Red-Black

Red-Black Trees
Trees

Comp 122, Spring 2004

Red-black trees: Overview

Red-black trees are a variation of binary search
trees to ensure that the tree is balanced.
Height is O(lg n), where n is the number of nodes.

Operations take O(lg n) time in the worst case.

Published by my PhD supervisor, Leo Guibas,
and Bob Sedgewick.
Easiest of the balanced search trees, so they are
used in STL map operations
redblack - 2

Comp 122,

Hysteresis : or the value of lazyness

Hysteresis, n. [fr. Gr. to be behind, to lag.]
a retardation of an effect when the forces acting
upon a body are changed (as if from viscosity or
internal friction); especially: a lagging in the
values of resulting magnetization in a magnetic
material (as iron) due to a changing magnetizing
force

redblack - 3

Comp 122,

Red-black Tree
Binary search tree + 1 bit per node: the attribute
color, which is either red or black.
All other attributes of BSTs are inherited:
key, left, right, and p.
All empty trees (leaves) are colored black.
We use a single sentinel, nil, for all the leaves of
red-black tree T, with color[nil] = black.
The roots parent is also nil[T ].
redblack - 4

Comp 122,

Red-black Properties
1.
2.
3.
4.

Every node is either red or black.

The root is black.
Every leaf (nil) is black.
If a node is red, then both its children are
black.

5. For each node, all paths from the node to

descendant leaves contain the same number of
black nodes.
redblack - 5

Comp 122,

Red-black Tree Example

26

17

41

30

47
38

nil[T]
redblack - 6

Remember: every
internal node has two
children, even though
nil leaves are not
usually shown.

Comp 122,

50

Height of a Red-black Tree

Height of a node:
h(x) = number of edges in a longest path to a leaf.

Black-height of a node x, bh(x):

bh(x) = number of black nodes (including nil[T ])
on the path from x to leaf, not counting x.

Black-height of a red-black tree is the black-height

of its root.
By Property 5, black height is well defined.

redblack - 7

Comp 122,

Height of a Red-black Tree

Example:

26

Height of a node:
17
h(x) = # of edges in a
longest path to a leaf.
Black-height of a node
bh(x) = # of black nodes
on path from x to leaf,
not counting x.

h=1
bh=1

h=2 30
bh=1

redblack - 8

41

nil[T]

Comp 122,

h=3
bh=2

h=1
bh=1

38

How are they related?

bh(x) h(x) 2 bh(x)

h=4
bh=2

47

h=2
bh=1

h=1 50
bh=1

Lemma RB Height
Consider a node x in an RB tree: The longest
descending path from x to a leaf has length h(x),
which is at most twice the length of the shortest
descending path from x to a leaf.
Proof:
# black nodes on any path from x = bh(x) (prop 5)
# nodes on shortest path from x, s(x). (prop 1)
But, there are no consecutive red (prop 4),
and we end with black (prop 3), so h(x) 2 bh(x).
Thus, h(x) 2 s(x). QED
redblack - 9

Comp 122,

Bound on RB Tree Height

Lemma: The subtree rooted at any node x has
2bh(x)1 internal nodes.
Proof: By induction on height of x.
Base Case: Height h(x) = 0 x is a leaf bh(x) = 0.
Subtree has 201 = 0 nodes.

Induction Step: Height h(x) = h > 0 and bh(x) = b.

Each child of x has height h - 1 and
black-height either b (child is red) or b - 1 (child is black).
By ind. hyp., each child has 2bh(x) 11 internal nodes.
Subtree rooted at x has 2 (2bh(x) 1 1)+1
= 2bh(x) 1 internal nodes. (The +1 is for x itself.)
redblack - 10

Comp 122,

Bound on RB Tree Height

Lemma: The subtree rooted at any node x has
2bh(x)1 internal nodes.

