
75
100

and

D
90
90

E
100
50

F
0
100

Bout = s 21A in + s 22 Bin = 0 , we have

s s
A out = s 11 12 21 A in

s 22

Then
A
T = out
A in

s s
= s11 12 21
s 22

and

s
B
s s
R = in = 21 s11 12 21
Ain
s 22
s 22

10-5. From Eq. (10-18)

P2
= sin 2 (0.4z )exp( 0.06z ) = 0.5
P0
One can either plot both curves and find the intersection point, or solve the
equation numerically to yield z = 2.15 mm.
10-6. Since z n , then for nA > nB we have A < B. Thus, since we need to have
ALA = BLB, we need to have LA > LB.

10-7. From Eq. (10-6), the insertion loss LIj for output port j is
P
L Ij = 10 log i in
Pj out
Let
aj =
Exit port no.
Value of aj

Pi in
L /10
= 10 Ij , where the values of LIj are given in Table P10-7.
P j out
1
8.57

2
6.71

3
5.66

4
8.00

5
9.18

6
7.31

7
8.02

Then from Eq. (10-25) the excess loss is

Pin
1
10 log in = 10 log
= 0.22 dB
= 10 log

1 1
1
0.95
Pj
Pin
+ + ... +
an
a1 a 2
10-8. (a) The coupling loss is found from the area mismatch between the fiber-core
endface areas and the coupling-rod cross-sectional area. If a is the fiber-core radius
and R is the coupling-rod radius, then the coupling loss is

Pout
Lcoupling = 10 log P
in

= 10 log

7a2
R2

= 10 log

7(25)2
(150)2

= -7.11 dB

(b) Similarly, for the linear-plate coupler

Lcoupling = 10 log

7a2
lw

7(25)2
= 10 log 800(50)

= -4.64 dB

10-9. (a) The diameter of the circular coupling rod must be 1000 m, as shown in the
figure below. The coupling loss is
Lcoupling = 10 log

7a2
R2

= 10 log

7(100)2
(500)2

= -5.53 dB

200 m
400
m
Coupling rod
diameter

(b) The size of the plate coupler must be 200 m by 2600 m.

7(100)2
The coupling loss is 10 log 200(2600)

= -3.74 dB

10-10. The excess loss for a 2-by-2 coupler is given by Eq. (10-5), where P1 = P2 for a 3dB coupler. Thus,

 P0

= 10 log P0 = 0.1 dB
Excess loss = 10 log
P1 + P2
2P1
This yields
P1 =

P0
P0
10 0.01 = 0.977

2
2

Thus the fractional power traversing the 3-dB coupler is FT = 0.977.

Then, from Eq. (10-27),
log FT
log 0.977

1 log N = 10 log
1 log 2 n 30
Total loss = 10 log
log 2

log 2

Solving for n yields

n

3
= 9.64
log 0.977
log 2
1
log 2

n
9
Thus, n = 9 and N = 2 = 2 = 512

10-11. For details, see Verbeek et al., Ref. 34, p. 1012

For the general case, from Eq. (10-29) we find
M 11 = cos (2d) cos (kL / 2) + j sin (kL / 2)
M 12 = M 21 = j sin (2d ) cos (kL / 2)
M 22 = cos (2d ) cos (kL / 2) j sin (kL / 2)
The output powers are then given by
Pout ,1 = [cos2 ( 2d ) cos2 ( kL / 2 ) + sin 2 ( kL / 2 )]Pin,1
+[sin 2 (2d ) cos2 (kL / 2)]Pin,2

Pout ,2 = [sin 2 (2d) cos 2 ( kL / 2)]Pin,1

+[cos 2 (2d ) cos2 (kL / 2) + sin 2 (kL / 2 )]Pin,2
10-12. (a) The condition = 125 GHz is equivalent to having = 1 nm. Thus the
other three wavelengths are 1549, 1550, and 1551 nm.
(b) From Eqs. (10-42) and (10-43), we have
L1 =

c
= 0.4 mm and
2n eff (2)

L 3 =

c
2n eff

= 0.8 mm

10-13. An 8-to-1 multiplexer consists of three stages of 2 2 MZI multiplexers. The first
stage has four 2 2 MZIs, the second stage has two, and the final stage has one
2 2 MZI. Analogous to Fig. 10-14, the inputs to the first stage are (from top to
bottom) , + 4, + 2, + 6, + , + 5, + 3, + 7.
In the first stage
L1 =

c
= 0.75 mm
2n eff (4 )

