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Goulds Pumps Fundamentals PDF
Goulds Pumps Fundamentals PDF
2
H= v
2g
100 Ft.
100 Ft.
32.5 psi
100 Ft.
52 psi
43 psi
TECH-A
2
where g = 32.2 ft/sec.
V = liquid velocity in feet per second
TOTAL DYNAMIC SUCTION LIFT (hs) is the static suction lift minus
the velocity head at the pump suction flange plus the total friction
head in the suction line. The total dynamic suction lift, as determined
on pump test, is the reading of a gauge on the suction flange,
converted to feet of liquid and corrected to the pump centerline*,
minus the velocity head at the point of gauge attachment.
TOTAL DYNAMIC SUCTION HEAD (hs) is the static suction head
plus the velocity head at the pump suction flange minus the total
friction head in the suction line. The total dynamic suction head, as
determined on pump test, is the reading of the gauge on the suction
flange, converted to feet of liquid and corrected to the pump
centerline*, plus the velocity head at the point of gauge attachment.
TOTAL DYNAMIC DISCHARGE HEAD (hd) is the static discharge
head plus the velocity head at the pump discharge flange plus the
total friction head in the discharge line. The total dynamic discharge
head, as determined on pump test, is the reading of a gauge at the
discharge flange, converted to feet of liquid and corrected to
the pump centerline*, plus the velocity head at the point of gauge
attachment.
TOTAL HEAD (H) or TOTAL Dynamic HEAD (TDH) is the total
dynamic discharge head minus the total dynamic suction head or
plus the total dynamic suction lift.
STATIC
DISCHG
HEAD
TOTAL
STATIC
HEAD
STATIC
SUCTION
LIFT
TECH-A
TOTAL STATIC
HEAD
STATIC
DISCHARGE
HEAD
STATIC
SUCTION
HEAD
TECH-A-2 Capacity
Capacity (Q) is normally expressed in gallons per minute (gpm).
Since liquids are essentially incompressible, there is a direct
relationship between the capacity in a pipe and the velocity of flow.
This relationship is as follows:
Q = A x V or V = Q
A
bhp =
TECH-A
Ns = N Q
H3/4
Where N = Pump speed in RPM
Q = Capacity in gpm at the best efficiency point
H = Total head per stage at the best efficiency point
TECH-A
Ls
hf
Fig. 4 Calculation of system Net Positive Suction Head Available for typical suction conditions.
TECH-A
1/2
9000 = N (2000)
30 3/4
N = 2580 RPM
Where
N
GPM
NPSH
1/2
9000 = N (1000)
(30 )3/4
N = 3700 RPM
For a given pump, the suction specific speed is generally a constant
- it does not change when the pump speed is changed. Experience
has shown that 9000 is a reasonable value of suction specific speed.
Pumps with a minimum suction specific speed of 9000 are readily
available, and are not normally subject to severe operating
restrictions.
An example:
Flow 2,000 GPM; head 600 ft. What NPSH will be required?
Assume: at 600 ft., 3550 RPM operation will be required.
1/2
S = N (GPM)
(NPSHR ) 3/4
1/2
9000 = 3550 (2000)
(NPSHR ) 3/4
De
Sg
High Suction Energy starts at 160 x 106 for end suction pumps and
120 x 106 for horizontal split case pumps. Very high suction energy
starts at 1.5 times the High Suction Energy values. For estimating
purposes you can normally assume that the impeller eye diameter
is approximately 90% of the suction nozzle size, for an end suction
pump, and 75% of the suction size for a double suction split case
pump.
An example:
Suction specific speed 9,000, pump speed 3550 RPM, suction
nozzle size 6 inch, specific gravity 1.0, and the pump type is
end suction.
De .9 x 6" = 5.4"
Suction Energy = De x N x S x Sg
= 5.4 x 3550 x 9,000 x 1.0
= 173 x 106
Since 173 x 106 > 160 x 106, this is a High Suction Energy pump.
TECH-A
The distinction between the above three classes is not absolute, and
there are many pumps with characteristics falling somewhere
between the three. For instance, the Francis vane impeller would
have a characteristic between the radial and mixed flow classes.
Most turbine pumps are also in this same range depending upon
their specific speeds.
Fig. 5 shows that the head curve for a radial flow pump is relatively
flat and that the head decreases gradually as the flow increases.
Note that the brake horsepower increases gradually over the flow
range with the maximum normally at the point of maximum flow.
Mixed flow centrifugal pumps and axial flow or propeller pumps have
considerably different characteristics as shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The
head curve for a mixed flow pump is steeper than for a radial flow
TECH-A
TECH-A
A.
Q1
N
= 1
Q2
N2
B.
H1
N1
=
H2
N2
C.
BHP1
N1
=
BHP2
N2
=
=
=
=
Capacity, GPM
Total Head, Feet
Brake Horsepower
Pump Speed, RPM
EXAMPLE:
To illustrate the use of these laws, refer to Fig. 8. It shows the
performance of a particular pump at 1750 RPM with various impeller
diameters. This performance data has been determined by actual
tests by the manufacturer. Now assume that you have a 13"
maximum diameter impeller, but you want to belt drive the pump at
2000 RPM.
The affinity laws listed under 1 above will be used to determine the
new performance, with N1 = 1750 RPM and N2 = 2000 RPM. The first
step is to read the capacity, head, and horsepower at several points
on the 13 dia. curve in Fig. 9. For example, one point may be near
the best efficiency point where the capacity is 300 GPM, the head is
160 ft, and the BHP is approx. 20 hp.
( )
( )
300
1750
=
Q2
2000
Q2 = 343 gpm
A.
Q1
D
= 1
Q2
D2
B.
H1
D1
=
H2
D2
C.
160
=
H2
20
=
BHP2
( )
BHP1
D1
=
BHP2
D2
1750
(2000)
1750
( 2000)
H2 = 209 ft.
BHP2 30 hp
This will then be the best efficiency point on the new 2000 RPM
curve. By performing the same calculations for several other points
on the 1750 RPM curve, a new curve can be drawn which will
approximate the pump's performance at 2000 RPM, Fig. 9.
( )
When the performance (Q1, H1, & BHP1) is known at some particular speed (N1) or diameter (D1), the formulas can be used to estimate
the performance (Q2, H2, & BHP2) at some other speed (N2) or diameter (D2). The efficiency remains nearly constant for speed changes
and for small changes in impeller diameter.
Fig. 9
TECH-A
HEAD
PUMP CURVE
THROTTLED
SYSTEM
CURVE
PUMP CURVE
By plotting the system head curve and pump curve together, it can
be determined:
1. Where the pump will operate on its curve.
HEAD
FLOW RATE
THROTTLED
2. What changes will occur if the system head curve or the pump
performance curve changes.
SYSTEM CURVE
H
0
FLOW RATE
Fig. 2 Positive Suction Head
HEAD
PUMP CURVE
THROTTLED
SYSTEM
CURVE
FLOW RATE
Fig. 1 No Static Head - All Friction
TECH-A
In this illustration, a certain flow rate will occur by gravity head alone.
But to obtain higher flows, a pump is required to overcome the pipe
friction losses in excess of H the head of the suction above the
level of the discharge. In other words, the system curve is plotted
exactly as for any other case involving a static head and friction
head, except the static head is now negative. The system curve
begins at a negative value and shows the limited flow rate obtained
by gravity alone. More capacity requires extra work.
The system head curve in this illustration starts at the static head H
and zero flow. Since the friction losses are relatively small (possibly
due to the large diameter pipe), the system curve is flat. In this
case, the pump is required to overcome the comparatively large
static head before it will deliver any flow at all.
PUMP CURVE
HEAD
H (NEGATIVE)
FLAT
SYSTEM
H
PUMP CURVE
FLOW RATE
HEAD
SYSTEM
CURVE
0
FLOW RATE
-H
TECH-A
Formulas
GPM = 0.002 x Lb./Hr.
Sp. Gr.
GPM =
Lbs./Hr.
500 x Sp. Gr.
H = 2.31 x psi
Sp. Gr.
H = 1.134 x In. Hg.
Sp. Gr.
2
hv = V = .0155 V2
2g
H = head in feet
psi = pounds per square inch
In. Hg. = inches of mercury
hv = velocity head in feet
V = velocity in feet per second
g = 32.16 ft/sec2 (acceleration of gravity)
141.5
131.5 x degrees A.P.I.
NC = 187.7
f
3
f = PL
mEI
Ns = N GPM
H 3/4
2
H = v
2g
v =NxD
229
DEG. C
= (DEG. F - 32) x 5 / 9
DEG. F
= (DEG. C x 5 / 9) + 32
TECH-A
Section TECH-B
Pump Application Data
TECH-B-1 Corrosion & Materials of Construction
Selecting the right pump type and sizing it correctly are critical to the
success of any pump application. Equally important is the selection
of materials of construction. Choices must be made between metals
and/or non-metals for pump components that come into contact with
the pumpage. In addition, gaskets and O-ring material selections
must be made to assure long leak-free operation of the pump's
dynamic and static sealing joints. To assist in proper selection,
included in this section is a brief discussion of specific types of
corrosion and a general material selection guide.
Corrosion
Corrosion is the destructive attack of a metal by chemical or electrachemical reaction with its environment. It is important to understand
the various types of corrosion and factors affecting corrosion rate to
properly select materials.
TYPES OF CORROSION
(1) Galvanic corrosion is the electro-chemical action produced
when one metal is in electrical contact with another more noble
metal, with both being immersed in the same corroding medium
called the electrolyte. A galvanic cell is formed and current flows
between the two materials. The least noble material called the anode
will corrode while the more noble cathode will be protected. It is
important that the smaller wearing parts in a pump be of a more
noble material than the larger more massive parts, as in an iron
pump with bronze or stainless steel trim.
Following is a galvanic series listing the more common metals and
alloys.
Corroded End
(Anodic, or least noble)
Magnesium
Magnesium Alloys
Zinc
Aluminum 2S
Cadmium
Aluminum 175T
Steel or Iron
Cast Iron
Stainless Steel, 400 Series
(Active)
Stainless Steel, Type 304
(Active)
Stainless Steel, Type 316
(Active)
Lead-tin Solders
Lead
Tin
Nickel (Active)
(2) Uniform Corrosion is the overall attack on a metal by a corroding liquid resulting in a relatively uniform metal loss over the exposed
surface. This is the most common type of corrosion and it can be
minimized by the selection of a material which offers resistance to
the corroding liquid.
(3) Intergranular corrosion is the precipitation of chromium
carbides at the grain boundaries of stainless steels. It results in the
complete destruction of the mechanical properties of the steel for the
depth of the attack. Solution annealing or the use of extra low carbon
stainless steels will eliminate intergranular corrosion.
(4) Pitting Corrosion is a localized rather than uniform type of
attack. It is caused by a breakdown of the protective film and results
in rapid pit formation at random locations on the surface.
(5) Crevice or Concentration Cell Corrosion occurs in joints or
small surface imperfections. Portions of the liquid become trapped
and a difference in potential is established due to the oxygen concentration difference in these cells. The resulting corrosion may
progress rapidly leaving the surrounding area unaffected.
(6) Stress Corrosion is the failure of a material due to a combination of stress and corrosive environment, whereas the material would
not be affected by the environment alone.
(7) Erosion-Corrosion is the corrosion resulting when a metals
protective film is destroyed by high velocity fluids. It is distinguished
from abrasion which is destruction by fluids containing abrasive solid
particles.
pH VALUES
The pH of a liquid is an indication of its corrosive qualities, either
acidic or alkaline. It is a measure of the hydrogen or hydroxide ion
concentration in gram equivalents per liter. pH value is expressed as
the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion
concentration. The scale of pH values is from zero to 14, with 7 as a
neutral point. From 6 to zero denotes increasing hydrogen ion concentration and thus increasing acidity, and from 8 to 14 denotes
increasing hydroxide ion concentration and thus increasing alkalinity.
The table below outlines materials of construction usually
recommended for pumps handling liquids of known pH value
pH Value
Material of Construction
10 to 14
8 to 10
6 to 8
4 to 6
0 to 4
TECH-B
Corrosive
Code:
A
B
X
Steel
Recommended
Useful resistance
Unsuitable
Carbon steel, cast iron and
ductile iron
Brz
Bronze
316
Stainless steel
A-20
Carpenter stainless
CD4MCu CD4MCu stainless steel
Alloy 2205 Alloy 2205 stainless steel
C-276
Wrought Hastelloy
C-276 alloy
Ti
Titanium unalloyed
Zi
Zirconium
ETFE
Ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (Tefzel )
FP
Fluoropolymers (e.g.,
Steel Brz
Teflon) including
perfluoroalkoxy (PFA),
polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE) and fluorinated
ethylene propylene (FEP)
FRP
Fiber-reinforced plastic
(vinylester resin)
EPDM Ethylenepropylene rubber
(Nordel )
FKM1 Standard grades; dipolymers
of hexafluoropropylene
(HFP) and vinylidene fluoride
(VF2) (Viton)
FKM2 Specialty grades; terpolymers
comprising at least three of
the following: HFP, VF2,
tetrafluorethylene (TFE),
perfluoromethylvinyl ether
ALLOY
2205 C-276
FFKM
PVDF
1Compatibility
is dependent on
specific freon. Contact elastomer
manufacturer.
Ti
Zi
ETFE
FP
Acetaldehyde, 70F
104C
Acetone, to boiling
104C
104C
104C
A (to
40C)
104C
104C
104C
104C
Benzoic acid
A
104C
104C
104C
104C
110C
104C
A
95C
Calcium bisulphite
104C
104C
104C
104C
TECH-B
A (to
40C)
Corrosive
Steel Brz
ALLOY
2205 C-276
Ti
Zi
ETFE
FP
50C
104C 149C
A
65C
80C
Citric acid
104C
Cresylic acid
65C
Cupric chloride
Cyanohydrin, 70F
A
X
Dichloroethane
65C
Ethanolamine, 70F
Ethers, 70F
104C
Formaldehyde, to boiling
104C
Freon, 70F
A/X1
A/X1
A/X1
A/B1
X
X
104C
50C
104C
140C
104C
140C
TECH-B
Corrosive
Steel Brz
ALLOY
2205 C-276
Ti
Magnesium sulphate
Maleic acid
Mercaptans
Zi
ETFE
FP
135C
120C
70%,
50C
A
A
A
Napthalenic acid
Nickel sulphate
Nitric acid
Nitrobenzene, 70F
Nitroethane, 70F
Nitropropane, 70F
B
B
B
Oleic acid
Oxalic acid
Palmitic acid
X
A
120C
50C
A
A
120C
50C
A
A
Potassium carbonate
B
A
140C
Potassium chlorate
95C
Potassium dichromate
140C
Potassium ferricyanide
Potassium hypochlorite
Potassium permanganate
Potassium phosphate
Seawater, 70F
Sodium carbonate
Sodium cyanide
B
B
A
A
140C
95C
120C
140C
135C
100C
95C
Sodium dichromate
Sodium ethylate
Sodium fluoride
Sodium hypochlorite
TECH-B
A
140C
40%,
95C
Corrosive
Steel Brz
ALLOY
2205 C-276
Ti
Zi
ETFE
FP
Sulphur (molten)
120C
A
120C
120C
95C
Tirchlorethylene, to boiling
Urea, 70F
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
Water, to boiling
Zinc chloride
A
B
Zinc sulphate
120C
95C
140C
140C
Elastomer
Shore (A)
Hardness
Max
Temp
Limit
pH
Range
Abrasion
Resistance
to Moderate
Chemicals
Oils
Hydrocarbons
Natural
Rubber
40
154 F
5 - 12
G (1)
Polyurethane
81
149 F
3 - 11
E (2)
G (1)
Neoprene
60
212 F
3 - 12
G (1)
Nitrile
60
220 F
4 - 12
G (1)
Hypalon
55
230 F
1 - 14
Chlorobutyl
50
300 F
3 - 12
TECH-B
CHECK
VALVE
ECCENTRIC
REDUCER
GATE
VALVE
LONG RADIUS
ELBOW
(1a) CORRECT
FOOT VALVE
(IF USED)
STRAINER
CHECK
VALVE
ECCENTRIC
REDUCER
LONG RADIUS
ELBOW
GATE
VALVE
(1b) CORRECT
GATE
VALVE
(1c) WRONG
TECH-B
CHECK
VALVE
liquid from evenly filling the impeller. This upsets hydraulic balance
leading to noise vibration, possible cavitation, and excessive shaft
deflection. Cavitation erosion damage, shaft breakage or premature
bearing failure may result.
