Material Hardness Testing Objectives: * Become familiar with basic Rockwell hardness test machine. * Become familiar with basic metal heat treatment effects. Material and Equipment: * Rockwell hardness test machine STT ‘* Two pieces of metal bar: one piece annealed and one piece heat treated and quenched Safety: ‘+ Safety Glasses with side shields are required during the entire lab period. © Pay attention and follow the lab instructor's directions. Procedure: 1) Obtain two test specimens from your lab instructor. On your data sheet, record the appropriate material data for each specimen. 2) Measure and record the thickness of each specimen and the identification. 3) Use the diamond cone with the Rockwell hardness tester 4) Pull the Load Release lever toward the front (counterclockwise) 5) Place the sample flat on the anvil positioned so that no indent is under the penetrator. 6) Raise the specimen slowly into contact with the penetrator by tuning the capstan handwheel clockwise. Continue motion until the small pointer is near the upper dot. Continue very slowly until the long pointer is in a vertical position. 7) Tum the dial gage until the “set” line is directly behind the long pointer. 8) Push the Load Release lever away from you (clockwise) 9) When the long pointer comes to rest, remove the load by pulling the Load Release lever toward you. 10) Read the Rockwell number from the dial scale C. 11) Remove the minor load by turing the capstan handwheel counter-clockwise to lower the elevator screw and specimen so they clear the penetrator. 12)Remove the specimen. Place second specimen on anvil and repeat steps 6 through 11Material Hardness Testing AISI A2 Cold Work Tool Steel Natetial Description: AIS! A2 isan ai-or cll hardening chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloyed tool Notes: steel characterized by AISI A2 is characterized by: Good machinabilty High stably after hardening High compressive strength Good hardenabilty Good wear resistance 2pblcations: AIS! A2 takes a place in the tol steel range between AISI O1 and AISI 02, Treg an excellent combination of good wear resistance and toughness, ey be regarded, Te shee eo 3 universal’ cold work steel. For cuttng operations the good tougimess a Al {0 chipping of the cutting edge. In many cases tools made from Donveeyave given bette tooling economy than high-carbon, highehromiams steele tre DSW Nr. 2080 type, AISI AZ has much better machining and genting stoners Physical Metric English Comments Properties Density 772 glee Oa7o Ten hardened t 62 ARG iw 781 glee 0.275 Ibn? hardened to 62 HRC Temperature 388°C @Temperate 60°F 787 glee 0.277 Iovne hardened to 62 HRC. CTemperae 191°C @Temperaue sree Mechanical Metric English Comments Raw A2 Properties 7 Kx Faraness, as > (Cerranrenes) Binel ee Fics} Modulus of 190 GPa 27500 ksi (rardened to 62 HRC) Afatey 2g Elasticity w 170 GPa 24600 ksi hardened to 62 HRC. @remperae 399°C @Temperaue 0 185GPa 28800 ksi hardened to 62 HRD SPCon QTemperaure 191°C Temperature se Motes Compressive 1350 MPa 196000 psi 0.2%, hardened to 50 HRC y Yield Strength lehed 1800 MPa 261000 psi 0.2%, hardened to 55 HRC 2180 MPa 312000 psi 0.2%, hardened to 60 HRC 2200 MPa 319000 psi 0.2%, hardened to 62 HRC Thermal Metric English Comments s " @Temperature 20.0- 200°C @Temperature 80. 299 °F Specific Heat 0.480 Jig-*C 0-110 BTUNDE hardened to 62 HRC Speci areweannan sg ee teMaterial Hardness Testing Thermal 26.0 Wir 180 BTU-in/hr-ft="F hardened to 62 HRC Goncuctty @Temperature 200°C @Temperature 68.0°F ere mK 187 BTU fk hardened to 62 HRC remperature 181°C @Temperature 375 °F 28.5 Wim-K 18 BTU-in/hr-ft?