In the second stage

L 2 =

c
= 1.5 mm
2neff (2)

In the third stage

L 3 =

c
= 3.0 mm
2n eff ()

10-14. (a) For a fixed input angle , we differentiate both sides of the grating equation to
get
cos d =

k
n'

d
d

or

If , then the grating equation becomes 2 sin =

k
n' cos
k
.
n'

Solving this for

d
d

k
n'

and substituting into the

2 sin
cos

d
d

equation yields

2 tan

(b) For S = 0.01,

S

1/2
tan =

2 (1+m)

0.01(1350)
=
2(26)(1+ 3)

1/ 2

= 0.2548

or = 14.3
10-15. For 93% reflectivity
2

R = tanh (L) = 0.93 yields L = 2.0, so that L = 2.7 mm for = 0.75 mm-1.

10-16. See Bennion et al., Ref. 42, Fig. 2a.

10-17. Derivation of Eq. (10-49).

10-18. (a) From Eq. (10-45), the grating period is

=

uv

244 nm
244
nm = 523 nm
= 2 sin(13.5) = 2(0.2334)
2 sin
2

(b) From Eq. (10-47), Bragg = 2n eff = 2(523 nm) 1.48 = 1547 nm
(c) Using = 1 1/ 2 = 0.827 , we have from Eq. (10-51),
4
n (2.5 10 )(0.827)
=
=
= 4.2 cm 1
1.547 104 cm
Bragg

(d) From Eq. (10-49), =

(1.547 m )2
(1.48) 500 m

[(2.1)

+ 2 ]

1 /2

= 3.9 nm

(e) From Eq. (10-48), R max = tanh (L) = tanh (2.1) = (0.97) = 94%

10-19. Derivation of Eq. (10-55).

10-20. (a) From Eq. (10-54),

L = m

1.554 m
0
= 118
= 126.4 m
nc
1.451

(b) From Eq. (10-57),

=

x n s cd n c
L f m2 n g
1.453 (3 10 8 m / s)(25 10 6 m) 1.451
25 m
= 100.5 GHz
118 (1.554 10 6 m)2
1.475
9.36 103 m
(1.554 10 6 m) 2
2
100.5 GHz = 0.81 nm
=
c
3 108 m / s

(c) From Eq. (10-60),

FSR =
Then

c
3 108 m / s
=
= 1609 GHz
n g L 1.475(126.4 m)
(1.554 10 6 m)2
2
1609 GHz = 12.95 nm
=
FSR =
8
c
3 10 m / s

(d) Using the conditions

sin i i =

2(25 m)
= 5.33 10 3 radians
9380 m

and
sin o o = 21.3 10

radians

then from Eq. (10-59),

FSR

c
ng [L + d( i + o )]

1.475[(126.4 106

3 10 8 m / s
= 1601 GHz
m) + (25 10 6 m)( 5.33 + 21.3) 103 ]

10-21. The source spectral width is

signal =

2 (1550 nm )2 (1.25 10 9 s 1 )
=
= 1 10 2 nm
(3 10 8 m / s)(109 nm / m )
c

Then from Eq. (10-61)

tune =

n eff
= (1550 nm )(0.5%) = 7.75 nm
n eff

Thus, from Eq. (10-63)

N=

7.75 nm
tune
=
= 77
10 signal 10(0.01 nm )

10-22. (a) From Eq. (10-64), the grating period is

=

Bragg 1550 nm
=
= 242.2 nm
2neff
2(3.2)

(b) Again, from the grating equation,

=

2.0 nm

=
= 0.3 nm
2n eff
2(3.2 )

10-23. (a) From Eq. (10-43)

2 1
L =
=
= 4.0 mm
2n eff 2neff
c

(b) L eff = n eff L implies that n eff =

4 mm
= 0.04 = 4%
100 mm

10-24. For example, see C. R. Pollock, Fundamentals of Optoelectronics, Irwin, 1995,

Fig. 15.11, p. 439.