Selection of the discharge pipe size is primarily a matter of economics. The cost of the various pipe sizes must be compared to the pump
size and power cost required to overcome the resulting friction head.
The suction piping size and design is far more important. Many
centrifugal pump troubles are caused by poor suction conditions.
The Suction pipe should never be smaller than the suction connection of the pump, and in most cases should be at least one size larger. Suction pipes should be as short and as straight as possible.
Suction pipe velocities should be in the 5 to 8 feet per second range
unless suction conditions are unusually good.
LEAST 5D
ECCENTRIC
REDUCER-WITH
TOP HORIZONTAL
MUST BE AT
Higher velocities will increase the friction loss and can result in
troublesome air or vapor separation. This is further complicated
when elbows or tees are located adjacent to the pump suction
nozzle, in that uneven flow patterns or vapor separation keeps the
ELBOW MUST BE
VERTICAL WHEN
NEXT TO PUMP
(2a) PERMISSABLE
(2b) WRONG
The free discharge of liquid above the surface of the supply tank at
or near the pump suction can cause entrained air to enter the pump.
All lines should be submerged in the tank, and baffles should be used
in extreme cases as shown in Fig. 4.
TECH-B
PUMP SUCTION
RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
PUMP
SUCTION
BAFFLE
RECOMMENDED
PUMP
SUCTION
16
14
14
H-SUBMERGENCE IN FEET (MIN.)
12
10
5,000 GPM
3,000 GPM
12
1,000 GPM
2
10
200 GPM
2
10
12
14
16
8
VELOCITY IN FEET PER SEC. =
5,000 GPM
3,000 GPM
1,000 GPM
2
200 GPM
2
10
12
OR
14
16
G.P.M. x .4085
D2
TECH-B
AREA (inches)2
OR
G.P.M. x .4085
D2
FLAT BAFFLE
SIDE VIEW
BAFFLE
SMOOTHS
OUT VORTEX
SUCTION
PIPE
SUCTION
PIPE
TOP VIEW
(6a)
(6b)
(6c)
TECH-B
As shown in Fig. 10 (A), low velocity and straight in-line flow to all
units simultaneously is a primary recommendation. Velocities in the
sump should be approximately one foot per second, but velocities of
two feet per second may prove satisfactory. This is particularly true
when the design is based on a model study. Not recommended
would be an abrupt change in the size of the inlet pipe to the sump
or the inlet from one side introducing eddying.
In many cases, as shown in Fig. 10 (B), pumps operate satisfactorily
without separating walls below 5,000 GPM. If walls must be used for
structural purposes or some pumps operate intermittently, then the
walls should extend from the rear wall approximately five times the D
dimension given in Fig. 7.
If walls are used, increase dimension W by the thickness of the wall
for correct centerline spacing and use round or ogive ends of walls.
Not recommended is the placement of a number of pumps or suction
pipes around the sides of a sump with or without dividing walls.
Abrupt changes in size, as shown in Fig. 10 (C), from inlet pipe or
channel to the sump are not desirable. Connection of a pipe to a
sump is best accomplished using a gradually increasing taper
section. The angle should be as small as possible, preferably not
more than 10 degrees. With this arrangement, sump velocities less
than one foot per second are desirable.
Specifically not recommended is a pipe directly connected to a sump
with suction intakes close to the sump inlet, since this results in an
abrupt change in the flow direction. Centering pumps or suction
pipes in the sump leaves large vortex areas behind the intake which
will cause operational trouble.
If the sump velocity, as shown in Fig. 10 (D), can be kept low
(approximately one foot per second), an abrupt change from inlet
pipe to sump can be accommodated if the sump length equals or
exceeds the values shown. As ratio Z/P increases, the inlet velocity
at P may be increased up to an allowed maximum of eight feet per
second at Z/P 10. Intakes in line are not recommended unless a
trench-type of intake is provided (per ANSI/HI 9.8), or the ratio of
sump to intake size is quite large and intakes are separated by a
substantial margin longitudinally. A sump can generally be
constructed at less cost by using a recommended design.
As shown in Fig. 10 (E), it is sometimes desirable to install pumps in
tunnels or pipe lines. A drop pipe or false well to house the unit with
a vaned inlet elbow facing upstream is satisfactory in flows up to
eight feet per second. Without inlet elbow, the suction bell should be
positioned at least two pipe (vertical) diameters above the top of the
tunnel. The unit should not be suspended in the tunnel flow, unless
the tunnel velocity Is less than two feet per second. There must be
no air along the top of the tunnel, and the minimum submergence
must be provided.
In general: Keep inlet velocity to the sump below two feet per
second. Keep velocity in sump below 1.5 foot per second. Avoid
changing direction of flow from inlet to pump or suction pipe, or
change direction gradually and smoothly, guiding flow.
D =
(.0744Q)0.5 Recommended
W =
2D
S =
Y 5D
Where:
A 5D
S -
inches
C =
.3D to .5D
Q -
Flow (GPM)
B =
.75D
D -
inches
TECH-B
D + 0.574 Q / D1.5
Pump
W/2
Single
pump
W
W/2
Flow
Trash Rack
Multiple
sump
Screen
W
Optional partial dividers
(increase dimension W
by the divider thickness)
required above 5,000
GPM
B
Flow
Y
A
A
B
Screen
Trash Rack
Y
Min. Water Level
TECH-B
TECH-B
TECH-B-4A Sealing
The proper selection of a seal is critical to the success of every
pump application. For maximum pump reliability, choices must be
made between the type of seal and the seal environment. In
addition, a sealless pump is an alternative which would eliminate
the need for a dynamic type seal entirely.
Sealing Area
Sealing Basics
There are two basic kinds of seals: static and dynamic. Static seals
are employed where no movement occurs at the juncture to be
sealed. Gaskets and O-rings are typical static seals.
Dynamic seals are used where surfaces move relative to one
another. Dynamic seals are used, for example, where a rotating
shaft transmits power through the wall of a tank (Fig. 1), through
the casing of a pump (Fig. 2), or through the housing of other
rotating equipment such as a filter or screen.
Rotating
Shaft
Sealing Area
Fig. 2
Typical Centrifugal Pump
Discharge
Throat
Stuffing Box
or Seal Chamber
Rotary
Impeller
Suction
Eye
Gland
Shaft
Fig. 3
Centrifugal Pump,
Liquid End
Casing
TECH-B
Discharge
Discharge pressure will force some product down behind the impeller
to the drive shaft, where it attempts to escape along the rotating drive
shaft. Pump manufacturers use various design techniques to reduce
the pressure of the product trying to escape. Such techniques
include: 1) the addition of balance holes through the impeller to
permit most of the pressure to escape into the suction side of the
impeller, or 2) the addition of back pump-out vanes on the back side
of the impeller.
Casing
Impeller
Vanes
Fig. 4
Fluid Flow in a
Centrifugal Pump
Impeller
Suction Eye
TECH-B
Lantern
Ring
Sealing Liquid
Connection
Packing Gland
(Quench Type)
Stuffing
Box
Bushing
Positive
Fluid
Pressure
Above
Atmospheric
Pressure
Atmospheric
Pressure
Stuffing
Box
Throat
Leakage
Mechanical
Packing
Injected Fluid
Atmospheric
Pressure
Leakage
Into
Pump
Lantern Ring
Location For
Thick Slurries
Including
Paper
Stock
Leakage
Into
Pump
Normal Lantern
Ring Connection
Mechanical Seals
A mechanical seal is a sealing device which forms a running seal
between rotating and stationary parts. They were developed to overcome the disadvantages of compression packing. Leakage can be
reduced to a level meeting environmental standards of government
regulating agencies and maintenance costs can be lower. Advantages
of mechanical seals over conventional packing are as follows:
TECH-B
3. Mechanical seal hardware including gland rings, collars, compression rings, pins, springs and bellows.
Coil Spring
Insert
Insert Mounting
Gland Ring
Shaft Packing
Seal Ring
Gland Gasket
POINT C
Gland Gasket
POINT D
Insert Mounting
POINT A
Face
There are four main sealing points within an end face mechanical
seal (Fig. 10). The primary seal is at the seal face, Point A. The
leakage path at Point B is blocked by either an O-ring, a V-ring or a
wedge. Leakage paths at Points C and D are blocked by gaskets or
O-rings.
The faces in a typical mechanical seal are lubricated with a
boundary layer of gas or liquid between the faces. In designing seals
for the desired leakage, seal life, and energy consumption, the
designer must consider how the faces are to be lubricated and select
from a number of modes of seal face lubrication.
To select the best seal design, its necessary to know as much as
possible about the operating conditions and the product to be sealed.
Complete information about the product and environment will allow
selection of the best seal for the application.
POINT B
Shaft Packing
Fig. 10 Sealing Points for Mechanical Seal
TECH-B
PUSHER:
NON-PUSHER:
The non-pusher or bellows seal does not have to move along the
shaft or sleeve to maintain seal face contact. The main advantages
are its ability to handle high and low temperature applications, and
does not require a secondary seal (not prone to secondary seal
hang-up). A disadvantage of this style seal is that its thin bellows
cross sections must be upgraded for use in corrosive environments.
Examples are Dura CBR and Crane 215, and Sealol 680.
UNBALANCED:
BALANCED:
They are inexpensive, leak less, and are more stable when subjected to vibration, misalignment, and cavitation. The disadvantage is
their relative low pressure limit. If the closing force exerted on the
seal faces exceeds the pressure limit, the lubricating film between
the faces is squeezed out and the highly loaded dry running seal
fails. Examples are the Dura RO and Crane 9T.
CONVENTIONAL:
CARTRIDGE:
Examples are the Dura RO and Crane Type 1 which require setting
and alignment of the seal (single, double, tandem) on the shaft or
sleeve of the pump. Although setting a mechanical seal is relatively
simple, today's emphasis on reducing maintenance costs has
increased preference for cartridge seals.
Examples are Dura P-50 and Crane 1100 which have the mechanical seal premounted on a sleeve including the gland and fit directly
over the Model 3196 shaft or shaft sleeve (available single, double,
tandem). The major benefit, of course is no requirement for the usual
seal setting measurements for their installation. Cartridge seals lower
maintenance costs and reduce seal setting errors.
TECH-B
TECH-B
1. Liquid
2. Pressure
3. Temperature
4. Characteristics of Liquid
5. Reliability and Emission Concerns
Seal Environment
The number one cause of pump downtime is failure of the shaft seal. These failures are normally the result of an unfavorable seal environment
such as improper heat dissipation (cooling), poor lubrication of seal faces, or seals operating in liquids containing solids, air or vapors. To
achieve maximum reliability of a seal application, proper choices of seal housings (standard bore stuffing box, large bore, or large tapered bore
seal chamber) and seal environmental controls (CPI and API seal flush plans) must be made.
STANDARD BORE STUFFING BOX COVER
Designed thirty years ago specifically for
packing. Also accommodates mechanical
seals (clamped seat outside seals and
conventional double seals.)
TECH-B
TECH-B
4
5
Application
Use for soft packing. Outside mechanical seals. Double seals. Also, accommodates
other Mechanical seals.
Use for all mechanical seal applications where the seal environment requires use of
CPI or API seal flush pans. Cannot be used with outside type mechanical seals
Same as Large Bore but also need to control temperature of liquid in seal area.
Clean services that require use of single mechanical seals. Can also be used with
cartridge double seals. Also, effective on services with light solids up to 1% by
weight. Paper stock to 1% by weight.
TECH-B
Selection Guide
Goulds Engineered Seal Chambers Provide Best Seal Environment For Selected Sealing Arrangements/Services
TYPE 1
TYPE 2
TYPE 3
TYPE 4
TYPE 5
Standard Bore
Stuffing Box
Cover
Conventional
Large Bore
Tapered Bore
Jacketed
Stuffing Box
Jacketed Large
Bore
Maintains proper
temperature control
(heating or cooling) of
seal environment.
Maintains proper
temperature control
(heating or cooling) of
seal environment with
improved lubrication of
seal faces. Ideal for
controlling temperatures
on services such as
molten sulfur and
polymerizing liquids.
Designed for
packing. Also
accommodates
mechanical seals.
Ideally Suited
Acceptable
Not Recommended
Service
Acceptable Ideally
Suited
Ambient Water
With Flush
Temperature Control
Self-Venting and
Draining
Seal Face Heat
Removal
Molten or Polymerizing
Liquid, No Flush
Molten or Polymerizing
Liquid With Flush
TECH-B
Environmental Controls
Environmental controls are necessary for reliable performance of a
mechanical seal on many applications. Goulds Pumps and the seal
vendors offer a variety of arrangements to combat these problems.
1. Corrosion
2. Temperature Control
3. Dirty or incompatible environments
CORROSION
Corrosion can be controlled by selecting seal materials that are not
attacked by the pumpage. When this is difficult, external fluid injection of a non-corrosive chemical to lubricate the seal is possible.
Single or double seals could be used, depending on if the customer
can stand delusion of his product.
TEMPERATURE CONTROL
As the seal rotates, the faces are in contact. This generates heat
and if this heat is not removed, the temperature in the stuffing box
or seal chamber can increase and cause sealing problems. A
simple by-pass of product over the seal faces will remove the heat
generated by the seal (Fig. 25). For higher temperature services,
by-pass of product through a cooler may be required to cool the
seal sufficiently (Fig. 26). External cooling fluid injection can also be
used.
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
TECH-B
02
11
Single and tandem seals. Always consider a plan 11 with balanced seals. Apply when TDH is greater than 125 ft.
12
Same application as 11. Additionally, a 12 will strain particles from the flush liquid. This helps prevent solid impingement on seal faces.
13
Single and tandem seals. Use when difference in pressure between the seal chamber or stuffing box and pump suction exceed 35 psi.
21
Single and tandem seals. Required when the flush needs to be cooled before flushing at the seal faces. (ex. water above 200F, light
hydrocarbons or any other liquids with poor lubricating qualities and high vapor pressures.)
22
Same application as 21. Additionally, a plan 22 will strain particles from the flush liquid. This helps prevent solid impingement on seal faces.
23
Single and tandem seals. Use when difference in pressure between the seal chamber or stuffing box and pump suction exceed 35 psi.
3600 RPM only.
31
Single and tandem seals. Apply when strainers are inadequate to clean flushing liquid.
32
Single and tandem seals. Required when pumpage is not suitable to lubricate seal faces. Use of bushing or lip seal is also recommended.
33
Used with double seals when external system is available from user.
41
Apply with liquids that require simultaneous cyclone separation and cooling. (Single and tandem seals).
51
Single seals. Required when sealed liquid will crystallize, coke, solidify, etc. at seal faces if contact with air. Common blankets are
isopropyl alcohol, glycol, and water. Normally used with FVD gland and bushing or packed auxiliary box.
52
Tandem seals. Plan provides buffer liquid for outside seal. A plan 01 or plan 11 is also recommended with tandem seals to properly flush
inboard seal. Pumping rings recommended.
53
Double seals. Plan provides flushing and cooling to both sets of seal faces. Pumping ring recommended.
54
Repeller Plate
Repeller
TECH-B
Stuffing
Box
Cover
Impeller
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Bearing Frame
Assembly
Bearings
MOTOR
(DRIVE)
PUMP
(DRIVEN)
TECH-B
B. Stationary Shaft
This type of design typically uses non-metallic components such as
ceramics and plastics. It is best suited for light to medium duty applications. The stationary shaft design significantly reduces the number
of parts required, simplifying maintenance and reducing cost.