Lemma 13.1: A red-black tree with n internal

nodes has height at most 2 lg(n+1).
Proof:
By the above lemma, n 2bh 1,
and since bh h/2, we have n 2h/2 1.
h 2 lg(n + 1).

redblack - 11

Comp 122,

Operations on RB Trees
All operations can be performed in O(lg n) time.
The query operations, which dont modify the
tree, are performed in exactly the same way as
they are in BSTs.
Insertion and Deletion are not straightforward.
Why?

redblack - 12

Comp 122,

Rotations

Left-Rotate(T, x)

redblack - 13

Right-Rotate(T, y)

Comp 122,

Rotations
Rotations are the basic tree-restructuring operation for
almost all balanced search trees.
Rotation takes a red-black-tree and a node,
Changes pointers to change the local structure, and
Wont violate the binary-search-tree property.
Left rotation and right rotation are inverses.
Left-Rotate(T, x)

redblack - 14

Right-Rotate(T, y)

Comp 122,

Left Rotation Pseudo-code

Left-Rotate
Left-Rotate(T,
(T, x)
x)
1.1. yy
right[x]
right[x] //// Set
Sety.y.
2.2. right[x]
right[x]
left[y]
left[y] //Turn
//Turnys
ysleft
leftsubtree
subtreeinto
intoxs
xsright
rightsubtree.
subtree.
3.3. ififleft[y]
left[y] nil[T
nil[T]]
4.4.
then
thenp[left[y]]
p[left[y]]
xx
5.5. p[y]
//// Link
p[y]
p[x]
p[x]
Linkxs
xsparent
parentto
toy.y.
6.6. ififp[x]
p[x]=
= nil[T
nil[T]]
7.7.
then
Left-Rotate(T, x)
y
x
thenroot[T
root[T]]
yy
8.8.
else
elseififxx=
= left[p[x]]
left[p[x]]
y Right-Rotate(T, y) x
9.9.
then
thenleft[p[x]]
left[p[x]]
yy


10.
else
right[p[x]]

y
10.
else right[p[x]] y
11.
////Put
11. left[y]
left[y]
xx
Putxxon
onys
ysleft.
left.
12.
12. p[x]
p[x]
yy
redblack - 15

Comp 122,

Rotation
The pseudo-code for Left-Rotate assumes that
right[x] nil[T ], and
roots parent is nil[T ].

Left Rotation on x, makes x the left child of y, and the

left subtree of y into the right subtree of x.
Pseudocode for Right-Rotate is symmetric: exchange
left and right everywhere.
Time: O(1) for both Left-Rotate and Right-Rotate,
since a constant number of pointers are modified.

redblack - 16

Comp 122,

Reminder: Red-black Properties

1.
2.
3.
4.

Every node is either red or black.

The root is black.
Every leaf (nil) is black.
If a node is red, then both its children are
black.

5. For each node, all paths from the node to

descendant leaves contain the same number of
black nodes.
redblack - 17

Comp 122,

Insertion in RB Trees
Insertion must preserve all red-black properties.
Should an inserted node be colored Red? Black?
Basic steps:
Use Tree-Insert from BST (slightly modified) to
insert a node x into T.
Procedure RB-Insert(x).

Color the node x red.

Fix the modified tree by re-coloring nodes and
performing rotation to preserve RB tree property.
Procedure RB-Insert-Fixup.
redblack - 18

Comp 122,

Insertion
RB-Insert(T,
RB-Insert(T,z)z)
1.1.
yy
nil[T]
nil[T]
2.2. xx
root[T]
root[T]
3.3. while
whilexxnil[T]
nil[T]
4.4.
do
doyy
xx
5.5.
ififkey[z]
key[z]<<key[x]
key[x]
6.6.
then
thenxx
left[x]
left[x]
7.7.
else
elsexx
right[x]
right[x]
8.8. p[z]
p[z]
yy
9.9. ififyy==nil[T]
nil[T]
10.
then
10.
thenroot[T]
root[T]
zz
11.
else
11.
elseififkey[z]
key[z]<<key[y]
key[y]
12.
then
12.
then left[y]
left[y]
zz
13.
else
13.
elseright[y]
right[y]
zz
redblack - 19

RB-Insert(T,
RB-Insert(T,z)z)Contd.
Contd.
14.
14. left[z]
left[z]
nil[T]
nil[T]
15.
15. right[z]
right[z]
nil[T]
nil[T]
16.
16. color[z]
color[z]
RED
RED
17.
17. RB-Insert-Fixup
RB-Insert-Fixup(T,
(T,z)z)