10-25. (a) The driving frequencies are found from

fa = o

v a n va n
=
c

Thus we have
Wavelength (nm)
Acoustic
frequency (MHz)

1300
56.69

1546
47.67

1550
47.55

(b) The sensitivity is (4 nm)/(0.12 MHz) = 0.033 nm/kHz

1554
47.43

Problem Solutions for Chapter 11

11-1. (a) From Eq. (11-2), the pumping rate is

Rp =

I
100 mA
=
19
qwdL (1.6 10 C)(5 m)(0.5 m)(200 m)

= 1.25 1027 (electrons / cm 3 ) / s

(b) From Eq. (11-8), the maximum zero-signal gain is
1.0 1024 / m 3

g 0 = 0.3(1 10 20 m 2 )(1 ns) 1.25 1033 (electrons/ m 3) / s

1 ns
= 750 m 1 = 7.5 cm 1
(c) From Eq. (11-7), the saturation photon density is
N ph;sat =

0.3 (1 10

20

1
= 1.67 1015 photons/ cm 3
8
m )(2 10 m / s )(1 ns)
2

(d) From Eq. (11-4), the photon density is

N ph =

Pin
= 1.32 1010 photons / cm 3
vg hc (wd )

11-2. Carrying out the integrals in Eq. (11-14) yields

g 0 L = ln

P(L) P(L) P(0)

+
P(0)
Pamp,sat

Then with P(0) = Pin, P(L) = Pout, G = Pout/Pin, and G 0 = exp(g 0 L ) from Eq. (1110), we have
ln G 0 = g 0 L = ln G +

GPin
P
P
in = ln G + (1 G ) in
Pamp,sat Pamp,sat
Pamp,sat

Rearranging terms in the leftmost and rightmost parts then yields Eq. (11-15).

11-3. Plots of amplifier gains.

1

11-4. Let G = G0/2 and Pin = Pout / G = 2Pout,sat / G 0 . Then Eq. (11-15) yields
GP
G0
= 1+ 0 amp.sat ln 2
2
2Pout.sat
Solving for Pout,sat and with G0 >> 1, we have
Pout .sat =
11-5.

G 0 ln 2
P
(ln 2) Pamp .sat = 0.693 Pamp.sat
(G0 2) amp.sat

From Eq. (11-10), at half the amplifier gain we have

G=

1
1
G 0 = exp(g 0 L ) = exp(gL)
2
2

Taking the logarithm and substituting into the equation given in the problem,
g = g0

1
g0
ln 2 =
2
2
L
1 + 4(3dB 0 ) / ()

From this we can find that

2(3dB 0 )
g0
=
1
1

g0 ln 2

1/ 2

1
=
g 0L / ln 2 1

1/ 2

G0
log 2 2

1/ 2

11-6. Since

ln G = g( )L = g0 exp ( 0 ) / 2( ) = ln G0 exp ( 0 ) / 2( )
2

we have
ln G 0 ( 0 )
ln
=
2
ln G
2( )

The FWHM is given by 2( 0), so that from the above equation, with the 3-dB
gain G = 27 dB being 3 dB below the peak gain, we have

ln G0
FWHM = 2 0 = 2 2 ln

ln G

ln 30
= 2 2 ln

ln 27

1/ 2

1/ 2

= 0.50

which is the expected result for a gaussian gain profile.

11-7. From Eq. (11-17), the maximum PCE is given by
PCE

PCE

p
s

980
= 63.4% for 980-nm pumping, and by
1545

p 1475
=
= 95.5% for 1475-nm pumping
s 1545

11-8. (a) 27 dBm = 501 mW and 2 dBm = 1.6 mW.

Thus the gain is
G = 10 log

501
10 log 313 = 25 dB
1.6 =

(b) From Eq. (11-19),

313 1 +

Pp,in

980 Pp,in
. With a 1.6-mW input signal, the pump power needed is
1542 Ps, in

312(1542 )
(1.6 mW ) = 785 mW
980

11-9. (a) Noise terms:

From Eq. (6-17), the thermal noise term is
4 (1.38 10 23 J / K)(293 K )
4k B T
B=
1 GHz = 1.62 1014 A2
=
RL
1000
2
T

From Eq. (11-26), we have

 2shot s = 2qR GPs, in B

= 2(1.6 10 19 C)(0.73 A / W )(100)(1 W)1 GHz
= 2.34 1014 A2
From Eqs. (11-26) and (11-24), we have
2shot ASE = 2qR SASE opt B = 2qR

hc
n spG opt B

= 2(1.6 1019 C)(.73 A / W)(6.626 1034 J/ K )

(3 10 8 m / s )2(100)(3.77 THz)(1 GHz)/ 1550nm
= 2.26 1014 A2
From Eq. (11-27) and (11-24), we have
2s ASE = 4[(0.73 A/ W )(100)(1 W )]

6.626 10 34 J / K)(3 108 m / s )

(
(.73 A/ W )
2(100)(1 GHz)
1550nm

= 5.47 10 12 A 2

From Eq. (11-28), we have

2
ASE ASE

(6.626 10 34 J/ K )(3 10 8 m / s )

2(100)
= (.73A / W )

1550nm

[2(1 THz) 1 GHz ](1 GHz)

= 7.01 10 13 A 2
4

11-10. Plot of penalty factor from Eq. (11-36).