Corrosion resistant materials such as silicon carbide ceramics and
fluoropolymer plastics (Teflon, Tefzel, etc.) provide excellent range of
application. The use of plastics materials does, however, limit the
temperature range of these designs to 200 F to 250 F. (Refer to
Model 3298, Section CHEM-3C).
The eddy currents also create a horsepower loss, which reduces the
efficiency of the pump. Metals with low electrical conductivity have
lower eddy current losses, providing superior pump efficiency.
Hastelloy has a relatively low electrical conductivity and good corrosion resistance, thus is an excellent choice for metal containment
shells. Electrically non-conductive materials such as plastic and
ceramics are also good choices for containment shells, since the
eddy current losses are totally eliminated. This results in pump efficiencies equal to conventionally sealed pumps. Plastic containment
shells are generally limited to lower pressures and temperatures due
to the limited strength of plastics.
TECH-B
Hard carbon against silicon carbide offers excellent service life for
many chemical applications and also offers the advantage of short
term operation in marginal lubrication conditions.
Silicon carbide against silicon carbide offers excellent service life for
nearly all chemical applications. Its hardness, high thermal conductivity, and strength make it an excellent bearing material. Silicon
carbide must be handled carefully to prevent chipping. Silicon
carbide against silicon carbide has very limited capability in marginal lubrication conditions.
Recirculation Circuit
All magnetic drive pumps circulate some of the process fluid to
lubricate and cool the bearings supporting the inner rotor.
Magnetic drive pumps with metal containment shells, also require a
circulation of some process fluid through the containment shell to
remove heat generated by eddy currents. For pumps with metal
containment shells, the fluid recirculation path must be carefully
engineered to prevent vaporization of the process liquid necessary
to lubricate the bearings. A pressurized circuit as shown in Fig. 4
offers excellent reliability for pumps with metal containment shells.
Magnetic drive pumps with electrically non-conductive containment
shells, such as plastic or ceramic have no heat generated by eddy
currents. Since no heat is required to be removed from the containment shell, a much simpler recirculation circuit can be used.
For liquids near vaporization, a calculation must be made to ensure
the process fluid does not vaporize at the bearings. This calculation
includes the effects of process fluid specific heat, vapor pressure,
drive losses, recirculation flow, etc. This calculation procedure can
be found in the GOULDS PUMPS HANDBOOK FOR MAGNETIC
DRIVE PUMPS. An external cooling system can be added to the
recirculation circuit to prevent vaporization.
Fig. 4 Recirculation Circuit
thermocouple / controller
power monitor
Various fail safe devices are available with the pump to control
malfunctions and provide safety and reliability including:
TECH-B
hs
MERCURY
hd
hd
Vacuum
Datum
Pressure
hs
hs
B. Measurement of capacity
TECH-B
Fig. 3 Manometer
Indicating Pressure
Fig. 2 Manometer
Indicating Vacuum
1 R4
C = Instrument Coefficient
D1 = Entrance Diameter in Inches
D2 = Throat Diameter in Inches
R = D2/ D1
H = Differential Head in Inches = h1 h2
h1
h2
D2
D1
D1
Feet
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
175
200
250
300
23.1
34.6
46.2
57.7
69.3
80.8
92.4
103.9
115.5
127.0
138.6
150.1
161.7
173.2
184.8
196.3
207.9
219.4
230.9
242.4
254.0
265.5
277.1
288.6
300.2
311.7
323.3
334.8
346.4
404.1
461.9
577.4
692.8
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
175
200
250
300
23.1
34.6
46.2
57.7
69.3
80.8
92.4
103.9
115.5
127.0
138.6
150.1
161.7
173.2
184.8
196.3
207.9
219.4
230.9
242.4
254.0
265.5
277.1
288.6
300.2
311.7
323.3
334.8
346.4
404.1
461.9
577.4
692.8
Velocy
of
Disch.
Feet
per Sec.
38.6
47.25
54.55
61.0
66.85
72.2
77.2
81.8
86.25
90.4
94.5
98.3
102.1
105.7
109.1
112.5
115.8
119.0
122.0
125.0
128.0
130.9
133.7
136.4
139.1
141.8
144.3
146.9
149.5
161.4
172.6
193.0
211.2
38.6
47.25
54.55
61.0
66.85
72.2
77.2
81.8
86.25
90.4
94.5
98.3
102.1
105.7
109.1
112.5
115.8
119.0
122.0
125.0
128.0
130.9
133.7
136.4
139.1
141.8
144.3
146.9
149.5
161.4
172.6
193.0
211.2
18
0.37
0.45
0.52
0.58
0.64
0.69
0.74
0.78
0.83
0.87
0.90
0.94
0.98
1.01
1.05
1.08
1.11
1.14
1.17
1.20
1.23
1.25
1.28
1.31
1.33
1.36
1.38
1.41
1.43
1.55
1.65
1.85
2.02
1.48
1.81
2.09
2.34
2.56
2.77
2.96
3.13
3.30
3.46
3.62
3.77
3.91
4.05
4.18
4.31
4.43
4.56
4.67
4.79
4.90
5.01
5.12
5.22
5.33
5.43
5.53
5.62
5.72
6.18
6.61
7.39
8.08
112
213
260
301
336
368
398
425
451
475
498
521
542
563
582
602
620
638
656
672
689
705
720
736
751
767
780
795
809
824
890
950
1063
1163
316
14
38
12
58
34
78
53.1
65.0
75.1
84.0
92.0
99.5
106.
113.
119.
125.
130.
136.
141.
146.
150.
155.
160.
164.
168.
172.
176.
180.
184.
188.
192.
195.
199.
202.
206.
222.
238.
266.
291.
72.4
88.5
102.
114.
125.
135.
145.
153.
162.
169.
177.
184.
191.
198.
205.
211.
217.
223.
229.
234
240
245.
251.
256.
261.
266.
271.
275.
280.
302.
323.
362.
396.
3.32
4.06
4.69
5.25
5.75
6.21
6.64
7.03
7.41
7.77
8.12
8.45
8.78
9.08
9.39
9.67
9.95
10.2
10.5
10.8
11.0
11.2
11.5
11.7
12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.9
13.9
14.8
16.6
18.2
5.91
7.24
8.35
9.34
10.2
11.1
11.8
12.5
13.2
13.8
14.5
15.1
15.7
16.2
16.7
17.3
17.7
18.2
18.7
19.2
19.6
20.0
20.5
20.9
21.3
21.7
22.1
22.5
22.9
24.7
26.4
29.6
32.4
13.3
16.3
18.8
21.0
23.0
24.8
26.6
28.2
29.7
31.1
32.5
33.8
35.2
36.4
37.6
38.8
39.9
41.0
42.1
43.1
44.1
45.1
46.0
47.0
48.0
48.9
49.8
50.6
51.5
55.6
59.5
66.5
72.8
23.6
28.9
33.4
37.3
40.9
44.2
47.3
50.1
52.8
55.3
57.8
60.2
62.5
64.7
66.8
68.9
70.8
72.8
74.7
76.5
78.4
80.1
81.8
83.5
85.2
86.7
88.4
89.9
91.5
98.8
106.
118.
129.
36.9
45.2
52.2
58.3
63.9
69.0
73.8
78.2
82.5
86.4
90.4
94.0
97.7
101.
104.
108.
111.
114.
117.
120.
122.
125.
128.
130.
133.
136.
138.
140.
143.
154.
165.
185.
202.
134
214
212
234
289
354
409
458
501
541
578
613
647
678
708
737
765
792
818
844
868
892
915
937
960
980
1002
1022
1043
1063
1082
1100
1120
1210
1294
1447
1582
378
463
535
598
655
708
756
801
845
886
926
964
1001
1037
1070
1103
1136
1168
1196
1226
1255
1282
1310
1338
1365
1390
1415
1440
1466
1582
1691
1891
2070
479
585
676
756
828
895
957
1015
1070
1121
1172
1220
1267
1310
1354
1395
1436
1476
1512
1550
1588
1621
1659
1690
1726
1759
1790
1820
1853
2000
2140
2392
2615
591
723
835
934
1023
1106
1182
1252
1320
1385
1447
1506
1565
1619
1672
1723
1773
1824
1870
1916
1961
2005
2050
2090
2132
2173
2212
2250
2290
2473
2645
2955
3235
714
874
1009
1128
1236
1335
1428
1512
1595
1671
1748
1819
1888
1955
2020
2080
2140
2200
2255
2312
2366
2420
2470
2520
2575
2620
2670
2715
2760
2985
3190
3570
3900
851
1041
1203
1345
1473
1591
1701
1802
1900
1991
2085
2165
2250
2330
2405
2480
2550
2625
2690
2755
2820
2885
2945
3005
3070
3125
3180
3235
3295
3560
3800
4250
4650
312
1158
1418
1638
1830
2005
2168
2315
2455
2590
2710
2835
2950
3065
3170
3280
3375
3475
3570
3660
3750
3840
3930
4015
4090
4175
4250
4330
4410
4485
4840
5175
5795
6330
118
114
138
94.5
116.
134.
149
164.
177.
189.
200.
211.
221.
231.
241.
250.
259.
267.
276.
284.
292.
299.
306.
314.
320.
327.
334.
341.
347.
354
360
366.
395.
423
473.
517.
120
147
169
189
207
224
239
253
267
280
293
305
317
327
338
349
359
369
378
388
397
406
414
423
432
439
448
455
463
500
535
598
655
148
181
209
234
256
277
296
313
330
346
362
376
391
404
418
431
443
456
467
479
490
501
512
522
533
543
553
562
572
618
660
739
808
179
219
253
283
309
334
357
379
339
418
438
455
473
489
505
521
536
551
565
579
593
606
619
632
645
656
668
680
692
747
799
894
977
412
512
1510
1850
2135
2385
2615
2825
3020
3200
3375
3540
3700
3850
4000
4135
4270
4440
4530
4655
4775
4655
5010
5120
5225
5340
5450
5550
5650
5740
5850
6310
6750
7550
8260
1915
2345
2710
3025
3315
3580
3830
4055
4275
4480
4685
4875
5060
5240
5410
5575
5740
5900
6050
5900
6350
6490
6630
6760
6900
7030
7160
7280
7410
8000
8550
9570
10480
2365
2890
3340
3730
4090
4415
4725
5000
5280
5530
5790
6020
6250
6475
6690
6890
7090
7290
7470
7290
7840
8010
8180
8350
8530
8680
8850
8990
9150
9890
10580
11820
12940
2855
3490
4040
4510
4940
5340
5280
6050
6380
6690
6980
7270
7560
7820
8080
8320
8560
8800
9030
8800
9470
9680
9900
10100
10300
10490
10690
10880
11070
11940
12770
14290
15620
3405
4165
4810
5380
5895
6370
6380
7210
7600
7970
8330
8670
9000
9320
9630
9920
10210
10500
10770
10500
11300
11500
11800
12030
12290
12510
12730
12960
13200
14250
15220
17020
18610
NOTE: The actual quantities will vary from these figures, the amount of variation depending upon the shape of nozzle and size of pipe at the point where the
pressure is determined. With smooth taper nozzles the actual discharge is about 94% of the figures given in the tables.
Fig. 5
TECH-B
e.) Orifice
f.) Weir
Fig. 6 Weirs
Total head
TECH-B
Static
head
After all data has been tabulated, it can be analyzed to determine the
most likely cause or causes of vibration and the identifying characteristics of each.
TECH-B
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Remarks
Unbalance
Largest in radial
direction.
Proportional to
unbalance
1 x RPM
Single reference
mark
Unbalance
Misalignment of
coupling or bearings and bent
shaft
Axial direction
vibration 50% or
more of radial
1 x RPM normally
single, double, or
triple
Easily recognized
by large axial
vibration.
Excessive flange
loading can
contribute to
misalignment
Bad Anti-friction
bearings
Unsteady
Very high.
Erratic
Several time RPM
2 x RPM
Two reference
marks.
Slightly erratic.
Check grouting
and bed plate
bolting.
Mechanical
looseness
Bad drive belts
Erratic or pulsing
1, 2, 3 & 4 x RPM
of belts
Unsteady
Electrical
Disappears when
power is turned
off.
1 or 2 x synchronous frequency
Single or rotating
double mark
Hydraulic forces
No. of impeller
vanes x RPM
Rarely a cause of
serious vibration
DISCHARGE LINE
FRICTION LOSSES
Turbine Nomenclature
1. DATUM OR GRADE - The elevation of the surface from which
the pump is supported.
2. STATIC LIQUID LEVEL - The vertical distance from grade to the
liquid level when no liquid is being drawn from the well or source.
HEAD ABOVE
DISCHARGE
GRADE
PUMP
SETTING
STATIC
LEVEL
PUMPING
LEVEL
7. RATED PUMP HEAD - Lift below discharge plus head above discharge plus friction losses in discharge line. This is the head for
which the customer is responsible and does not include any losses within the pump.
TOTAL PUMP
8. COLUMN AND DISCHARGE HEAD FRICTION LOSS - Head LENGTH (TPL)
loss in the pump due to friction in the column assembly and discharge head. Friction loss is measured in feet and is dependent
upon column size, shaft size, setting, and discharge head size.
Values given in appropriate charts in Data Section.
9. BOWL HEAD - Total head which the pump bowl assembly will
deliver at the rated capacity. This is curve performance.
10. BOWL EFFICIENCY- The efficiency of the bowl unit only. This
value is read directly from the performance curve.
11. BOWL HORSEPOWER- The horsepower - required by the
bowls only to deliver a specified capacity against bowl head.
BOWL HP = Bowl Head x Capacity
3960 x Bowl Efficiency
12. TOTAL PUMP HEAD - Rated pump head plus column and discharge head loss. Note: This is new or final bowl head.
13. SHAFT FRICTION LOSS - The horsepower required to turn the
lineshaft in the bearings. These values are given in appropriate
table in Data Section.
TECH-B
SPECIFIED
PUMP HEAD
HEAD BELOW
DISCHARGE
DRAWDOWN
SUBM.
DEAD WEIGHT
In addition to the impeller force, dead weight (shaft plus impeller
weight less the weight of the liquid displaced) acts downward. On
pumps with settings less than 50 feet, dead weight may be neglected on all but the most critical applications as it represents only a
small part of the total force. On deeper setting pumps, dead weight
becomes significant and must be taken into account.
NOTE:
IMPELLER THRUST
Impeller Thrust in the downward direction is due to the unbalanced
discharge pressure across the eye area of the impeller. See
diagram A.
Counteracting this load is an upward force primarily due to the
change in direction of the liquid passing through the impeller. The
resultant of these two forces constitutes impeller thrust. Calculating
this thrust using a thrust constant (K) will often produce only an
approximate thrust value because a single constant cannot express
the upthrust component which varies with capacity.
To accurately determine impeller thrust, thrust-capacity curves
based on actual tests are required. Such curves now exist for the
"A" Line. To determine thrust, the thrust factor "K" is read from the
thrust-capacity curve at the required capacity and given RPM. "K"
is then multiplied by the Total Pump Head (Final Lab Head)
times Specific Gravity of the pumped liquid. If impeller thrust is
excessively high, the impeller can usually be hydraulically balanced.
This reduces the value of "K". Balancing is achieved by reducing the
discharge pressure above the impeller eye by use of balancing holes
and rings. See diagram B.
(A)
(B)
Suction Pressure
Discharge Pressure
Where:
NOTE:
Although hydraulic balancing reduces impeller thrust, it also decreases efficiency by one to five points by providing an additional path for
liquid recirculation. Of even greater concern is that should the
hydraulic balancing holes become clogged, (unclean fluids, fluids
with solid content, intermittent services, etc.), the impeller thrust will
increase and possibly cause the driver to fail. Hydraulically balanced
impellers cannot be used in applications requiring rubber bowl bearings because the flutes on the inside diameter of the bearings provide an additional path to the top side of the impeller, thus creating
an additional down thrust.