How does it differ from the

Tree-Insert procedure of BSTs?
Which of the RB properties
might be violated?
Fix the violations by calling
RB-Insert-Fixup.
Comp 122,

Insertion Fixup

redblack - 20

Comp 122,

Insertion Fixup
Problem: we may have one pair of consecutive
reds where we did the insertion.
Solution: rotate it up the tree and away
Three cases have to be handled
http://www2.latech.edu/~apaun/RBTreeDemo.htm

redblack - 21

Comp 122,

Insertion Fixup
RB-Insert-Fixup
RB-Insert-Fixup(T,
(T, z)
z)
1.1. while
whilecolor[p[z]]
color[p[z]]=
= RED
RED
2.2.
do
doififp[z]
p[z]=
= left[p[p[z]]]
left[p[p[z]]]
3.3.
then
thenyy
right[p[p[z]]]
right[p[p[z]]]
4.4.
ififcolor[y]
color[y]=
= RED
RED
5.5.
then
thencolor[p[z]]
color[p[z]]
BLACK
BLACK //// Case
Case11
6.6.
color[y]
//// Case
color[y]
BLACK
BLACK
Case11
7.7.
color[p[p[z]]]
color[p[p[z]]]
RED
RED //// Case
Case11
8.8.
zz
//// Case
p[p[z]]
p[p[z]]
Case11

redblack - 22

Comp 122,

Insertion Fixup
RB-Insert-Fixup(T,
RB-Insert-Fixup(T, z)
z) (Contd.)
(Contd.)
9.
else
9.
elseififzz=
= right[p[z]]
right[p[z]] ////color[y]
color[y]RED
RED
10.
then
//// Case
10.
thenzz
p[z]
p[z]
Case22
11.
LEFT-ROTATE(T,
//// Case
11.
LEFT-ROTATE(T, z)
z)
Case22
12.
color[p[z]]
//// Case
12.
color[p[z]]
BLACK
BLACK
Case33
13.
color[p[p[z]]]
//// Case
13.
color[p[p[z]]]
RED
RED
Case33
14.
RIGHT-ROTATE(T,
14.
RIGHT-ROTATE(T, p[p[z]])
p[p[z]]) //// Case
Case33
15.
else
15.
else(if
(ifp[z]
p[z]==right[p[p[z]]])(same
right[p[p[z]]])(sameas
as10-14
10-14
16.
with
16.
withright
rightand
andleft
leftexchanged)
exchanged)
17.
17.color[root[T
color[root[T]]]]
BLACK
BLACK

redblack - 23

Comp 122,

Correctness
Loop invariant:
At the start of each iteration of the while loop,
z is red.
If p[z] is the root, then p[z] is black.
There is at most one red-black violation:
Property 2: z is a red root, or
Property 4: z and p[z] are both red.

redblack - 24

Comp 122,

Correctness Contd.
Initialization:
Termination: The loop terminates only if p[z] is black.
Hence, property 4 is OK.
The last line ensures property 2 always holds.
Maintenance: We drop out when z is the root (since
then p[z] is sentinel nil[T ], which is black). When we
start the loop body, the only violation is of property 4.
There are 6 cases, 3 of which are symmetric to the other 3.
We consider cases in which p[z] is a left child.
Let y be zs uncle (p[z]s sibling).

redblack - 25

Comp 122,

Case 1 uncle y is red

p[p[z]]

new z

p[z]

D
z

z is a right child here.

Similar steps if z is a left child.

p[p[z]] (zs grandparent) must be black, since z and p[z] are both red and
there are no other violations of property 4.
Make p[z] and y black now z and p[z] are not both red. But property 5
might now be violated.
Make p[p[z]] red restores property 5.
The next iteration has p[p[z]] as the new z (i.e., z moves up 2 levels).
redblack - 26

Comp 122,

Case 2 y is black, z is a right child

C

p[z]

p[z]

Left rotate around p[z], p[z] and z switch roles now z is a left
child, and both z and p[z] are red.
Takes us immediately to case 3.

redblack - 27

Comp 122,

Case 3 y is black, z is a left child

B

C
p[z]
B
z

Make p[z] black and p[p[z]] red.