11-11. (a) Using the transparency condition Gexp(-L) = 1 for a fiber/amplifier segment,
we have
P

path

1
=
L

P
P(z) dz = in
L

e z dz

1
P G 1
Pin
P
1 e L ] = in 1 = in
[
L
L G G ln G

since ln G = L from the transparency condition.

(b) From Eq. (11-35) and using Eq. (11-24),
PASE

path

NPASE
=
L

e z dz =

NPASE
L

(1 e )
L

1
1
(NL)
L tot

PASE 1 =
2
2 hn sp (G 1)opt 1

(L)
(ln G)
G
G

= L tot hnsp opt

1 G 1 2
G ln G

11-12. Since the slope of the gain-versus -input power curve is 0.5, then for a 6-dB drop
in the input signal, the gain increases by +3 dB.
1. Thus at the first amplifier, a 10.1-dBm signal now arrives and experiences a
+10.1-dB gain. This gives a 0-dBm output (versus a normal +3-dBm output).
2. At the second amplifier, the input is now 7.1 dBm (down 3 dB from the usual
4.1 dBm level). Hence the gain is now 8.6 dB (up 1.5 dB), yielding an output
of
7.1 dBm + (7.1 + 1.5) dB = 1.5 dBm

3. At the third amplifier, the input is now 5.6 dBm (down 1.5 dB from the usual
4.1 dBm level). Hence the gain is up 0.75 dB, yielding an output of
5.6 dBm + (7.1 + 0.75) dB = 2.25 dBm
4. At the fourth amplifier, the input is now 4.85 dBm (down 0.75 dB from the
usual 4.1 dBm level). Hence the gain is up 0.375 dB, yielding an output of
4.85 dBm + (7.1 + 0.375) dB = 2.63 dBm
which is within 0.37 dB of the normal +3 dBm level.
11-13. First let 2 i t + i = i for simplicity. Then write the cosine term as
cos i =

e j i + e j i
, so that
2

j
j
N
e i +e i
P = E i (t)E *i (t) = 2Pi
2
i =1

j
j
N
e k +e k

2P
k

2
k =1

1 N N
2Pi 2Pk e j i e j k + e j k e ji + e j i e j k + e j i e j k

4 i =1 k=1

1 N N
j( )
j( + )
j ( )
j( + )
= 2Pi 2Pk e i k + e i k + e i k + e i k
4 i =1 k=1

1
2

= Pi +
i=1

2Pi 2Pk e

i =1 k i

j( i k )

+e

j( i k )

where the last two terms in the second-last line drop out because they are beyond
the response frequency of the detector. Thus,
N

i=1

i=1 k i

P = Pi + 2 Pi Pk [cos( i k )]
11-14. (a) For N input signals, the output signal level is given by
N

Ps,out = G Ps,in (i) 1 mW .

i =1

The inputs are 1 W (-30 dBm) each and the gain is 26 dB (a factor of 400).

Thus for one input signal, the output is (400)(1 W) = 400 W or 4 dBm.
For two input signals, the total output is 800 W or 1 dBm. Thus the level of
each individual output signal is 400 W or 4 dBm.
For four input signals, the total input level is 4 W or 24 dBm. The output then
reaches its limit of 0 dBm, since the maximum gain is 26 dB. Thus the level of each
individual output signal is 250 W or 6 dBm.
Similarly, for eight input channels the maximum output level is o dBm, so the level
of each individual output signal is 1/8(1 mW) = 125 W or 9 dBm.
(b) When the pump power is doubled, the outputs for one and two inputs remains
at the same level. However, for four inputs, the individual output level is 500 W
or 3 dBm, and for 8 inputs, the individual output level is 250 W or 6 dBm.
11-15. Substituting the various expressions for the variances from Eqs. (11-26) through
(11-30) into the expression given for Q in the problem statement, we find
Q=

AP

(HP + D )

2 1 /2

+D

where we have defined the following terms for simplicity

A = 2R G
2
H = 4qR GB + 8R GSASE B and

2
2
D = off

Rearrange terms in the equation for Q to get

Q (HP + D
2

2 1/ 2

= AP QD

Squaring both sides and solving for P yields P =

2QD Q 2H
+ 2
A
A

Substituting the expressions for A, H, and D into this equation, and recalling the
expression for the responsivity from Eq. (6-6), then produces the result stated in
the problem, where