TECH-B
Shaft
Dia (in)
1.1
1.1
6.0
1.8
1.1
6.7
7.6
2.2
1.5
8.8
10.0
2.9
1.8
11.2
12.8
3.7
2.0
2.3
2.6
1 16
3.3
3.8
112
5.3
11
1 16
11516
2 16
Sleeve
Area (in)
1.0
Shaft
Area (in2)
.78
( )(
where:
LTB
BHP
Tt
=
=
=
=
Remarks
-50 to 250F.
Min S.G. of 0.6
-50 to 180F.
Min. S.G. of 0.6
Similar to std. Bronze. Used for salt water services. 10% Tin/
10% Lead/80% Cu.
3 Carbon
Graphite Impregnated with Babbit2
-450 to 300o F.
All Gravities
4. Teflon
25% Graphite with 75% Teflon
-50 to 250 F.
All Gravities
32 to 180 F.
Min. S.G of 0.6
6. Lead Babbit
32 to 300 F.
32 to 150 F.
8. Hardened Metals:
Sprayed on stainless steel shell
(Tungsten Carbide)
All temperatures
All Gravities
TECH-B
Fig. A
Fig. B
Fig. C
Fig. D
NOT RECOMMENDED
RECOMMENDED
TECH-B
4. Enter the priming time curve at the effective static lift calculated
in Step 3. Proceed across to the impeller diameter selected for
the specified rating and then downward to the bottom coordinate
to determine the priming time (PTLes) to achieve the given lift.
5. Insert the priming time from Step 4 into the following formula to
calculate the total system priming time:
Priming Time - Seconds
2
PTT = PTLes x SPL x Dp
Les
Ds
()
TECH-B
PTT
Dp
Ds
Section TECH-C
Water Data
TECH-C-1 Friction Loss for Water Sched 40 Steel Pipe
1
U.S.
8 In. (0.269" I.D.)
Gallons
per
V
V2
hf
Minute (Ft./Sec.)
2g
(Ft./100 ft.)
0.2
1.13
0.020
2.72
0.4
2.26
0.079
16.2
0.6
3.39
0.178
33.8
0.8
4.52
0.317
57.4
1.0
5.65
0.495
87.0
1.5
8.48
1.12
188
2.0
11.3
1.98
324
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
hf
2g
1.23
1.85
2.47
3.08
4.62
6.17
7.17
9.25
10.79
12.33
13.87
15.42
0.024
0.053
0.095
0.148
0.332
0.591
0.923
1.33
1.81
2.36
2.99
3.69
3.7
7.6
12.7
19.1
40.1
69.0
105
148
200
259
326
398
V2
2.41
3.01
3.61
4.21
4.81
5.42
6.02
7.22
8.42
9.63
10.8
12.0
15.1
18.1
2g
0.090
0.141
0.203
0.276
0.360
0.456
0.563
0.810
1.10
1.44
1.82
2.25
3.54
5.06
hf
V2
4.21
6.32
8.87
11.8
15.0
18.8
23.0
32.6
43.5
56.3
70.3
86.1
134
187
1.48
1.86
2.23
2.60
2.97
3.34
3.71
4.45
5.20
5.94
6.68
7.42
9.29
11.1
13.0
14.8
16.7
18.6
22.3
26.0
2g
0.034
0.053
0.077
0.105
0.137
0.173
0.214
0.308
0.420
0.548
0.694
0.857
1.34
1.93
2.62
3.43
4.33
5.35
7.71
10.5
V2
2g
1.01
1.34
1.68
2.52
3.36
4.20
5.04
5.88
6.72
7.56
8.40
10.1
11.8
13.4
15.1
16.8
0.016
0.028
0.044
0.099
0.176
0.274
0.395
0.538
0.702
0.889
1.10
1.58
2.15
2.81
3.56
4.39
hf
1.74
2.89
4.30
8.93
15.0
22.6
31.8
42.6
54.9
68.4
83.5
118
158
205
258
316
1.29
1.93
2.68
3.56
4.54
5.65
6.86
9.62
12.8
16.5
20.6
25.1
37.4
54.6
73.3
95.0
119
146
209
283
V2
2g
1.29
1.50
1.72
1.93
2.15
2.57
3.00
3.43
3.86
4.29
5.37
6.44
7.52
8.58
9.66
10.7
12.9
15.0
17.2
19.3
21.5
25.7
0.026
0.035
0.046
0.058
0.071
0.103
0.140
0.183
0.232
0.286
0.448
0.644
0.879
1.14
1.45
1.79
2.57
3.50
4.58
5.79
7.15
10.3
hf
0.70
0.93
1.18
1.46
1.77
2.48
3.28
4.20
5.22
6.34
9.66
13.6
18.5
23.5
29.5
36.0
51.0
68.8
89.2
112
138
197
V2
hf
2g
1.06
1.58
2.11
2.64
3.17
3.70
4.22
4.75
5.28
6.34
7.39
8.45
9.50
10.6
12.7
14.8
0.017
0.039
0.069
0.108
0.156
0.212
0.277
0.351
0.433
0.624
0.849
1.11
1.40
1.73
2.49
3.40
1.86
2.85
4.78
7.16
10.0
13.3
17.1
21.3
25.8
36.5
48.7
62.7
78.3
95.9
136
183
V2
2g
1.26
1.42
1.58
1.89
2.21
2.52
2.84
3.15
3.94
4.73
5.52
6.30
7.10
7.88
9.46
11.0
12.6
14.2
15.8
18.9
22.1
0.025
0.031
0.039
0.056
0.076
0.99
0.125
0.154
0.241
0.347
0.473
0.618
0.783
0.965
1.39
1.89
2.47
3.13
3.86
5.56
7.56
hf
0.56
0.69
0.83
1.16
1.53
1.96
2.42
2.94
4.50
6.26
8.38
10.8
13.5
16.4
23.2
31.3
40.5
51.0
62.2
88.3
119
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
TECH-C
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
30
35
40
50
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
1000
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
140
160
180
200
240
280
320
360
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000
V2
2g
0.128
0.174
0.227
0.355
0.511
0.909
1.42
2.05
2.78
3.64
4.60
5.68
6.88
8.18
9.60
11.1
12.8
hf
1.82
2.42
3.10
4.67
6.59
11.4
17.4
24.7
33.2
43.0
54.1
66.3
80.0
95.0
111
128
146
2.01
2.35
2.68
3.35
4.02
5.36
6.70
8.04
9.38
10.7
12.1
13.4
14.7
16.1
17.4
18.8
20.1
23.5
26.8
33.5
V2
2g
0.063
0.085
0.112
0.174
0.251
0.447
0.698
1.00
1.37
1.79
2.26
2.79
3.38
4.02
4.72
5.47
6.28
8.55
11.2
17.4
hf
0.75
1.00
1.28
1.94
2.72
4.66
7.11
10.0
13.5
17.4
21.9
26.7
32.2
38.1
44.5
51.3
58.5
79.2
103
160
V2
2g
hf
2.17
2.60
3.47
4.34
5.21
6.08
6.94
7.81
8.68
9.55
10.4
11.3
12.2
13.0
15.2
17.4
21.7
26.0
30.4
34.7
0.073
0.105
0.187
0.293
0.421
0.574
0.749
0.948
1.17
1.42
1.69
1.98
2.29
2.63
3.57
4.68
7.32
10.5
14.3
18.7
0.66
0.92
1.57
2.39
3.37
4.51
5.81
7.28
8.90
10.7
12.6
14.7
16.9
19.2
26.3
33.9
52.5
74.8
101
131
V2
2g
hf
1.95
2.60
3.25
3.89
4.54
5.19
5.84
6.49
7.14
7.79
8.44
9.09
9.74
11.3
13.0
16.2
19.5
22.7
26.0
32.5
0.059
0.105
0.164
0.236
0.321
0.419
0.530
0.655
0.792
0.943
1.11
1.28
1.47
2.00
2.62
4.09
5.89
8.02
10.5
16.44
0.45
0.77
1.17
1.64
2.18
2.80
3.50
4.27
5.12
6.04
7.04
8.11
9.26
12.4
16.2
25.0
35.6
48.0
62.3
96.4
V2
V2
V2
3.53
4.03
4.54
5.04
6.05
7.06
8.06
9.07
10.1
11.3
12.6
15.1
17.6
20.2
22.7
25.2
30.2
35.3
2g
0.193
0.253
0.320
0.395
0.569
0.774
1.01
1.28
1.58
2.00
2.47
3.55
4.84
6.32
8.00
9.87
14.2
19.3
TECH-C
hf
V2
1.16
1.49
1.86
2.27
3.21
4.30
5.51
6.92
8.47
10.5
13.0
18.6
25.0
32.4
40.8
50.2
72.0
97.6
2.25
2.57
2.89
3.21
3.85
4.49
5.13
5.77
6.41
7.23
8.02
9.62
11.2
12.8
14.4
16.0
19.2
22.5
25.7
28.8
32.1
2g
0.078
0.102
0.129
0.160
0.230
0.313
0.409
0.518
0.639
0.811
0.999
1.44
1.96
2.56
3.24
4.00
5.76
7.83
10.2
12.9
16.0
hf
0.38
0.49
0.61
0.74
1.03
1.38
1.78
2.22
2.72
3.42
4.16
5.88
7.93
10.2
12.9
15.8
22.5
30.4
39.5
49.7
61.0
2g
2.22
2.66
3.11
3.55
4.00
4.44
5.00
5.55
6.66
7.77
8.88
9.99
11.1
13.3
15.5
17.8
20.0
22.2
26.6
31.1
35.5
0.077
0.110
0.150
0.196
0.240
0.307
0.388
0.479
0.690
0.939
1.23
1.55
1.92
2.76
3.76
4.91
6.21
7.67
11.0
15.0
19.6
hf
0.30
0.42
0.56
0.72
0.90
1.09
1.37
1.66
2.34
3.13
4.03
5.05
6.17
8.76
11.8
15.4
19.4
23.8
34.2
46.1
59.9
2g
2.57
2.89
3.21
3.85
4.49
5.13
5.77
6.41
7.70
8.98
10.3
11.5
12.8
15.4
18.0
20.5
23.1
25.7
0.102
0.129
0.160
0.230
0.313
0.409
0.518
0.639
0.920
1.25
1.64
2.07
2.56
3.68
5.01
6.55
8.28
10.2
hf
0.28
0.35
0.42
0.60
0.80
1.02
1.27
1.56
2.20
2.95
3.82
4.79
5.86
8.31
11.2
14.5
18.4
22.6
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
30
35
40
50
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
350
400
500
600
700
800
1000
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
140
160
180
200
240
280
320
360
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
8000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
30,000
34,000
38,000
42,000
46,000
50,000
V2
2g
0.165
0.208
0.257
0.370
0.504
0.659
0.834
1.03
1.62
2.32
3.13
4.12
5.21
6.43
9.26
12.6
16.5
20.8
3.25
3.66
4.07
4.88
5.70
6.51
7.32
8.14
10.2
12.2
14.2
16.3
18.3
20.3
24.4
28.5
32.5
36.6
hf
0.328
0.410
0.500
0.703
0.940
1.21
1.52
1.86
2.86
4.06
5.46
7.07
8.88
10.9
15.6
21.1
27.5
34.6
V2
2g
hf
2.58
2.87
3.44
4.01
4.59
5.16
5.73
7.17
8.60
10.0
11.5
12.9
14.3
17.2
20.1
22.9
25.8
28.7
34.4
40.1
0.103
0.128
0.184
0.250
0.327
0.414
0.511
0.799
1.15
1.55
2.04
2.59
3.19
4.60
6.26
8.17
10.3
12.8
18.3
25.0
0.173
0.210
0.296
0.395
0.609
0.636
0.776
1.19
1.68
2.25
2.92
3.65
4.47
6.39
8.63
11.2
14.1
17.4
24.8
33.5
V2
2g
hf
2.37
2.85
3.32
3.79
4.27
4.74
5.93
7.11
8.30
9.48
10.7
11.9
14.2
16.6
19.0
21.3
23.7
28.5
33.2
37.9
42.7
0.087
0.126
0.171
0.224
0.283
0.349
0.546
0.786
1.07
1.40
1.77
2.18
3.14
4.28
5.59
7.08
8.74
12.6
17.1
22.4
28.3
0.131
0.185
0.247
0.317
0.395
0.483
0.738
1.04
1.40
1.81
2.27
2.78
3.95
5.32
6.90
8.7
10.7
15.2
20.7
26.8
33.9
V2
2g
hf
2.90
3.27
3.63
4.54
5.45
6.35
7.26
8.17
9.08
10.9
12.7
14.5
16.3
18.2
21.8
25.4
29.0
32.7
36.3
0.131
0.166
0.205
0.320
0.461
0.627
0.820
1.04
1.28
1.84
2.51
3.28
4.15
5.12
7.38
10.0
13.1
16.6
20.5
0.163
0.203
0.248
0.377
0.535
0.718
0.921
1.15
1.41
2.01
2.69
3.498
4.38
5.38
7.69
10.4
13.5
17.2
21.2
V2
V2
V2
2.87
4.30
5.74
7.17
8.61
11.5
14.3
17.2
20.1
22.9
25.8
28.7
31.6
34.4
37.3
40.2
43.0
2g
0.128
0.288
0.512
0.799
1.15
2.05
3.20
4.60
6.27
8.19
10.4
12.8
15.5
18.4
21.6
25.1
28.8
hf
0.139
0.297
0.511
0.781
1.11
1.93
2.97
4.21
5.69
7.41
9.33
11.5
13.9
16.5
19.2
22.2
25.5
2g
3.46
4.62
5.77
6.92
9.23
11.5
13.8
16.2
18.5
20.8
23.1
25.4
27.7
30.0
32.3
34.6
39.2
43.9
0.186
0.331
0.517
0.745
1.32
2.07
2.98
4.06
5.30
6.71
8.28
10.0
11.9
14.0
16.2
18.6
23.9
29.9
hf
0.174
0.298
0.455
0.645
1.11
.70
2.44
3.29
4.26
5.35
6.56
7.91
9.39
11.0
12.7
14.6
18.7
23.2
2g
3.19
3.99
4.79
6.38
7.98
9.58
11.2
12.8
14.4
16.0
17.6
19.2
20.7
22.3
23.9
27.1
30.3
33.5
36.7
39.9
0.158
0.247
0.356
0.633
0.989
1.42
1.94
2.53
3.21
3.96
4.79
5.70
6.69
7.76
8.91
11.4
14.3
17.5
20.9
24.7
hf
0.120
0.181
0.257
0.441
0.671
0.959
1.29
1.67
2.10
2.58
3.10
3.67
4.29
4.96
5.68
7.22
9.00
11.0
13.2
15.5
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
8000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
30,000
34,000
38,000
42,000
46,000
50,000
TECH-C
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
16,000
18,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
30 In.
V
2.43
2.91
3.40
3.89
4.37
4.86
5.83
6.80
7.77
8.74
9.71
12.1
14.6
17.0
19.4
21.9
24.3
29.1
34.0
38.9
V2
2g
0.0917
0.132
0.180
0.235
0.297
0.367
0.528
0.719
0.939
1.19
1.47
2.29
3.30
4.49
5.87
7.42
9.17
13.2
18.0
23.5
36 In.
hf
0.0535
0.0750
0.100
0.129
0.161
0.196
0.277
0.371
0.478
0.598
0.732
1.13
1.61
2.17
2.83
3.56
4.38
6.23
8.43
11.0
42 In.
V2
2g
hf
2.52
2.84
3.15
3.78
4.41
5.04
5.67
6.30
7.88
9.46
11.03
12.6
14.1
15.8
18.9
22.1
25.2
28.4
31.5
37.8
0.0988
0.125
0.154
0.222
0.303
0.395
0.500
0.618
0.965
1.39
1.89
2.47
3.13
3.86
5.56
7.56
9.88
12.5
15.4
22.2
0.0442
0.0551
0.0670
0.0942
0.126
0.162
0.203
0.248
0.378
0.540
0.724
0.941
1.18
1.45
2.07
2.81
3.66
4.59
5.64
8.05
V2
2g
hf
2.78
3.24
3.71
4.17
4.63
5.79
6.95
8.11
9.26
10.42
11.6
13.9
16.2
18.5
20.8
23.2
27.8
32.4
37.1
41.7
0.120
0.163
0.213
0.270
0.333
0.521
0.750
1.02
1.33
1.69
2.08
3.00
4.08
5.33
6.75
8.33
12.0
16.3
21.3
27.0
0.0441
0.0591
0.0758
0.0944
0.115
0.176
0.250
0.334
0.433
0.545
0.668
0.946
1.27
1.66
2.08
2.57
3.67
4.98
6.46
8.12
48 In.
54 In.
60 In.
V2
V2
V2
2.84
3.19
3.55
4.43
5.32
6.21
7.09
7.98
8.87
10.64
12.4
14.2
16.0
17.7
21.3
24.8
28.4
31.9
35.5
2g
0.125
0.158
0.195
0.305
0.440
0.598
0.782
0.989
1.221
1.76
2.39
3.13
3.96
4.89
7.03
9.57
12.5
15.8
19.5
TECH-C
hf
0.0391
0.0488
0.0598
0.0910
0.128
0.172
0.222
0.278
0.341
0.484
0.652
0.849
1.06
1.30
1.87
2.51
3.26
4.11
5.05
2g
2.80
3.50
4.20
4.90
5.60
6.30
7.00
8.40
9.81
11.21
12.6
14.0
16.8
19.6
22.4
25.2
28.0
35.0
42.0
0.122
0.191
0.274
0.374
0.488
0.618
0.762
1.098
1.49
1.95
2.47
3.05
4.39
5.98
7.81
9.88
12.2
19.1
27.4
hf
0.0333
0.0504
0.0713
0.0958
0.124
0.155
0.189
0.267
0.358
0.465
0.586
0.715
1.02
1.38
1.80
2.26
2.77
4.32
6.19
2g
2.84
3.40
3.97
4.54
5.11
5.67
6.81
7.94
9.08
10.21
11.3
13.6
15.9
18.2
20.4
22.7
28.4
34.0
39.7
0.125
0.180
0.245
0.320
0.405
0.500
0.720
0.980
1.28
1.62
2.00
2.88
3.92
5.12
6.48
8.00
12.5
18.0
24.5
hf
0.0301
0.0424
0.0567
0.0730
0.0916
0.112
0.158
0.213
0.275
0.344
0.420
0.600
0.806
1.04
1.32
1.62
2.52
3.60
4.88
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
U.S.