-°F hardened to 62 HRC GTemperature 399 ‘@Temperatue 750°F Component Metric English ‘Comments Elements Properties Carbon, C 10% 10% Chromium, Cr 53% 53% Manganese, 0.60% 0.60% Mn Molybdenum, 11% 1.1% Mo Silicon, Si 0.30% 0.30% Vanadium, V 0.20% 0.20% ‘Some ofthe values dgplayed above may have been converted fom thelr orginal uns andor rounded in order to display the information in a Consistent format. Users requng ore precee dala for sletifc or enghnering calculations can cick on the propery value to see the ‘rginal values wel as raw conversions fo equvalen is. We adv tnal you only use the crignal value or one of is raw conversions in {our ealeultions to minimize rounding eror We age ask hat you afer to MatWeb ferms of use regarding tis information. Cick here to ‘iow allt property values fortis datasheet as they were orgnaly entered ino MatWeb.Material Hardness Testing Rockwell Hardness Test The Rockwell hardness test method consists of indenting the test ae et diamond cone or hardened steel ball indenter. The indenter is i. lo ‘equilibrium material under a preliminary minor load FO (Fig. 1A) usually 10 kgf. es pape has been reached, an indicating device, which follows the movements of the datum and so responds to changes in depth of penetration of the indenter is set fo & Cate position. While the preliminary minor load is stil applied an additional major loa applied with resulting increase in penetration (Fig. 1B). When equilibrium has again been reach, the additional major load is removed but the preliminary minor load is stil maintained. Removal of the additional major load allows a partial recovery, SO reducing the depth of penetration (Fig. 1C). The permanent increase in depth of penetration, resulting from the application and removal of the additional major load is used to calculate the Rockwell hardness number. HR=E-e FO = preliminary minor load in kgf F1 = additional major load in kgf F = total load in kgf = permanent increase in depth of penetration due to major load F1 measured of 0.002 mm & = a constant depending on form of indenter: 100 units for diamond indenter, 130 units for steel ball indenter HR = Rockwell hardness number D = diameter of steel bal units Fig. 1.Rockwell PrincipleHRA... HRB. HRC HRD HRE. HRE HRG | HRK HRL HRM. .. Thin steel and medium case hardened steel and pea! Phosphor bronze, beryllium copper, malleable irons HRH Material Hardness Testing Rockwell Hardness Scales : Minor Load Major Load Total Load atue of Scale) Indenter FO FI F : \ kgf kgf keh [A Diamondeone) 1050S 60|—«*100 ‘| [BR W6rsteetbal 10 | 90 ~~ 100 130 | | C Diamond cone 10 140 | D 'Diamondcone 10 90 [E (1e"steel bali | 10 | 90 F i6'steelbal 10) 50 G 1/16" steel ball 10 140 {H steel ball 10 50 K W8*steelball 10 | «140 [LC (wa*steelbal) 10 | 50 [ M174" steel ball | 10 ~ 90 P 1/4" steel ball 10 =| (140 150 130 in’seclbal 10 «50~*”*S—«CSSC*dH [S i*secdbat 10 | 90 | 100 | 130 [Vv (1p stel bal 10 | 140 150 | 130 Typical Application of Rockwell Hardness Seales ‘Cemented carbides, thin steel and shallow case hardened steel Copper alloys, soft steels, aluminium alloys, malleable irons, etc. | Steel, hard cast irons, case hardened steel and other materials harder than 100 HRB e ic malleable iron Cast iron, aluminium and magnesium alloys, bearing metals | Annealed copper alloys, thin soft sheet metals n f Aluminium, zinc, leat } } } Soft bearing metals, plastics and other very soft materialsMaterial Hardness Testing HRP....} HRR .} HRS....} HRV...} Advantages of the Rockwell hardness method include the direct Rockwell hardness number readout and rapid testing time. Disadvantages include many arbitrary non- related scales and possible effects from the specimen support anvil (try putting a Cigarette paper under a test block and take note of the effect on the hardness reading! Vickers and Brinell methods don't suffer from this effect). Weal | Wael 2 | We 3 Re» Ar 16 IRs 16.5 Henfee Ar 63% C45 CP. — Compre ypur Numbels Cait Theorie in table - ComPeve Prferhies of bof. - AMSuey Frbleny In Lab Mana?Mechanical Design Laboratory - ME 384 EXPERIMEN # - Hardness Testing 1. Purpose: To determine the hardness of any metallic material which you may be given. For the given material, you will measure the hardness many times, from this data, you will perform some statistical analysis to arrive at an average hardness for the material. II, Equipment: © Metallic material as indicated by instructor * Rockwell Hardness testing machine Ill, Procedure: |A) Preparing sample for hardness test 1. See instructor to determine which material should be used by the group. One sample may be performed by the group. 