F=

1 + 2n sp (G 1)
G

Problem Solutions for Chapter 12

12-1. We need to evaluate Pin using Eq. (12-11). Here Fc = 0.20,
CT = 0.05, Fi = 0.10, P0 = 0.5 mW, and A0 = e 2.3( 3) / 10 = 0.933
Values of Pin as a function of N are given in the table below. Pin in

dBm is found from the relationship Pin(dBm) = 10 log

Pin (mW )
1 mW

Pin(nW)

Pin(dBm)

Pin(nW)

Pin(dBm)

387

-34.1

5.0

-53.0

188

-37.3

2.4

-56.2

91

-40.4

10

1.2

-59.2

44.2

-43.5

11

0.6

-62.2

21.4

-46.7

12

0.3

-65.5

10.4

-49.8

(b) Using the values in the above table, the operating margin for 8 stations is
-53 dBm - (-58 dBm) = 5 dB
(c) To have a 6-dB power margin, we can transmit over at most seven stations.
The dynamic range with N = 7 is found from Eq. (12-13):

DR = 10(N 2) log [.933(.8) (.95) (.9)] = 50 log (0.485) = 15.7 dBm

2

12-2. (a) Including a power margin, we have from Eq. (12-16)

PS PR power m arg in = L excess + (2L) + 2L c + 10log N
Thus
0 (-38 dBm) 6 dB = 3 dB + (0.3 dB/km)2(2 km) + 2(1.0 dB) + 10 log N

so that 10 log N = 25.8. This yields N = 380.1, so that 380 stations can be
attached.
(b) For a receiver sensitivity of 32 dBm, one can attach 95 stations.
12-3. (b) Let the star coupler be located in the ceiling in the wire room, as shown in the
figure below.

Wire
room

B C

For any row we need seven wires running from the end of the row of offices to
each individual office. Thus, in any row we need to have (1+2+3+4+5+6+7)x15 ft
= 420 ft of optical fiber to connect the offices. From the wiring closet to the
second row of offices (row B), we need 8(10 + 15) ft = 200 ft; from the wiring
closet to the third row of offices (row C), we need 8(10 + 30) ft = 320 ft; and from

the wiring closet to the fourth row of offices (row D), we need 8(20 + 45) ft = 520
ft of cable. For the 28 offices we also need 28x7 ft = 196 ft for wall risers.
Therefore for each floor we have the following cable needs:
(1) 4 x 420 ft for row runs
(2) 200 + 320 + 520 ft = 1040 for row connections
(3) 196 ft for wall risers
Thus, the total per floor = 2916 ft
Total cable in the building: 2x9 ft risers + 2916 ft x 2 floors = 5850 ft
12-4. Consider the following figure:

(a) For a bus configuration:

Cable length = N rows(M-1)stations/row + (N-1) row interconnects
= N(M-1)d + (N-1)d = (MN-1)d
(b) The ring is similar to the bus, except that we need to close the loop with one
cable of length d. Therefore the cable length = MNd
(c) In this problem we consider the case where we need individual cables run
from the star to each station. Then the cable length is
L = cables run along the M vertical rows + cables run along the N horizontal
rows:

= Md

N 1

M 1

i =1

j=1

i + Nd

j=

M(M 1)
N(N 1)
d+N
d =
2
2

MN
(M + N 2)d
2

12-5. (a) Let the star be located at the relative position (m,n). Then
M m
n1
Nn
m1
L = N j + N j + M i + M i d

j=1
j =1
i =1
i =1

n(n 1) (N n)(N n + 1)
m(m 1) (M m)(M m + 1)
= N
+
+ M
+
d

2
2
2
MN
(M + N + 2) Nm(M m + 1) Mn(N n + 1) d
=

(b) When the star coupler is located in one corner of the grid, then
m = n= 1, so that the expression in (a) becomes
MN
MN
(M + N + 2) NM MN d =
(M + N 2)d
L=

2
2
(c) To find the shortest distance, we differentiate the expression for L given in (a)
with respect to m and n, and set the result equal to zero:
dL
= N(m - 1 - M) + Nm = 0
dm

so that

m=

yields

n=

M +1
2

Similarly
dL
= M(n - 1 - N) + nM = 0
dn

N +1
2

Thus for the shortest cable runs the star should be located in the center of the grid.
12-6. (a) For a star network, one cannot reuse wavelengths. Thus, since each node must
be connected to N 1 other nodes through a central point, we need N 1
wavelengths.