Gallons
per
Minute
16,000
18,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
BELL-MOUTH
INLET OR REDUCER
K = 0.05
LONG
RADIUS
FLANGED
45 ELL.
SCREWED
RETURN
BEND
REGULAR
SCREWED
90 ELL.
LONG
RADIUS
SCREWED
90 ELL.
LINE
FLOW
SCREWED
TEE
BRANCH
FLOW
REGULAR
FLANGED
90 ELL.
LINE
FLOW
FLANGED
TEE
LONG
RADIUS
FLANGED
90 ELL.
BRANCH
FLOW
Chart 1
Where:
h = Frictional Resistance in Feet of Liquid
V = Average Velocity in Feet/Second in a Pipe of Corresponding Diameter
V2
h = K 2g
g = 32.17 Feet/Second/Second
K = Resistance Coefficient For Valve or Fitting
TECH-C
BASKET
STRAINER
SCREWED
GLOBE
VALVE
FLANGED
FOOT
VALVE
SCREWED
GATE
VALVE
FLANGED
COUPLINGS
AND UNIONS
SCREWED
REDUCING BUSHING
AND COUPLING
V2
h=K 2
2g
SWING
CHECK
VALVE
FLANGED
SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT
SCREWED
ANGLE
VALVE
FLANGED
V2
h = K 2g
Chart 2
Reprinted from PIPE FRICTION MANUAL, Third Edition, Copyright 1961 by Hydraulic Institute.
TECH-C
2g
Reprinted from PIPE FRICTION MANUAL, Third Edition. Copyright 1961 by Hydraulic Institute.
Reprinted from PIPE FRICTION MANUAL, Third Edition. Copyright 1961 by Hydraulic Institute.
TECH-C
Temp. C
32
40
45
50
55
0
4.4
7.2
10.0
12.8
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
60 F
Reference
1.002
1.001
1.001
1.001
1.000
60
65
70
75
80
15.6
18.3
21.1
23.9
26.7
85
90
95
100
110
Wt. in
Lb/Cu Ft
Vapor Pressure
Psi Abs
62.42
62.42
62.40
62.38
62.36
0.0885
0.1217
0.1471
0.1781
0.2141
Vapor Pressure*
Feet Abs.
(At Temp.)
0.204
0.281
0.340
0.411
0.494
1.000
.999
.999
.998
.998
62.34
62.31
62.27
62.24
62.19
0.2653
0.3056
0.3631
0.4298
0.5069
0.591
0.706
0.839
0.994
1.172
29.4
32.2
35.0
37.8
43.3
.997
.996
.995
.994
.992
62.16
62.11
62.06
62.00
61.84
0.5959
0.9682
0.8153
0.9492
1.275
1.379
1.167
1.890
2.203
2.965
120
130
140
150
160
48.9
54.4
60.0
65.5
71.1
.990
.987
.985
.982
.979
61.73
61.54
61.39
61.20
61.01
1.692
2.223
2.889
3.718
4.741
3.943
5.196
6.766
8.735
11.172
170
180
190
200
212
76.7
82.2
87.7
93.3
100.0
.975
.972
.968
.966
.959
60.79
60.57
60.35
60.13
59.81
5.992
7.510
9.339
11.526
14.696
14.178
17.825
22.257
27.584
35.353
220
240
260
280
300
104.4
115.6
126.7
137.8
148.9
.956
.948
.939
.929
.919
59.63
59.10
58.51
58.00
57.31
17.186
24.97
35.43
49.20
67.01
41.343
60.77
87.05
122.18
168.22
320
340
360
380
400
160.0
171.1
182.2
193.3
204.4
.909
.898
.886
.874
.860
56.66
55.96
55.22
54.47
53.65
89.66
118.01
153.04
195.77
247.31
227.55
303.17
398.49
516.75
663.42
420
440
460
480
215.6
226.7
237.8
248.9
.847
.833
.818
.802
52.80
51.92
51.02
50.00
308.83
381.59
466.9
566.1
841.17
1056.8
1317.8
1628.4
500
520
540
560
260.0
271.1
282.2
293.3
.786
.766
.747
.727
49.02
47.85
46.51
45.3
680.8
812.4
962.5
1133.1
1998.2
2446.7
2972.5
3595.7
580
600
620
640
304.4
315.6
326.7
337.8
.704
.679
.650
.618
43.9
42.3
40.5
38.5
1325.8
1524.9
1786.6
2059.7
4345.
5242.
6341.
7689.
660
680
700
705.4
348.9
360.0
371.1
374.1
.577
.526
.435
.319
36.0
32.8
27.1
19.9
2365.4
2708.1
3039.7
3206.2
9458.
11878.
16407.
23187.
* Vapor pressure in feet of wate (Abs.) Converted from PSIA using sp. gr. at temperature.
TECH-C
500
I
I 1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
15000
Barometric Reading
Atmos. Pressure
Meters
In. Hg.
Mm. Hg.
psia
Ft. Water
Boiling Pt.
Of Water
F
304.8
152.4
0.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
4572.0
31.0
30.5
29.9
29.4
28.9
28.3
27.8
27.3
26.8
26.3
25.8
25.4
24.9
24.4
24.0
23.5
23.1
22.7
22.2
21.8
21.4
21.0
20.6
16.9
788
775
760
747
734
719
706
694
681
668
655
645
633
620
610
597
587
577
564
554
544
533
523
429
15.2
15.0
14.7
14.4
14.2
13.9
13.7
13.4
13.2
12.9
12.7
12.4
12.2
12.0
11.8
11.5
11.3
11.1
10.9
10.7
10.5
10.3
10.1
8.3
35.2
34.6
33.9
33.3
32.8
32.1
31.5
31.0
30.4
29.8
29.2
28.8
28.2
27.6
27.2
26.7
26.2
25.7
25.2
24.7
24.3
23.8
23.4
19.2
213.8
212.9
212.0
211.1
210.2
209.3
208.4
207.4
206.5
205.6
204.7
203.8
202.9
201.9
201.0
200.1
199.2
198.3
197.4
196.5
195.5
194.6
193.7
184.0
TECH-C
Abs. press.
Specific Volume
Lb
Sat.
Sat.
Sq. In.
Liquid
Evap
Vapor
p
vf
vfg
vg
0.08854
0.09995
0.12170
0.14752
0.17811
0.2563
0.3631
0.5069
0.6982
0.9492
1.2748
1.6924
2.2225
2.8886
3.718
4.741
5.992
7.510
9.339
11.526
14.123
14.696
17.186
20.780
24.969
29.825
35.429
41.858
49.203
57.556
67.013
89.66
118.01
153.04
195.77
247.31
308.83
381.59
466.9
566.1
680.8
812.4
962.5
1133.1
1325.8
1542.9
1786.6
2059.7
2365.4
2708.1
3093.7
3206.2
TECH-C
0.01602
0.01602
0.01602
0.01602
0.01603
0.01604
0.01606
0.01608
0.01610
0.01613
0.01617
0.01620
0.01625
0.01629
0.01634
0.01639
0.01645
0.01651
0.01657
0.01663
0.01670
0.01672
0.01677
0.01684
0.01692
0.01700
0.01709
0.01717
0.01726
0.01735
0.01745
0.01765
0.01787
0.01811
0.01836
0.01864
0.01894
0.01926
0.0196
0.0200
0.0204
0.0209
0.0215
0.0221
0.0228
0.0236
0.0247
0.0260
0.0278
0.0305
0.0369
0.0503
3306
2947
2444
2036.4
1703.2
1206.6
867.8
633.1
468.0
350.3
265.3
203.25
157.32
122.99
97.06
77.27
62.04
50.21
40.94
33.62
27.80
26.78
23.13
19.365
16.306
13.804
11.746
10.044
8.628
7.444
6.449
4.896
3.770
2.939
2.317
1.8447
1.4811
1.1979
0.9748
0.7972
0.6545
0.5385
0.4434
0.3647
0.2989
0.2432
0.1955
0.1538
0.1165
0.0810
0.0392
0
3306
2947
2444
2036.4
1703.2
1206.7
867.9
633.1
468.0
350.4
265.4
203.27
157.34
123.01
97.07
77.29
62.06
50.23
40.96
33.64
27.82
26.80
23.15
19.382
16.323
13.821
11.763
10.061
8.645
7.461
6.446
4.914
3.788
2.957
2.335
1.8633
1.5000
1.2171
0.9944
0.8172
0.6749
0.5594
0.4649
0.3868
0.3217
0.2668
0.2201
0.1798
0.1442
0.1115
0.0761
0.0503
Enthalpy
Sat.
Liquid
hf
0.00
3.02
8.05
13.06
18.07
28.06
38.04
48.02
57.99
67.97
77.94
87.92
97.90
107.89
117.89
127.89
137.90
147.92
157.95
167.99
178.05
180.07
188.13
198.23
208.34
218.48
228.64
238.84
249.06
259.31
269.59
290.28
311.13
332.18
353.45
374.97
396.77
418.90
441.4
464.4
487.8
511.9
536.6
562.2
588.9
617.0
646.7
678.6
714.2
757.3
823.3
902.7
Entropy
Evap
hfg
Sat.
Vapor
hg
Sat.
Liquid
sf
Sfg
sfg
Sat
Vapor
sg
1075.8
1074.1
1071.3
1068.4
1065.6
1059.9
1054.3
1048.6
1042.9
1037.2
1031.6
1025.8
1020.0
1041.1
1008.2
1002.3
996.3
990.2
984.1
977.9
971.6
970.3
965.2
958.8
952.2
945.5
938.7
931.8
924.7
917.5
910.1
894.9
879.0
862.2
844.6
826.0
806.3
785.4
763.2
739.4
713.9
686.4
656.6
624.2
588.4
548.5
503.6
452.0
390.2
309.9
172.1
0
1075.8
1077.1
1079.3
1081.5
1083.7
1088.0
1092.3
1096.6
1100.9
1105.2
1109.5
1113.7
1117.9
1122.0
1126.1
1130.2
1134.2
1138.1
1142.0
1145.9
1149.7
1150.4
1153.4
1157.0
1160.5
1164.0
1167.3
1170.6
1173.8
1176.8
1179.7
1185.2
1190.1
1194.4
1198.1
1201.0
1203.1
1204.3
1204.6
1203.7
1201.7
1198.2
1193.2
1186.4
1177.3
1165.5
1150.3
1130.5
1104.4
1067.2
995.4
902.7
0.0000
0.0061
0.0162
0.0262
0.0361
0.0555
0.0745
0.0932
0.1115
0.1295
0.1471
0.1645
0.1816
0.1984
0.2149
0.2311
0.2472
0.2630
0.2785
0.2938
0.3090
0.3120
0.3239
0.3387
0.3531
0.3675
0.3817
0.3958
0.4096
0.4234
0.4369
0.4637
0.4900
0.5158
0.5413
0.5664
0.5912
0.6158
0.6402
0.6645
0.6887
0.7130
0.7374
0.7621
0.7872
0.8131
0.8398
0.8679
0.8987
0.9351
0.9905
1.0680
2.1877
2.1709
2.1435
2.1167
2.0903
2.0393
1.9902
1.9428
1.8972
1.8531
1.8106
1.7694
1.7296
1.6910
1.6537
1.6174
1.5822
1.5480
1.5147
1.4824
1.4508
1.4446
1.4201
1.3901
1.3609
1.3323
1.3043
1.2769
1.2501
1.2238
1.1980
1.1478
1.0992
1.0519
1.0059
0.9608
0.9166
0.8730
0.8298
0.7868
0.7438
0.7006
0.6568
0.6121
0.5659
0.5176
0.4664
0.4110
0.3485
0.2719
0.1484
0
2.1877
2.1770
2.1597
2.1429
2.1264
2.0948
2.0647
2.0360
2.0087
1.9826
1.9577
1.9339
1.9112
1.8894
1.8685
1.8485
1.8293
1.8109
1.7932
1.7762
1.7598
1.7566
1.7440
1.7288
1.7140
1.6998
1.6860
1.6727
1.6597
1.6472
1.6350
1.6115
1.5891
1.5677
1.5471
1.5272
1.5078
1.4887
1.4700
1.4513
1.4325
1.4136
1.3942
1.3742
1.3532
1.3307
1.3062
1.2789
1.2472
1.2071
1.1389
1.0580
Temp
F
t
32
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
212
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
660
680
700
705.4
101.74
126.08
141.48
152.97
162.24
170.06
176.85
182.86
188.28
193.21
212.00
213.03
227.96
250.33
267.25
281.01
292.71
302.92
312.03
320.27
327.81
341.25
353.02
363.53
373.06
381.79
400.95
417.33
431.72
444.59
456.28
467.01
476.93
486.21
503.10
518.23
531.98
544.61
556.31
567.22
577.46
587.10
596.23
635.82
668.13
695.36
705.40
Specific Volume
Sat.
Sat.
Vapor
Liquid
vf
vg
Sat.
Liquid
hr
0.01614
0.01623
0.01630
0.01636
0.01640
0.01645
0.01649
0.01653
0.01656
0.01659
0.01672
0.01672
0.01683
0.01701
0.01715
0.01727
0.01738
0.01748
0.01757
0.01766
0.01774
0.01789
0.01802
0.01815
0.01827
0.01839
0.01865
0.01890
0.01913
0.0193
0.0195
0.0197
0.0199
0.0201
0.0205
0.0209
0.0212
0.0216
0.0220
0.0223
0.0227
0.0231
0.0235
0.0257
0.0287
0.0346
0.0503
69.70
93.99
109.37
120.86
130.13
137.96
144.76
150.79
156.22
161.17
180.07
181.11
196.16
218.82
236.03
250.09
262.09
272.61
282.02
290.56
298.40
312.44
324.82
335.93
346.03
355.36
376.00
393.84
409.69
424.0
437.2
449.4
460.8
471.6
491.5
509.7
526.6
542.4
557.4
571.7
585.4
598.7
611.6
671.7
730.6
802.5
902.7
333.6
173.73
118.71
90.63
73.52
61.98
53.64
47.34
42.40
38.42
26.80
26.29
20.089
13.746
10.498
8.515
7.175
6.206
5.472
4.896
4.432
3.728
3.220
2.834
2.532
2.288
1.8438
1.5433
1.3260
1.1613
1.0320
0.9278
0.8422
0.7698
0.6554
0.5687
0.5006
0.4456
0.4001
0.3619
0.3293
0.3012
0.2765
0.1878
0.1307
0.0858
0.0503
Enthalpy
Entropy
Evap
hfg
Sat.