Then right rotate on p[p[z]]. Ensures property 4 is maintained.
No longer have 2 reds in a row.
p[z] is now black no more iterations.
redblack - 28

Comp 122,

Algorithm Analysis
O(lg n) time to get through RB-Insert up to the
call of RB-Insert-Fixup.
Within RB-Insert-Fixup:

redblack - 29

Each iteration takes O(1) time.

Each iteration but the last moves z up 2 levels.
O(lg n) levels O(lg n) time.
Thus, insertion in a red-black tree takes O(lg n) time.
Note: there are at most 2 rotations overall.

Comp 122,

Deletion
Deletion, like insertion, should preserve all the
RB properties.
The properties that may be violated depends on
the color of the deleted node.
Red OK. Why?
Black?

Steps:
Do regular BST deletion.
Fix any violations of RB properties that may result.
redblack - 30

Comp 122,

Deletion
RB-Delete(T,
RB-Delete(T, z)
z)
1.1. ififleft[z]
left[z]=
= nil[T]
nil[T]or
orright[z]
right[z]=
= nil[T]
nil[T]
2.2.
then
thenyy
zz
3.3.
else
elseyy
TREE-SUCCESSOR(z)
TREE-SUCCESSOR(z)
4.4. ififleft[y]
left[y]=
= nil[T
nil[T]]
5.5.
then
thenxx
left[y]
left[y]
6.6.
else
elsexx
right[y]
right[y]
7.7. p[x]
p[x]
p[y]
p[y] ////Do
Dothis,
this,even
evenififxxisisnil[T]
nil[T]

redblack - 31

Comp 122,

Deletion
RB-Delete
RB-Delete(T,
(T, z)
z) (Contd.)
(Contd.)
8.
8. ififp[y]
p[y]=
= nil[T
nil[T]]
9.
9. then
thenroot[T
root[T]]
xx
10.
10. else
elseififyy=
= left[p[y]]
left[p[y]]
11.
then
11.
thenleft[p[y]]
left[p[y]]
xx
12.
else
12.
elseright[p[y]]
right[p[y]]
xx
13.
13.ififyy=
= zz
14.
14. then
thenkey[z]
key[z]
key[y]
key[y]
15.
15. copy
copyys
yssatellite
satellitedata
datainto
intozz
16.
16.ififcolor[y]
color[y]=
= BLACK
BLACK
17.
17. then
thenRB-Delete-Fixup(T,
RB-Delete-Fixup(T, x)
x)
18.
18.return
returnyy
redblack - 32

Comp 122,

The node passed to

the fixup routine is
the lone child of the
spliced up node, or
the sentinel.

RB Properties Violation
If y is black, we could have violations of redblack properties:
Prop. 1. OK.
Prop. 2. If y is the root and x is red, then the root has
become red.
Prop. 3. OK.
Prop. 4. Violation if p[y] and x are both red.
Prop. 5. Any path containing y now has 1 fewer
black node.
redblack - 33

Comp 122,

RB Properties Violation
Prop. 5. Any path containing y now has 1 fewer black
node.

Correct by giving x an extra black.

Add 1 to count of black nodes on paths containing x.
Now property 5 is OK, but property 1 is not.
x is either doubly black (if color[x] = BLACK) or red &
black (if color[x] = RED).
The attribute color[x] is still either RED or BLACK. No new
values for color attribute.
In other words, the extra blackness on a node is by virtue of x
pointing to the node.

Remove the violations by calling RB-Delete-Fixup.

redblack - 34

Comp 122,

Deletion Fixup
RB-Delete-Fixup(T,
RB-Delete-Fixup(T, x)
x)
1.
1. while
whilexx root[T
root[T]]and
andcolor[x]
color[x]=
= BLACK
BLACK
2.
do
2.
doififxx=
= left[p[x]]
left[p[x]]
3.
then
3.
thenw
w
right[p[x]]
right[p[x]]
4.
ififcolor[w]
4.
color[w]=
= RED
RED
5.
then
5.
thencolor[w]
color[w]
BLACK
BLACK
6.
color[p[x]]
6.
color[p[x]]
RED
RED
7.
LEFT-ROTATE(T,
7.
LEFT-ROTATE(T, p[x])
p[x])
8.
w
8.
w
right[p[x]]
right[p[x]]