For a bus network, these equations can easily be verified by drawing sample
diagrams with several even or odd stations.
For a ring network, each node must be connected to N 1 other nodes. Without
wavelength reuse one thus needs N(N 1) wavelengths. However, since each
wavelength can be used twice in the network, the number of wavelengths needed
is N(N-1)/2.
12-7. From Tables 12-4 and 12-5, we have the following:
OC-48 output for 40-km links: 5 to 0 dBm; = 0.5 dB/km; PR = -18 dBm
OC-48 output for 80-km links: 2 to +3 dBm; = 0.3 dB/km; PR = -27 dBm
The margin is found from:

Margin = (Ps PR ) L 2L c

(a) Minimum power at 40 km:

Margin = [-2 (-27)] 0.5(40) 2(1.5) = +2 dB
(b) Maximum power at 40 km:
Margin = [0 (-27)] 0.5(40) 2(1.5) = +4 dB
(c) Minimum power at 80 km:
Margin = [-2 (-27)] 0.3(80) 2(1.5) = -2 dB
(d) Maximum power at 80 km:
Margin = [3 (-27)] 0.3(80) 2(1.5) = +3 dB
12-8. Expanding Table 12-6:

# of s

P1(dBm)

P = 10

17

P1 / 10

(mW)

Ptotal(mW)

Ptotal(dBm)

50

50

17

14

25

50

17

12.2

16.6

49.8

17

11

12.6

50.4

17

10

10

50

17

9.2

8.3

49.9

17

8.5

7.1

49.6

17

8.0

6.3

50.4

17

12-9. See Figure 20 of ANSI T1.105.01-95.

12-10. See Figure 21 of ANSI T1.105.01-95.
12-11. The following wavelengths can be added and dropped at the three other nodes:
Node 2: add/drop wavelengths 3, 5, and 6
Node 3: add/drop wavelengths 1, 2, and 3
Node 4: add/drop wavelengths 1, 4, and 5
12-12. (b) From Eq. (12-18) we have
N = kpk +1 = 2(3)3 = 54
(c) From Eq. (12-20) we have

H=

2(3)2 (3 1)(6 1) 4(32 1)

= 2.17
2(3 1)[2(32 ) 1]

(d) From Eq. (12-21) we have

2(3)
C=
= 8.27
2.17
3

12-13. See Hluchyj and Karol, Ref. 25, Fig. 6, p. 1391 (Journal of Lightwave
Technology, Oct. 1991).
12-14. From Ref. 25:
In general, for a (p,k) ShuffleNet, the following spanning tree for assigning fixed
routes to packets generated by any given user can be obtained:

Number of users h hops away from the source

p2

2
.
.
.
k1

pk-1

Pk - 1

k+1

Pk - p

k+2

Pk - p2

.
.
.
Pk - pk-1

2k 1
Summing these up results in Eq. (12-20).
12-15. See Li and Lee (Ref 40) for details.
12-16. The following is one possible solution:
(a) Wavelength 1 for path A-1-2-5-6-F
(b) Wavelength 1 for path B-2-3-C

(c) Wavelength 2 for the partial path B-2-5 and Wavelength 1 for path 5-6-F
(d) Wavelength 2 for path G-7-8-5-6-F
(e) Wavelength 2 for the partial path A-1-4 and Wavelength 1 for path 4-7-G
12-17. See Figure 4 of Barry and Humblet (Ref. 42).
12-18. See Shibata, Braun, and Waarts (Ref. 67).
(a) The following nine 3rd-order waves are generated due to FWM:
113 = 2(2 - ) (2 + ) = 2 - 3
112 = 2(2 - ) 2 = 2 - 2
123 = (2 - ) + 2 (2 + ) = 2 - 2

223 = 22 (2 + ) = 2 - = 1
132 = (2 - ) + (2 + ) 2 = 2
221 = 22 (2 - ) = 2 + = 3
231 = 2 + (2 + ) (2 - ) = 2 + 2
331 = 2(2 + ) (2 - ) = 2 + 3
332 = 2(2 + ) 2 = 2 + 2
(b) In this case the nine 3rd-order waves are:
113 = 2(2 - ) (2 + 1.5) = 2 1.5
112 = 2(2 - ) 2 = 2 - 2
123 = (2 - ) + 2 (2 + 1.5) = 2 2.5
223 = 22 (2 + 1.5) = 2 1.5
132 = (2 - ) + (2 + 1.5) 2 = 2 + 0.5
221 = 22 (2 - ) = 2 +
231 = 2 + (2 + 1.5) (2 - ) = 2 + 2.5
331 = 2(2 + 1.5) (2 - ) = 2 + 4
332 = 2(2 + 1.5) 2 = 2 + 3

12-19. Plot: from Figure 2 of Y. Jaoun, J-M. P. Delavaux, and D. Barbier, Repeaterless
bidirectional 4x2.5-Gb/s WDM fiber transmission experiment, Optical Fiber
Technology, vol. 3, p. 239-245, July 1997.