Vapor
hg
Sat.
Liquid
sf
1036.3
1022.2
1031.2
1006.4
1001.0
996.2
992.1
988.5
985.2
982.1
970.3
969.7
960.1
945.3
933.7
924.0
915.5
907.9
901.1
894.7
888.8
877.9
868.2
859.2
850.8
843.0
825.1
809.1
794.2
780.5
767.4
755.0
743.1
731.6
709.7
688.9
668.8
649.4
630.4
611.7
593.2
574.7
556.3
463.4
360.5
217.8
0
1106.0
1116.2
1122.6
1127.3
1131.1
1134.2
1136.9
1139.3
1141.4
1143.3
1150.4
1150.8
1156.3
1164.1
1169.7
1174.1
1177.6
1180.6
1183.1
1185.3
1187.2
1190.4
1193.0
1195.1
1196.9
1198.4
1201.1
1202.8
1203.9
1204.5
1204.6
1204.4
1203.9
1203.2
1201.2
1198.6
1195.4
1191.8
1187.8
1183.4
1178.6
1173.4
1167.9
1135.1
1091.1
1020.3
902.7
0.1326
0.1749
0.2008
0.2198
0.2347
0.2472
0.2581
0.2674
0.2759
0.2835
0.3120
0.3135
0.3356
0.3680
0.3919
0.4110
0.4270
0.4409
0.4531
0.4641
0.4740
0.4916
0.5069
0.5204
0.5325
0.5435
0.5676
0.5879
0.6056
0.6214
0.6356
0.6487
0.6608
0.6720
0.6925
0.7108
0.7275
0.7430
0.7575
0.7711
0.7840
0.7963
0.8082
0.8619
0.9126
0.9731
1.0580
Evap
s fg
Sat
Vapor
sg
Internal Energy
Sat.
Liquid Evap
uf
ufg
Abs.
Sat
press. Lb
Vapor
Sq. In.
ug
P
1.8456
1.7451
1.6855
1.6427
1.6094
1.5820
1.5586
1.5383
1.5203
1.5041
1.4446
1.4115
1.3962
1.3313
1.2844
1.2474
1.2168
1.1906
1.1676
1.1471
1.1286
1.0962
1.0682
1.0436
1.0217
1.0018
0.9588
0.9225
0.8910
0.8630
0.8378
0.8147
0.7934
0.7734
0.7371
0.7054
0.6744
0.6467
0.6205
0.5956
0.5719
0.5491
0.5269
0.4230
0.3197
0.1885
0
1.9782
1.9200
1.8863
1.8625
1.8441
1.8292
1.8167
1.8057
1.7962
1.7876
1.7566
1.7549
1.7319
1.6993
1.6763
1.6585
1.6438
1.6315
1.6207
1.6112
1.6026
1.5878
1.5751
1.5640
1.5542
1.5453
1.5263
1.5104
1.4966
1.4844
1.4734
1.4634
1.4542
1.4454
1.4296
1.4235
1.4020
1.3897
1.3780
1.3667
1.3559
1.3454
1.3351
1.2849
1.2322
1.1615
1.0580
69.70
93.98
109.36
120.85
130.12
137.94
144.74
150.77
156.19
161.14
180.02
181.06
196.10
218.73
235.90
249.93
261.90
272.38
281.76
290.27
298.08
312./05
324.35
335.39
345.42
354.68
375.14
392.79
408.55
422.6
435.5
447.6
458.8
469.4
488.8
506.6
523.1
538.4
552.9
566.7
580.0
592.7
605.1
662.2
717.3
783.4
872.9
1044.2
1051.9
1056.7
1060.2
1063.1
1065.4
1067.4
1069.2
1070.8
1072.2
1077.5
1077.8
1081.9
1087.8
1092.0
1095.3
1097.9
1100.2
1102.1
1103.7
1105.2
1107.6
1109.6
1111.2
1112.5
1113.7
1115.8
1117.1
1118.0
1118.5
1118.7
1118.6
1118.2
1117.7
1116.3
1114.4
1112.1
1109.4
1106.4
1103.0
1099.4
1095.4
1091.2
1065.6
1030.6
972.7
872.9
974.6
957.9
947.3
939.3
933.0
927.5
922.7
918.4
914.6
911.1
897.5
896.7
885.8
869.1
856.1
845.4
836.0
827.8
820.3
813.4
807.1
795.6
785.2
775.8
767.1
759.0
740.7
724.3
709.6
695.9
683.2
671.0
659.4
648.3
627.5
607.8
589.0
571.0
553.5
536.3
519.4
502.7
486.1
403.4
313.3
189.3
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10
14.696
15
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
2000
2500
3000
3206.2
TECH-C
Section TECH-D
Properties of Liquids
TECH-D-1 Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is that property which tends to resist a shearing force. It can be thought of as the internal friction resulting when
one layer of fluid is made to move in relation to another layer.
Consider the model shown in Fig. 1, which was used by Isaac
Newton in first defining viscosity. It shows two parallel planes of fluid
of area A separated by a distance dx and moving in the same direction at different velocities V1 and V2.
Fig. 1
The velocity distribution will be linear over the distance dx, and
dv
experiments show that the velocity gradient, dx , is directly
f
proportional to the force per unit area, a .
f = n x dv Where n is constant for a given liquid and
A
dx is called its viscosity.
dv
The velocity gradient, dx , describes the shearing experienced
by the intermediate layers as they move with respect to each other.
Therefore, it can be called the "rate of shear", S. Also, the
F
force per unit area, A , can be simplified and called the "shear
force" or "shear stress," F. With these simplified terms, viscosity
can be defined as follows:
Fig. 3 shows graphically the three most common types of NonNewtonian liquids. Group A shows a decreasing viscosity with an
increasing rate of shear. This is known as a pseudo-plastic material. Examples of this type are grease, molasses, paint, soap, starch,
and most emulsions. They present no serious pumping problems
since they tend to thin out with the high rates of shear present in a
pump.
Group B shows a dilatant material or one in which the viscosity
increases with an increasing rate of shear. Clay slurries and candy
compounds are examples of dilatant liquids. Pumps must be selected with extreme care since these liquids can become almost solid if
the shear rate is high enough. The normal procedure would be to
oversize the pump somewhat and open up the internal clearances in
an effort to reduce the shear rate.
Group C shows a plastic material, The viscosity decreases with
increasing rate of shear. However, a certain force must be applied
before any movement is produced. This force is called the yield value
of the material. Tomato catsup is a good example of this type of
material. It behaves similar to a pseudo-plastic material from a pumping standpoint.
Group A
Group B
Group C
F= nXS
Viscosity = n = F = shear stress
S
rate of shear
Isaac Newton made the assumption that all materials have, at a
given temperature, a viscosity that is independent of the rate of
shear. In other words, a force twice as large would be required to
move a liquid twice as fast. Fluids which behave this way are called
Newtonian fluids. There are, of course, fluids which do not behave
this way, in other words their viscosity is dependent on the rate of
shear. These are known as Non-Newtonian fluids.
Fig. 2 shows graphically the relationships between shear Stress
(F,) rate of shear (S,) and viscosity (n) for a Newtonian liquid. The
viscosity remains constant as shown in sketch 2, and in absolute
units, the viscosity is the inverse slope of the line in sketch 1.
Water and light oils are good examples of Newtonian liquids.
Pseudo-Plastic
Dilitant
Fig. 3 Non-Newtonian Liquids
TECH-D
Plastic
Most pipe friction charts and pump correction charts list kinematic
1.00
2.56
4.30
7.40
29
32.1
36.2
44.3
5.10
5.83
1.00
1.16
1.31
1.58
6200
2420
1440
838
60
70
80
90
10.3
13.1
15.7
18.2
12.95
13.70
14.44
52.3
60.9
69.2
77.6
6.77
7.60
8.44
9.30
1.88
2.17
2.45
2.73
618
483
404
348
100
150
200
250
20.6
32.1
43.2
54.0
15.24
19.30
23.5
28.0
85.6
128
170
212
10.12
14.48
18.90
23.45
3.02
4.48
5.92
7.35
307
195
144
114
40
46
300
400
500
600
65.0
87.60
110.0
132
32.5
41.9
51.6
61.4
254
338
423
508
28.0
37.1
46.2
55.4
8.79
11.70
14.60
17.50
95
70.8
56.4
47.0
52.5
66
79
92
15
21
25
30
6.0
7.2
7.8
8.5
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
30
42
50
58
20
28
34
40
700
800
900
1000
154
176
198
220
71.1
81.0
91.0
100.7
592
677
762
896
64.6
73.8
83.0
92.1
20.45
23.35
26.30
29.20
40.3
35.2
31.3
28.2
106
120
135
149
35
39
41
43
9.0
9.8
10.7
11.5
3.9
4.1
4.3
4.5
67
74
82
90
45
50
57
62
1500
2000
2500
3000
330
440
550
660
150
200
250
300
1270
1690
2120
2540
138.2
184.2
230
276
43.80
58.40
73.0
87.60
18.7
14.1
11.3
9.4
65
86
108
129
15.2
19.5
24
28.5
6.3
7.5
9
11
132
172
218
258
90
118
147
172
4000
5000
6000
7000
880
1100
1320
1540
400
500
600
700
3380
4230
5080
5920
368
461
553
645
117.0
146
175
204.5
7.05
5.64
4.70
4.03
172
215
258
300
37
47
57
67
14
18
22
25
337
425
520
600
230
290
350
410
8000
9000
10000
1760
1980
2200
800
900
1000
6770
7620
8460
737
829
921
233.5
263
292
3.52
3.13
2.82
344
387
430
76
86
96
29
32
35
680
780
850
465
520
575
15000
20000
3300
4400
1500
2000
13700
18400
438
584
2.50
1.40
650
860
147
203
53
70
1280
1715
860
1150
Fig. 4A
TECH-D
When the Metric System terms centistokes and centipoises are are
used, the density is numerically equal to the specific gravity.
Therefore, the following expression can be used which will be sufficiently accurate for most calculations:
Above the range of this table and within the range of the viscosimeter, multiply the particular value by the following approximate factors
to convert to SSU:
Viscosimeter
Factor
Saybolt Furol
Redwood Standard
Redwood Admiralty
Engler Degrees
10.
1.095
10.87
34.5
Viscosimeter
Parlin cup #15
Parlin cup #20
Ford cup #4
Factor
98.2
187.0
17.4
1.00
2.56
4.30
7.40
10.3
13.1
15.7
18.2
20.6
32.1
43.2
54.0
65.0
87.0
110.0
132
154
176
198
220
330
440
550
660
880
1100
1320
1540
1760
1980
2200
3300
4400
125
145
165
198
225
270
320
370
420
470
515
570
805
1070
1325
1690
2110
2635
3145
3760
4170
4700
5220
7720
10500
A
A
B
C
D
F
G
H
I
M
Q
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Z2
Z3
18
20
23
26
29
37
46
55
63
72
80
88
-
22.5
24.5
27
29
40
51
63
75
-
Fig. 4B
Above the range of this table and within the range of the viscosimeter,
multiply the particular value by the following approximate factors to
convert to SSU:
Viscosimeter
Mac Michael
Demmier #1
Demmier #10
Stormer
TECH-D
Factor
1.92 (approx.)
14.6
146.
13.
(approx.)
18
20
28
34
41
48
63
77
-
13
18
24
29
33
43
50
65
75
86
96
-
1.3
2.3
3.2
4.1
4.9
5.7
6.5
10.0
13.5
16.9
20.4
27.4
34.5
41
48
55
62
69
103
137
172
206
275
344
413
481
550
620
690
1030
1370
1.0
1.4
1.7
2.0
2.7
3.5
4.1
4.8
5.5
6.2
6.9
10.3
13.7
17.2
20.6
27.5
34.4
41.3
48
55
62
69
103
137
2.6
3.6
4.6
5.5
6.4
7.3
11.3
15.2
19
23
31
39
46
54
62
70
77
116
154
193
232
308
385
462
540
618
695
770
1160
1540
7
8
9
9.5
10.8
11.9
12.4
16.8
22
27.6
33.7
45
55.8
65.5
77
89
102
113
172
234
Fig. 5 provides a means of determining the performance of a conventional centrifugal pump handling a viscous liquid when its performance on water is known. It can also be used as an aid in selecting
a pump for a given application. The values shown in Fig. 5 are averaged from tests of conventional single stage pumps of 2-inch to 8inch size, handling petroleum oils. The correction curves are, therefore, not exact for any particular pump.
Fig. 5
Performance Correction
Chart
TECH-D
The viscous efficiency and the viscous brake horsepower may then
be calculated.
Qvis
Hvis
Evis
EXAMPLE. Select a pump to deliver 750 gpm at 100 feet total head
of a liquid having a viscosity of 1000 SSU and a specific gravity of
0.90 at the pumping temperature.
bhpvis
Enter the chart (Fig. 5) with 750 gpm, go up to 100 feet head, over to
1000 SSU, and then up to the correction factors:
QW
HW
sp gr
= Specific Gravity
CQ
CH
CE
1.0 Qw
Qvis
= CQ X Qw
Hvis
= CH x Hw
Evis
= CE x Ew
=
=
=
=
Hw
0.95
0.92 (for 1.0 Qnw)
0.635
750 = 790 gpm
0.95
100 = 108.8 109 feet head
0.92
Select a pump for a water capacity of 790 gpm at 109 feet head. The
selection should be at or close to the maximum efficiency point for
water performance. If the pump selected has an efficiency on water
of 81 per cent at 790 gpm, then the efficiency for the viscous liquid
will be as follows:
Evis = 0.635 x 81% = 51.5 per cent
The brake horsepower for pumping the viscous liquid will be:
bhpvis = 750 x 100 x 0.90 = 33.1 hp
3960 x 0.515
For performance curves of the pump selected, correct the water
performance as shown below.
Instructions for Determining Pump Performance on a Viscous
Liquid When Performance on Water is Known
TECH-D
CQ
CH
CE
Qw
Using 750 gpm, 100 feet head and 1000 SSU, enter the chart and
determine the correction factors. These are tabulated in Table of
Sample Calculations. Multiply each value of head, capacity and
efficiency by its correction factor to get the corrected values. Using
the corrected values and the specific gravity, calculate brake
horsepower. These calculations are shown on Table 6. Calculated
points are plotted in Fig. 6 and corrected performance is represented by dashed curves.