redblack - 35

Comp 122,

//// Case
Case11
//// Case
Case11
//// Case
Case11
//// Case
Case11

RB-Delete-Fixup(T,
RB-Delete-Fixup(T, x)
x) (Contd.)
(Contd.)
/*
/* xx is
is still
still left[p[x]]
left[p[x]] */
*/
9.9.
ififcolor[left[w]]
color[left[w]]=
= BLACK
BLACKand
andcolor[right[w]]
color[right[w]]=
= BLACK
BLACK
10.
then
//// Case
10.
thencolor[w]
color[w]
RED
RED
Case22
11.
xx
//// Case
11.
p[x]
p[x]
Case22
12.
else
12.
elseififcolor[right[w]]
color[right[w]]=
= BLACK
BLACK
13.
then
13.
thencolor[left[w]]
color[left[w]]
BLACK
BLACK //// Case
Case33
14.
color[w]
//// Case
14.
color[w]
RED
RED
Case33
15.
RIGHT-ROTATE(T,w)
//// Case
15.
RIGHT-ROTATE(T,w)
Case33
16.
w
//// Case
16.
w
right[p[x]]
right[p[x]]
Case33
17.
color[w]
//// Case
17.
color[w]
color[p[x]]
color[p[x]]
Case44
18.
color[p[x]]
//// Case
18.
color[p[x]]
BLACK
BLACK
Case44
19.
color[right[w]]
//// Case
19.
color[right[w]]
BLACK
BLACK
Case44
20.
LEFT-ROTATE(T,
//// Case
20.
LEFT-ROTATE(T, p[x])
p[x])
Case44
21.
xx
//// Case
21.
root[T
root[T]]
Case44
22.
22. else
else(same
(sameas
asthen
thenclause
clausewith
withright
rightand
andleft
leftexchanged)
exchanged)
23.
23.- 36color[x]
color[x]
BLACK
BLACK
redblack

Comp 122,

Deletion Fixup
Idea: Move the extra black up the tree until x points to
a red & black node turn it into a black node,
x points to the root just remove the extra black, or
We can do certain rotations and recolorings and finish.
Within the while loop:
x always points to a nonroot doubly black node.
w is xs sibling.
w cannot be nil[T ], since that would violate property 5 at
p[x].

8 cases in all, 4 of which are symmetric to the other.

redblack - 37

Comp 122,

Case 1 w is red
p[x]
B
x

D
B

x A

new w

w must have black children.

Make w black and p[x] red (because w is red p[x] couldnt have
been red).
Then left rotate on p[x].
New sibling of x was a child of w before rotation must be
black.
Go immediately to case 2, 3, or 4.
redblack - 38

Comp 122,

Case 2 w is black, both ws children

p[x] c
are black new x c
B

Take 1 black off x ( singly black) and off w ( red).

Move that black to p[x].
Do the next iteration with p[x] as the new x.
If entered this case from case 1, then p[x] was red new x is
red & black color attribute of new x is RED loop
terminates. Then new x is made black in the last line.
redblack - 39
Comp 122,

Case 3 w is black, ws left child is red,

ws right child is black
B
x

B c
x

new w
D

Make w red and ws left child black.

Then right rotate on w.
New sibling w of x is black with a red right child case 4.

redblack - 40

Comp 122,

Case 4 w is black, ws right child is red

B
x

c
w

D
B

x A

Make w be p[x]s color (c).

Make p[x] black and ws right child black.
Then left rotate on p[x].
Remove the extra black on x ( x is now singly black) without
violating any red-black properties.
All done. Setting x to root causes the loop to terminate.

redblack - 41

Comp 122,

Analysis
O(lg n) time to get through RB-Delete up to the
call of RB-Delete-Fixup.
Within RB-Delete-Fixup:
Case 2 is the only case in which more iterations
occur.
x moves up 1 level.
Hence, O(lg n) iterations.

Each of cases 1, 3, and 4 has 1 rotation 3

rotations in all.
Hence, O(lg n) time.
redblack - 42

Comp 122,

Hysteresis : or the value of lazyness

The red nodes give us some slack we dont
have to keep the tree perfectly balanced.
The colors make the analysis and code much
easier than some other types of balanced trees.
Still, these arent free balancing costs some
time on insertion and deletion.

redblack - 43

Comp 122,