12-20. (a) From Eq. (12-50) the peak power is

Ppeak

1.7627
=
2

A eff 3 D
2 = 11.0 mW
n 2 c Ts

(b) From Eq. (12-49) the dispersion length is

Ldisp = 43 km
(c) From Eq. (12-51) the soliton period is
L period =

L = 67.5 km
2 disp

(d) From Eq. (12-50) the peak power for 30-ps pulses is

Ppeak =

1.7627
2

A eff 3 D
= 3.1 mW
n 2 c Ts2

12-21. Soliton system design.

12-22. Soliton system cost model.
12-23. (a) From the given equation, Lcoll = 80 km.
(b) From the given condition, L amp

1
L = 40 km
2 coll

12-24. From the equation and conditions given in Prob. 12-23, we have that
max =

Ts
20 ps
=
= 2 nm
DL amp [0.4 ps /(nm km)](25 km)

Thus 2.0/0.4 = 5 wavelength channels can be accommodated.

12-25 Plot from Figure 3 of Ref. 103.

10

Problem Solutions for Chapter 13

13-1

(a) From the given equation, nair = 1.000273. Thus,

vacuum = air n air = 1.000273(1550.0 nm) = 1550.42 nm
(b) From the given equation,
n (T, P) = 1 +

(1.000273 1)(0.00138823)640
= 1.000243
1+ 0.003671(0)

Then n (T, P)(1550 nm ) = 1550.38 nm

13-2

Since the output voltage from the photodetector is proportional to the optical
power, we can write Eq. (13-1) as
=

10
V
log 2
L1 L 2
V1

where L1 is the length of the current fiber, L2 is the length cut off, and V1 and V2
are the voltage output readings from the long and short lengths, respectively. Then
the attenuation in decibels is
=
13-3

10
3.78
log
= 0.31 dB / km
1895 2
3.31

(a) From Eq. (13-1)

=

10
P
10
V
10 log e
V
log N =
log N =
ln N
LN LF
PF L N L F
VF
L N LF
VF

From this we find

=

4.343
10 log e VN VF
8.686
+
=

10 3
(
0.1%
0.1%
)

L N L F VN
VF L N L F
LN L F

(b) If = 0.05 dB/km, then

L = LN LF

8.868 10 3
km = 176 m
0.05

13-4

(a) From Eq. (8-11) we have

t2
1/2
1
1
exp- 2 = 2
2
2

1
2

which yields t1/2 = (2 ln 2)1/2

(b) From Eq. (8-10), the 3-dB frequency is the point at which
1
G() = 2 G(0),

(2f3dB)2 2
1
=
exp 2
2

or

Using as defined in Eq. (8-13), we have

f3dB =
13-5

2 ln 2
0.44
(2 ln 2)1/2
=
=t
tFWHM
2
FWHM

From Eq. (13-4), Pout (f) / Pin (f) = H(f) . To measure the frequency response, we
need a constant input amplitude, that is, Pin(f) = Pin(0). Thus,
P(f) Pout (f) / Pin (f) H(f)
=
=
= H(f)
P(0) Pout (0) / Pin (0) H(0)
The following table gives some representative values of H(f) for different values of
2:
f (MHz)
100
200
300
500
700
1000

13-6

2
= 2 ns
0.821
0.454
0.169
0.0072

2
= 1 ns
0.952
0.821
0.641
0.291
0.089
0.0072

2
= 0.5 ns
0.988
0.952
0.895
0.735
0.546
0.291

To estimate the value of D, consider the slope of the curve in Fig. P13-6 at =
1575 nm. There we have = 400 ps over the wavelength interval from 1560 nm
to 1580 nm, i.e., = 20 nm. Thus
D=

1
1 400 ps
=
= 2 ps /(nm km)
L 10 km 20 nm

Then, using this value of D at 1575 nm and with 0 = 1548 nm, we have
S0 =
13-7

2 ps /(nm km)
D( )
2
=
= 0.074 ps /(nm km)
0 (1575 1548) nm

With k = 1, start = 1525 nm, and stop = 1575 nm, we have Ne = 17 extrema.
Substituting these values into Eq. (13-14) yields 1.36 ps.