Fig. 5A
TECH-D
TABLE 6
TECH-D
VISCOSITY
Liquid
*Sp Gr at 60 F
SSU
Centistokes
At F
2,950
813
.27-.32
648
176
70
68.6
100
70
70
70
70
68
70
100
65
100
100
68
Freon
Glycerine (100%)
1.37 to 1.49 @ 70 F
1.26 @ 68F
Glycol:
Propylene
Triethylene
Diethylene
Ethylene
Hydrochloric Acid(31.5)
Mercury
1.038 @ 68F
1.125@ 68 F
1.12
1.125
1.05 @ 68 F
13.6
240.6
185.7
149.7
88.4
.95 to 1.08
40 Baume
42 Baume
1.83
65
365
637.6
75.7
52
40
32
17.8
1.9
.118
.11
11.7
79
138
14.6
220
65
150
95
287
160
190 to 220
112 to 128
140
90
230
130
110
78
163 to 184
97 to 112
47.5
11.6
32.1
19.4
62.1
34.3
41 to 47.5
23.4 to 27.1
29.8
18.2
49.7
27.5
23.0
15.2
35 to 39.6
19.9 to 23.4
130
212
100
130
100
130
100
130
100
130
100
130
100
130
100
130
165 to 240
90 to 120
240 to 400
120 to 185
400 to 580
185 to 255
580 to 950
255 to
80
950 to 1,600
80 to 105
1,600 to 2,300
105 to 125
2,300 to 3,100
125 to 150
5,000 to 10,000
10,000 to 40,000
35.4 to 51.9
18.2 to 25.3
51.9 to 86.6
25.3 to 39.9
86.6 to 125.5
39.9 to 55.1
125.5 to 205.6
55.1 to
15.6
205.6 to 352
15.6 to 21.6
352 to 507
21.6 to 26.2
507 to 682
26.2 to 31.8
1,100 t o2,200
2,200 TO 8,800
100
130
100
130
100
130
100
130
210
100
210
100
210
100
210
0
0
100,000 max
800 To 1,500
300 to 500
950 to 2,300
120 to 200
Over 2,300
Over 200
22,000 max
173.2 to 324.7
64.5 to 108.2
205.6 to 507
25.1 to 42.9
Over 507
Over 42.9
0
100
130
130
210
130
210
40 to 783
34.2 to 210
74 to 1,215
46 to 320
40 to 4,480
34 to 700
46 to 216
38 to 86
4.28 to 169.5
2.45 to 4.53
14.1 to 263
6.16 to 69.3
4.28 to 1,063
2.4 to 151.5
6.16 to 46.7
3.64 to 17.2
60
100
60
100
60
100
60
100
165 to 240
90 to 120
35.4 to 51.9
18.2 to 25.3
100
130
.918
Cod Oil
.928
Lard
.96
Lard Oil
.912 to .925
Menhaddden Oil
.933
Neatsfoot Oil
.917
Sperm Oil
.883
Whale Oil
.925
Mineral Oils:
Automobile Crankcase Oils
(Average Midcontinent Parrafin Base)
SAE 10
**.880 to .935
SAE 20
**.880 to .935
SAE 30
**.880 to .935
SAE 40
**.880 to .935
SAE 50
**.880 to .935
SAE 60
**.880 to .935
SAE 70
**.880 to .935
SAE 10W
SAE 20W
Automobile Transmission Lubricants:
SAE 80
SAE 90
**.880 to .935
**.880 to .935
**.880 to .935
**.880 to .935
SAE 140
**.880 to .935
SAE 250
**.880 to .935
Crude Oils:
Texas, Oklahoma
.81 to .916
Wyoming, Montana
.86 to .88
California
.78 to .92
Pennsylvania
.8 to .85
**.880 to .935
TECH-D
VISCOSITY
Liquid
SSU
Centistokes
At F
300 to 410
140 to 180
470 to 590
200 to 255
800 to 1,100
320 to 430
490 to 600
92 to 105
64.5 to 88.8
29.8 to 38.8
101.8 to 127.8
43.2 to 55.1
173.2 to 238.1
69.3 to 93.1
106.1 to 129.9
18.54 to 21.6
100
130
100
130
100
130
130
210
32.6 to 45.5
39
45.5 to 65
39 to 48
140 max
70 max
400 max
165 max
2 to 6
1 to 3.97
6 to 11.75
3.97 to 6.78
29.8 max
13.1 max.
86.6 max
35.2 max
100
130
100
130
100
130
122
160
34 to 40
32 to 35
36 to 50
33 to 40
35 to 45
32.8 to 39
50 to 125
42 to 72
125 to
400
72 to 310
450 to 3,000
175 to 780
110 to 225
63 to 115
1,500 max
480 max
73
50
2.39 to 4.28
2.69
3.0 to 7.4
2.11 to 4.28
2.69 to .584
2.06 to 3.97
7.4 to 26.4
4.91 to 13.73
26.4 to
86.6
13.63 to 67.1
97.4 to 660
37.5 to 172
23 to 48.6
11.08 to 23.9
324.7 max
104 max
.46 to .88
.40 to .71
.41
13.9
7.4
70
100
70
100
100
130
100
130
100
122
130
122
160
122
160
122
160
60
100
68
70
100
65 max
35
32.6
11.75 max
2.69
2
100
68
100
112 to 160
70 to 90
160 to 235
90 to 120
235 to 385
120 to 185
385 to 550
185 to 255
23.4 to 34.3
13.1 to 18.2
34.3 to 50.8
18.2 to 25.3
50.8 to 83.4
25.3 to 39.9
83.4 to 119
39.9 to 55.1
100
130
100
130
100
130
100
130
140 to 190
86 to 110
190 to 220
110 to 125
100
77
29.8 to 41
17.22 to 23
41 to 47.5
23 to 26.4
20.6
14.8
100
130
100
130
130
160
.91 Average
400 to 440
185 to 205
86.6 to 95.2
39.9 to 44.3
100
130
.96 @ 68 F
1,200 to 1,500
450 to 600
1,425
580
140 to 148
76 to 80
135
54
176
100
259.8 to 324.7
97.4 to 129.9
308.5
125.5
29.8 to 31.6
14.69 to 15.7
28.7
8.59
37.9
20.6
100
130
69
100
100
130
130
212
100
130
*Sp Gr at 60 F
**.880 to .935
**.880 to .935
**.880 to .935
**.880 to .935
**.82 to .95
No.3 D
**.82 to .95
No.4 D
**.82 to .95
No.5 D
**.82 to .95
Fuel Oils:
No. 1
**.82 to .95
No. 2
**.82 to .95
No.3
**.82 to .95
No.5A
**.82 to .95
No.5B
**.82 to .95
No.6
**.82 to .95
**.989 max
1.0 max
Gasoline
.68 to .74
Gasoline (Natural)
Gas Oil
Insulating Oil:
Transformer, switches and
Circuit breakers
Kerosene
.78 to .82
**.880 to .935
**.880 to .935
**.880 to .935
**.880 to .935
.825
.943
Cocoanut Oil
.925
Corn Oil
.924
.88 to .925
TECH-D
VISCOSITY
Liquid
VEGETABLE OILS:
Linseed Oil, Raw
*Sp Gr at 60 F
.925 to .939
Olive oil
.912 to .918
Palm oil
.924
Peanut Oil
.920
.919
Rosin Oil
.980
Rosin (Wood)
1.09 Avg
Sesame Oil
.923
.927 to.98
Turpentine
.86 to .87
1.4 TO 1.47
1.35 to 1.44
140.6 to 146
1.43 to 1.48
1.46 to 1.49
1.29
62 Brix
1.30
64 Brix
1.31
66 Brix
1.326
68 Brix
1.338
70 Brix
1.35
72 Brix
1.36
74 Brix
1.376
76 Brix
1.39
TARS:
Tar Coke Oven
Tar Gas House
1.12+
1.16 to 1.30
Road Tar:
Grade RT-2
1.07+
Grade RT-4
1.08+
Grade RT-6
109+
Grade RT-8
1.13+
Grade RT-10
1.14+
Grade RT-12
1.15+
Pine Tar
1.06
MISCELLANEOUS
Corn Starch Solutions:
22 Baume
24 Baume
1.18
1.20
SSU
Centistokes
At F
143
93
200
115
221
125
195
112
250
145
1,500
600
500 to 20,000
1,000 to 50,000
184
110
165
96
33
32.6
30.5
18.94
43.2
24.1
47.8
26.4
42
23.4
54.1
31
324.7
129.9
108.2 to 4,400
216.4 to 11,000
39.6
23
35.4
19.64
2.11
2.0
100
130
100
130
100
130
100
130
100
130
100
130
200
190
100
130
100
130
60
100
5,000 to 500,000
1,500 to 60,000
35,000 to 100,000
4,000 to 11,000
340
1,300 to 23,00
700 to 8,000
6,500 to 60,000
3,000 to 15,000
17,00 to 250,000
6,000 to 75,00
1,1000
324.7
7,700
880
to 110.000
to 13,200
to 22,000
to 2420
73.6
281.1 to 5,070
151.5 to 1,760
1,410 to 13,200
660 to 3,300
2,630 to 5,500
1,320 to 16,500
100
130
100
150
100
100
130
100
130
100
130
230
92
310
111
440
148
650
195
1,000
275
1,650
400
2,700
640
5,500
1,100
10,000
2,000
49.7
18.7
67.1
23.2
95.2
31.6
140.7
42.0
216.4
59.5
364
86.6
595
138.6
1,210
238
2,200
440
70
100
70
100
70
100
70
100
70
100
70
100
70
100
70
100
70
100
3,000 to 8,000
650 to 1,400
15,000 to 300,000
2,000 to 20,000
600 to 1,760
140.7 to 308
3,300 to 66,000
440 to 4,400
71
100
70
100
200 to 300
55 to 60
400 to 700
65 to 75
1,000 to 2,000
85 to 125
3,000 to 8,000
150 to 225
20,000 to 60,000
250 to 400
114,000 to 456,000
500 to 800
2,500
500
43.2 to 64.9
8.77 to 10.22
86.6 to 154
11.63 to 14.28
216.4 to 440
16.83 to 26.2
660 to 1,760
31.8 to 48.3
4,400 to 13,200
53.7 to 86.6
25,000 to 75,000
108.2 to 173.2
559
108.2
122
212
122
212
122
212
122
212
122
212
122
212
100
132
150
130
600
440
32.1
27.5
129.8
95.2
70
100
70
100
TECH-D
VISCOSITY
Liquid
*Sp Gr at 60 F
MISCELLANEOUS
Corn Starch Solutions:
25 Baume
1.2
Ink- Printers
1.00 to 1.38
Tallow
Milk
Varnish Spar
.918 Avg.
1.02 to 1.05
.9
Water- Fresh
1.0
SSU
Centistokes
At F
1400
800
2,500 to 10,000
1,100 to 3,000
56
303
17.2
550 to 2,200
238.1 to 660
9.07
1.13
313
143
1.13
.55
70
100
100
130
212
68
68
100
60
130
1425
650
Sp. Gr.
60 F
(16C)
Melting
Point
F (C)
1.05
63
(17)
- 137
(-94)
133
(56)
.77
-108
(-78)
-27
(-33)
80F
120F
160F
4C
Centipoise
27C
49C
71C
1.6
1.2
.8
.6
.4
.3
.3
.2
.14
.1
.08
.06
1.8
1.2
86
34
17
.6
.5
.3
3.2
.91
11.6
11.1
10.6
1.1-1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
.84
155-1,000
500,000
1,000-7,000
42
(6)
160
2,400-5,000
45,000
(12,000
at 250F)
85
8,000
176
(80)
.8
3.1
1.3
Borax
1.7
(75)
1% (0.1N)
Boric Acid
5,000
(80-150 at
250F)
(6,300 at
250F)
(15-37 at
121C)
1,400 at
121C)
167
9.2
338
(171)
5.2
.59
.18
9.4
1.23
-21
(-29)
4.5
2.1
.9
.5
14.5
7.3
3.9
2.1
12.4
1.07
109
(43)
360
(182)
TECH-D
40F
2.4
2.9
3.4
.79
1.5
Calcium
Hydroxide
Sat.
(Slaked Lime)
Carbolic Acid
(Phenol)
VISCOSITY
SSU
244
(118)
1.01
70%
0.2% (0.1N)
Butane
Calcium
Carbonate Sat.
Calcium
Chloride
25%
Boiling
pH
Point At 77 F
F (C) (25C)
60
Liquid
Carbonic Acid
Sat.
Carbon
Tetrachloride
Citric Acid
.6% (1n)
Corn Oil
Corn Starch,
22 Baume
25 Baume
Corn Syrup
Sp. Gr.
60 F
(16C)
1.58
Ethane
.37
Ethyl Alcohol
.79
Ethyl Alcohol
95%
Ethylene Glycol
.81
1.1
3.6% (1N)
.36% (0.1N)
.04% (.01N)
Jet Fuel
Lactic Acid
-95
(-71)
80F
120F
160F
170
(77)
4C
1.3
Centipoise
27C
49C
71C
.9
.7
.6
1.6
(.05 at
16 C.)
1.0
.7
.5
2.0
44
1.3
19
.8
9
.6
4
2.4
.49
1.5
.8
3.3
4.6
15
2.1
2.6
7
1,00
1.4
1.6
4
155
0.9
1.2
3
40
.7
.6
.4
.3
6,260
11
490
5.4
130
2.8
56
1.5
2.5
1.8
1.4
1.1
.8
1.0
.5
.7
1.1
.4
.5
.4
135
1.18
1.21
1.4
1.1
31.5%
40F
2.2
Dowtherm C
Glycerine
(Glycerol)
50%
Hydrochloric
Acid, 38%
VISCOSITY
SSU
.92
.8
.9
.79
.86
.99
Diesel 2D
3D
5D
Gasoline
Glucose
Boiling
pH
Point At 77 F
F (C) 25C)
3.8
Ethyl Acetate
Formic Acid, 1.22
100%
.5% (.1N)
Fuel Oil
No. 1 (Kerosene)
No. 2
No. 3
No. 6 (Bunker C)
Melting
Point
F (C)
150
1,400
130
800
5,000500,000
176
200
1,100
86
320
.9
.9
122
1.0
2.8
20.0
54
(12)
70
(21)
500
(260)
600
(316)
- 173
(- 144)
173
(78)
9
(- 13)
387
(198)
47
(8)
-
213
(100)
-
185
53
39
2.3
.81
.86
.89
.96
40
43
84
.82-.95
.82-.95
.82-.95
.6-.7
1.4
100
200
15,000
30
36
36
52
4,50020,000
53
80
2,000
31
33
41
680- 1,900
40
50
400
30
32
37
180500
35
40
160
35,000100,000
1.26
1.13
64
(18)
1.20
- 13
(-25)
-115
(-46)
1.15
86
554
(290)
25,000
3,100
700
230
0.1
1.1
2.0
.7-.8
Methyl Alcohol
80%
Milk, 3.5%
Molasses A
.80
.82
1.03
1.40
Molasses C
1.49
35
63
(17)
- 144
(-98)
252
(122)
149
(65)
2.4
6.3-6.6
10,000
300,000
2,60060,000
25,000250,000
TECH-D
Liquid
Nitric Acid,
95%
60%
Sp. Gr.
60 F
(16C)
Melting
Point
F (C)
1.50
-44
(-44)
-9
(-23)
1.37
Oil, 5W
10W
20W
30W
50W
70W
Oleic Acid
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
0.89
Olive Oil
Palmetic Acid
.9
0.85
Parafin
.9
Peanut Oil
Propane
Propylene Gylcol
Potassium
Hydroxide
5.7% (1N)
0.57% (0.1N)
0.06% (0.01N)
Rosin
Sodium
Bicarbonate
0.4% (0.1N)
Sodium
Chloride, 25%
Sodium
Hydroxide, 50%
30%
4% (1N)
0.4% (0.1N)
.04% (.01N)
Stearic Acid
.9
.51
1.0
Sucrose, 60%
40 %
Sugar Syrup
60 Brix
70 Brix
76 Brix
Sulfur
Molten
Sulfric Acid
110% (Fuming,
Oleum)
100%
40F
80F
120F
160F
187
(86)
13
(-11)
547
(286)
146
(63)
100
(38)
520
(271)
660
(349)
550
1,500
2,900
5,000
23,000
120,000
160
265
500
870
3,600
10,000
74
120
170
260
720
1,800
51
64
80
110
225
500
1,500
320
150
80
1,200
300
150
80
4C
Centipoise
27C
49C
71C
1.4
1.0
.8
.6
3.4
2.2
1.5
1.0
110
170
580
1,200
-
30
50
98
200
400
4,000
26
12
22
33
60
100
-
7
11
14
25
45
-
.12
241
1.09
500-20,000
8.4
1.19
1.53
1.33
950
240
58
84
500
150
68
46
3.3
2.1
1.3
.9
250
77
10
26
4.5
10
2.5
156
41
14
120
2.5
1.6
(11 at
123C)
(9 at
159C)
82
41
22
12
46
23
12
8.9
5.8
3.9
2.7
2.5
1.4
0.8
0.6
.8
.6
.4
.4
.7
.6
.5
.4
1.9
1.4
.9
.7
1.6
.9
.6
.4
14.0
13.0
12.0
.85
1.29
1.18
1.29
1.35
1.39
2.06
1.83
1.84
60%
1.50
20%
1.14
4.9% (1N)
.49% (.1N)
.05 (.01N)
Toluene
.86
Trichloroethylene
1.62
Turpentine
.86
Vinegar
Water
1.0
TECH-D
VISCOSITY
SSU
14.0
13.0
12.0
98%
Wines
Boiling
pH
Point At 77 F
F (C) 25C)
157
(69)
10
(- 12)
25
(-4)
721
(383)
218
(103)
214
(101)
230
1,650
10,000
239
(115)
832
(445)
92
342
(33)
50
(10)
37
(3)
-83
(-64)
8
(-13)
280
100
92
400
2,000
55
(22 at (16,000 at
160C) 184C)
(172)
75
554
(290)
282
(139)
218
(103)
118
68
45
37
0.3
1.2
2.1
-139
(-95)
-99
(-72)
140
(-10)
231
(111)
189
(87)
320
(160)
32
(0)
1.03
212
(100)
34
2.4-3.4
6.5-8.0
32
2.8-3.8
33
32
32
Nom.