2, Find the correct material in the machine shop. Two pieces of the same material must be obtained. Both pieces must be at least 1/4 inch in thickness, the other dimensions are not important, but should be approximately 1 inch by 1 inch. One of the two faces of the x-section must be relatively smooth, for both of the samples. Since one face of each piece will be used in the testing. B) Hardness testing of sample. 1. The Rockwell (Wilson) hardness testing machine is located in the back comer of room, For the materials which you obtained, determine whether they are soft {aluminum or brass) or hard (steel). The hardness of the material i going to Getermine which test is performed. There is a chart on the wall near the machine hich tells of the difference in the tests which may be performed. The charts of Theeft side are for hard materials and the ones on the right are for soft. You will tise two different indenters, 21/16 inch ball for softer samples and a diamond tipped conic (Braille) for the hard materials. On the chart locate which material Juuare using, Then select the test to be performed, Use the tests which are indicated with a letter (A, B, C, D, ete.) 2, For the test selected, find the type of indenter which is called for on the test, tiven in the char. The indenter is located near the top ofthe movable table. To amove, turn the set screw, and hold onto the indenter. If needed, replace the indenter with the correct one. Once this is done, place the sample on the table 28and raise the table until the indenter is about a half and inch away from the sample. Then look at the chart again, under the test type which you are running, and find the value of the weight, This weight is the amount which the indenter needs to penetrate the sample. Load the weight on the rear of the Wilson machine. The weights are in sizes of -30, 45, 60, 100, and 150 KgF. If the chart says to use a 100 KgF load, you must place all of the intermediate weights on the ‘machine up to an including the 100 KgF load. You can put the weights on the support balance in the rear of the machine. To perform the test, you must look at the dial indicator on the front of the machine, There are two needles, a larger one and a small one. There are two dots at the limits of the small needle. Bring the sample up until the indenter touches the material. At this point, the large needle will begin to rotate, and the small needle will go towards the second small dot. Keep bringing the sample up until the small needle is slightly past the second dot and the large needle is pointing towards the ceiling (12:00). During this process, do not bring the sample down. Tt will ruin the test. Then, zero the large dial by turning the outer ring around the dial until the needle points to zero. Then, when zeroed, located the handle at the bottom on the right hand side of the machine. Turn the handle towards the wall. The large needle should go around. Wait a minute, for the process to reach equilibrium, and then bring the handle forward to the initial position. Look at the dial in the front of the machine, and read off the value of the hardness from the correct scale. This value is the material hardness. Note: the hardness value which is determined must be associated, with the specific test which is performed, ic. 79C, where the 'C'is the Rockwell C scale, Repeat this test 6 times for each sample. For each test, make sure that the indentation is at least 1/4 inch away from any other test indentation. Clean up. Place the ball indenter in the machine and the Braille indenter in the ‘small tube next to the machine. Replace the dust cover. 29IV. QUESTIONS & EXERCISES: ) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 0) 8) For each of the samples find the average value of hardness and then standard deviation. What does this tell you? Does the hardness which you found agree with the properties which may be found in a book? Show this!! Why can’t the indentations be very close to one another? Whaat is the effect if the surface is not horizontal and smooth? Why should different indenters be used for different materials? What are the basic principles behind Rockwell Hardness tests? For the values obtained from your samples; what can be said about the strength of the material? Is this correct with published values of the given material? Generally when a hardness values is given, it is given in a Rockwell ‘C” scale, why is this so? 30