13-8

At 10 Gb/s over a 100-km link, the given equation yields:

PISI 26

(1 ps)2 0.5(1 0.5) 6.5 104

=

2
(100 ps)

dB

Similarly, at 10 Gb/s over a 1000-km link, PISI 0.065 dB .

This is the same result at 100 Gb/s over a 100-km link.
At 100 Gb/s over a 1000-km link, we have 6.5 dB.
13-9

For a uniform attenuation coefficient, is independent of y. Thus, Eq. (13-16)

becomes
x
x
P(x) = P(0)exp dy = P(0)e

Writing this as exp(x) = P(0)/ P(x) and taking the logarithm on both sides
yields
x log e = log
x = 10 log

P(0)
. Since = (10 log e), this becomes
P(x)

P(0)
P(x)

For a fiber of length x = L with P(0) = PN being the near-end input power, this
equation reduces to Eq. (13-1).

13-10 Consider an isotropically radiating point source in the fiber. The power from this
point source is radiated into a sphere that has a surface area 4r2. The portion of
this power captured by the fiber in the backward direction at a distance r from the
point source is the ratio of the area A = a2 to the sphere area 4r2. If is the
acceptance angle of the fiber core, then A = a2 = (r)2. Therefore S, as defined
in Eq. (13-18), is given by
A
r 2 2 2
S=
2 =
2 =
4r
4r
4
From Eq. (2-23), the acceptance angle is
NA
sin =
, so that
n

2 ( NA) 2
S=
=
4
4n2

13-11 The attenuation is found from the slope of the curve, by using Eq. (13-22):
PD (x1 )
70
PD (x 2 ) 10 log 28
=
= 4.0 dB / km
2(x 2 x1 )
2(0.5 km )

10 log
Fiber a: =

25
11 = 3.6 dB/ km
Fiber b: =
2(0.5 km )
10 log

7
1.8 = 5.9 dB/ km
Fiber c: =
2(0.5 km )
10 log

To find the final splice loss, let P1 and P2 be the input and output power levels,
respectively, at the splice point. Then for
For splice 1: L splice = 10 log

P2
25
= 10 log
= 0.5 dB
P1
28

For splice 2: L splice = 10 log

7
= 2.0 dB
11

13-12 See Ref. 42, pp. 450-452 for a detailed and illustrated derivation.

Consider the light scattered from an infinitesimal interval dz that is located at L =

Tvgr. Light scattered from this point will return to the OTDR at time t = 2T. Upon
inspection of the pulse of width W being scattered form the point L, it can be
deduced that the back-scattered power seen by the OTDR at time 2T is the
integrated sum of the light scattered from the locations z = L W/2 to z = L.

Thus, summing up the power from infinitesimal short intervals dz from the whole
pulse and taking the fiber attenuation into account yields
W
z

Ps (L ) = Ss P0 exp 2 L + dz

=S

s
P0 e 2L (1 e W )

which holds for L W/2. For distances less than W/2, the lower integral limit gets
replaced by W 2L.
13-13 For very short pulse widths, we have that W << 1. Thus the expression in
parenthesis becomes
1
1
W
1 e ) [1 (1 W )]= W
(

Thus

Ps (L ) S s W P0 e 2L

13-14 (a) From the given equation, for an 0.5-dB accuracy, the SNR is 4.5 dB.
The total loss of the fiber is (0.33 dB/km)(50 km) = 16.5 dB.
The OTDR dynamic range D is
D = SNR + L + splice loss
= 4.5 dB + 16.5 dB + 0.5 dB = 21.5 dB

Here the splice loss is added to the dynamic range because the noise that limits the
achievable accuracy shows up after the event.
(b) For a 0.05-dB accuracy, the OTDR dynamic range must be 26.5 dB.
13-15 To find the fault-location accuracy dL with an OTDR, we differentiate Eq. (1323):
dL =

c
dt
2n

where is the accuracy to which the time difference between the original and
reflected pulses must be measured. For dL 1 m, we need
dt =

2n
2(1.5)
dL
(0.5 m) = 5 ns
8
c
3 10 m / s

To measure dt to this accuracy, the pulse width must be 0.5dt (because we are
measuring the time difference between the original and reflected pulse widths).
Thus we need a pulse width of 2.5 ns or less to locate a fiber fault within 0.5 m of
its true position.