Pipe
Size
12
34
1
34
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
80
100
125
150
175
200
250
300
400
600
800
1000
1
114
1
114
112
1
114
112
1
112
2
112
2
212
112
2
212
2
212
3
212
3
4
212
3
4
3
4
6
3
4
6
3
4
6
3
4
6
4
6
8
6
8
10
6
8
10
6
8
10
6
8
10
8
10
12
100
200
10.0
2.50
0.77
6.32
1.93
0.51
6.86
1.77
0.83
14.6
3.72
1.73
25.1
2.94
0.87
6.26
1.82
0.75
10.8
3.10
1.28
6.59
2.72
0.92
4.66
1.57
0.41
7.11
2.39
0.62
3.62
0.94
0.12
5.14
1.32
0.18
6.9
1.76
0.23
8.90
2.27
0.30
3.46
0.45
0.12
1.09
0.28
0.09
1.09
0.28
0.09
2.34
0.60
0.19
4.03
1.02
0.33
1.56
0.50
0.21
25.7
8.5
3.2
14.1
5.3
1.8
11.2
3.6
1.9
26
6.4
2.8
46
5.3
1.5
11.6
3.2
1.4
19.6
5.8
2.5
11.6
5.1
1.8
8.3
3.0
0.83
12.2
4.4
1.2
6.5
1.8
0.25
9.2
2.4
0.34
11.7
3.2
0.44
15.0
4.2
0.58
6.0
0.83
0.21
8.5
1.2
0.30
1.9
0.53
0.18
4.2
1.1
0.37
6.5
1.8
0.60
2.5
0.88
0.39
54.4
17.5
6.6
29.3
11.0
3.7
22.4
7.5
4.2
34
11.3
6.2
46
8.1
3.0
12.2
4.4
2.2
20.8
5.8
3.0
13.4
5.5
1.8
9.7
3.2
0.83
14.1
5.1
1.3
7.8
2.1
0.28
10.4
2.9
0.39
13.8
4.0
0.52
17.8
5.1
0.69
7.4
0.99
0.28
9.9
1.4
0.39
2.3
0.62
0.21
5.1
1.3
0.42
8.1
2.2
0.69
3.2
1.0
0.46
300
400
500
600
83
108
135
162
26.7
35.5
44
53
10.2
13.4
16.6
20.0
44
59
74
88
16.8
22.4
28
33
5.5
7.6
9.5
11.1
33.5
45
56
66
11.2
14.9
19.1
22.4
6.0
8.1
10.2
12.3
50
67
85
104
16.9
22.4
29
34
9.2
12.4
15.3
18.4
67
90
111
133
12.2
16.2
20.3
25
4.4
6.0
7.4
9.0
18.2
24.3
30
37
6.7
9.0
11.1
13.2
3.2
4.4
5.5
6.5
24
32
40
50
9.0
11.8
14.8
17.7
4.4
5.8
7.4
8.8
13.4
17.8
22.2
27
6.5
8.8
10.9
13.1
2.8
3.7
4.6
5.6
9.7
11.8
14.6
17.6
3.7
4.8
6.2
7.3
1.2
1.7
2.1
2.5
14.8
14.8
18.5
22
5.1
6.2
7.6
9.1
1.5
2.1
2.5
3.1
8.1
8.1
9.7
11.5
2.1
2.6
3.2
3.9
0.39
0.52
0.63
0.78
11.5
11.5
11.5
13.7
2.9
3.1
3.9
4.6
0.46
0.62
0.77
0.9
15.8
15.8
15.8
15.9
4.0
4.0
4.6
5.4
0.54
0.7
0.9
1.1
20.3
20.3
20.3
20.3
5.1
5.1
5.1
6.2
0.69
0.81
1.0
1.2
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.5
0.28
0.35
0.42
0.51
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.8
0.39
0.42
0.51
0.61
2.5
2.8
2.8
2.8
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.81
0.23
0.23
0.28
0.32
5.3
5.5
6.0
6.2
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.46
0.51
0.51
0.51
8.5
9.2
9.7
11.1
2.3
2.5
2.8
2.8
0.78
0.88
0.92
0.92
3.5
3.7
4.2
4.4
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
0.51
0.55
0.58
0.58
800
1000
1500
2000
218
71
26.6
117
44
14.8
89
30
16.5
137
45
25
180
33
11.9
50
17.8
8.8
65
24
11.8
36
17.8
7.3
24
9.7
3.3
29
12.1
4.1
15.3
5.2
1.0
18.4
6.2
1.2
21.4
7.4
1.4
25
8.3
1.6
10.2
2.1
0.67
12.4
2.5
0.82
3.2
1.1
0.43
6.2
1.7
0.65
11.1
2.8
0.92
4.4
1.4
0.58
273
88
34
147
56
18.5
112
37
20.3
172
57
30
220
40
14.8
61
22.2
10.9
81
30
14.6
45
22.0
9.2
29
12.2
4.2
36
15.2
5.1
19.4
6.4
1.3
23
7.8
1.5
27
9.2
1.8
31
10.4
2.0
12.9
2.5
0.83
15.5
3.0
1.0
3.9
1.3
0.53
6.2
2.0
0.81
11.1
2.8
1.1
4.4
1.4
0.67
411
131
50
219
83
28
165
55
31
84
46
61
22.4
91
33
16.6
121
44
22.2
67
34
13.8
44
18.3
6.2
55
23
7.8
29
9.8
1.9
35
11.5
2.3
40
13.7
2.6
46
15.5
3.0
19.4
3.7
1.2
23
4.6
1.5
6.0
2.0
0.81
9.0
3.0
1.2
12.0
3.9
1.6
5.1
2.0
1.0
545
176
67
293
111
37
223
74
41
112
61
81
30
122
45
22.0
162
59
29
89
44
18.5
58
24
8.3
73
31
10.4
39
12.7
2.6
46
15.4
3.0
53
18.2
3.5
61
20.6
3.9
26
5.1
1.7
31
6.0
2.0
8.1
2.8
1.1
12.0
3.9
1.6
16.0
5.3
2.1
6.7
2.8
1.3
3000
5000 10,000
820
1350
265
440
880
100
167
440
740
1470
167
56
94
187
112
190
62
102
207
167
92
152
122
203
45
74
147
182
67
178
222
33
55
110
243
400
810
89
148
44
73
145
134
220
66
109
220
27
46
92
87
145
37
61
122
12.5
20.6
41
109
183
46
77
150
15.5
26
51
58
97
193
19.3
32
65
3.9
6.4
13.0
69
115
230
23
39
78
4.6
7.6
15.2
80
133
28
46
92
5.3
8.8
17.8
91
152
31
51
103
6.2
9.9
20.1
39
64
130
7.6
12.5
2.5
4.2
8.3
46
77
155
9.1
15.0
30
3.0
5.1
9.9
12.1
20.1
4.1
6.7
13.5
1.6
2.8
5.3
18.5
6.2
9.9
20
2.4
4.2
8.1
8.2
13.4
3.2
5.3
10.9
10.2
16.6
4.0
6.7
13.4
2.0
3.5
6.7
Extracted from PIPE FRICTION MANUAL. Third Edition. Copyright 1961 by Hydraulic Institute.
TECH-D
Standard
Clearance
(Typically .015")
Increased Running
Clearance
(Typically
.090" - .180")
TECH-D
SALTATON
SETTLING SLURRY
A slurry in which the solids will move to the bottom of the containing
vessel or conduit at a discernible rate, but which will remain in
suspension if the slurry Is agitated constantly.
FRICTION CHARACTERISTIC
SETTLING VELOCITY
The rate at which the solids in a slurry will move to the bottom of a
container of liquid that is not in motion. (Not to be confused with the
velocity of a slurry that is less than the critical carrying velocity as
defined above.)
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
A mixture of solids and a liquid in which the solids are net uniformly
distributed.
HOMOGENEOUS FLOW
(FULLY SUSPENDED SOLIDS)
A type of slurry flow in which the solids are thoroughly mixed in the
flowing stream and a negligible amount of the solids are sliding along
the conduit wall.
()
Where:
VL
DL
Vs
Ds
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
A mixture of solids and a liquid in which the solids are uniformly
distributed.
NON-HOMOGENEOUS FLOW
(PARTIALLY SUSPENDED SOLIDS)
NOTE:
A type of slurry flow in which the solids are stratified, with a portion
of the solids sliding along the conduit wall. Sometimes called
"heterogeneous flow or flow with partially suspended solids.
VISCOSITY TYPES
NON-SETTLING SLURRY
A slurry In which the solids will not settle to the bottom of the
containing vessel or conduit, but will remain in suspension, without
agitation, for long periods of time.
TECH-D
Particle size
Particle velocity and direction
Particle density
Particle sharpness
The designers of slurry pumps have taken all of the above factors
into consideration and have designed pumps to give the end user
maximum expected life. Unfortunately, there are some compromises
that are made in order to provide an acceptable pump life. The
following short table shows the design feature, benefit, and compromise of the slurry pump.
SLURRY PUMP DESIGN
Design Feature
Thick Wear
Sections
Larger
Impellers
Specialty
Materials
Semi Volute or
Concentric
Casing
Extra Rigid
Power Ends
Benefit
Longer component
life
Slower pump
speeds longer
component life
Longer component
life
Compromise
Heavier, more
expensive parts
Heavier, more
expensive parts
Expensive parts
More expensive
shafts and bearings
TECH-D
5000
5150
RX
CKX
5500
SRL-C
SRL-XT
NOTES:
The Model HS pump is a unique pump in that it is a recessed impeller
or vortex" pump. This style pump is well suited to handle light pulpy
or fibrous slurries. The recessed impeller used in the HS family of
pumps will pass large stringy fibers and should be considered when
pump plugging is a concern.
The Model AF is a specialized pump with an axial flow design.
This design of pump is built specifically for high flow, low head
applications.
In general, slurry pumps have been designed to handle fluids with
abrasive solids, and will give extended lives over standard water or
process pumps. Although many features have been designed into
the slurry pump, there are still two factors which directly relate to the
pump's life that can be determined. The first choice to make is
determining the metallurgy of the pump. In most cases, a hard metal
slurry pump will be constructed of some hardened metal with a
Brinell hardness of at least 500. Goulds standard slurry pump
material is a 28% chrome iron with a minimum hardness of 600
Brinell. This material is used for most abrasive services and can also
be used in some corrosive fluids as well. If a more corrosive resistant
material is required, then the pump may be constructed out of a
duplex Stainless steel Such as CD4MCu. Please check with your
nearest Goulds sales office if you are unsure what material will be
best suited for a particular application.
PUMP RUNNING SPEED
The other factor that can be controlled by the sales or end user engineer is the pump running speed. The running speed of a slurry pump
is one of the most important factors which determines the life of the
pump. Through testing, it has been proven that a slurry pump's wear
rate is proportional to the speed of the pump raised to the 2 12 power.
EXAMPLE:
If Pump (A) is running at 1000 RPM and
Pump (B) is running at 800 RPM,
then the life factor for Pump (B) as compared to Pump (A) is
(1000/800)2.5 or Pump (B) will last 1.75 times as long as Pump (A).
With the above ratio in mind, it can be shown that by cutting a slurry
pump speed in half, you get approximately 6 times the wear life. For
this reason, most slurry pumps are V-belt driven with a full diameter
impeller. This allows the pump to run at the slowest possible running
speed and, therefore, providing the maximum pump life.
The types of V-belt drives available for use in pump applications are
termed fixed speed, or fixed pitch, and variable speed. The fixed
pitch drive consists of two sheaves; each machined to a specific
diameter, and a number of belts between them to transmit the torque.
The speed ratio is roughly equal to the diameter ratio of the sheaves.
The variable speed drive is similar to the fixed speed except that the
motor sheave can be adjusted to a range of effective or pitch diameters to achieve a band of speed ratios. This pitch adjustment is made
by changing the width of the Vgrooves on the sheave. Variable
speed drives are useful in applications where an exact flow rate is
required or when the true condition point is not well defined at the
time that the pump is picked.
V-belt drives can be applied up to about 2000 horsepower, but, pump
applications are usually at or below 350 HP.
where,
Sm =
S1 =
Ss =
Cw =
Cv =
EXAMPLE: if the liquid has a specific gravity of 1.2 and the concentration of solids by weight is 35% with the solids having a specific
gravity of 2.2, then:
2.2 x 1.2
Sm =
= 1.43
2.2 + .35 (1.2 2.2)
b. Basic relationships among concentration and specific gravities of
solid liquid mixtures are shown below:
In Terms of
Cv
Ss, Sm, S1
Sm-S1
Cv
Cw Sm
Ss
Ss-S1
Cw
(Sm S1) Ss
x
(Ss S1) Sm
Cw
Cv Ss
Sm
where,
TECH-D
Fig. A
TECH-D
Ss
Solids
Specific
Gravity
Cv
% Solids
by Volume
Cw
% Solids
by Weight
Sm
Slurry
Specific
Gravity
Fig. B
TECH-D
Grade
Mesh
Very large boulders
Large boulders
Medium boulders
Small boulders
Large cobbles
Austenetic
Manganese
Steel
Dredge
Pump
Small cobbles
Very coarse gravel
Coarse
Gravel
Hard Iron
Medium
Gravel
SRL-XT
Fine
Gravel
Very Fine
Gravel
Severe
Duty
Slurry
Pump
SRL-C
Very Coarse
Sand
Sand
Pump
Coarse
Sand
SRL/
SRL-C
Medium
Sand
Slurry
Pump
Fine
Sand
Silt
Slimes
Mud Clay
Fig. C
TECH-D
Sand &
Gravel
Pump
Ceramic Lined
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
20
24
28
32
35
42
48
60
65
80
100
115
150
170
200
250
270
325
400
*500
*625
*1250
*2500
*12500
Pulverized
Tyler Standard
Sieve Series
Aperture
Inch
mm
160
4060
80
2030
40
1016
20
508
10
254
3
76.2
2
50.8
1.5
38.1
1.050
26.67
.883
22.43
.742
18.85
.624
15.85
.524
13.33
.441
11.20
.371
9.423
.321
7.925
.263
6.680
.221
5.613
.185
4.699
.156
3.962
.131
3.327
.110
2.794
.093
2.362
.078
1.981
.065
1.651
.055
1.397
0.46
1.168
0.39
.991
0.328
.833
0.276
.701
.0232
.589
.0195
.495
.0164
0.417
.0138
.351
.116
.295
.0097
.248
.0082
.204
.0069
.175
.0058
.147
.0049
.124
.0041
.104
.0035
.089
.0029
.074
.0024
.061
.0021
.053
.0017
.043
.0015
.038
.025
.020
.10
.005
.001
.0005
.0024
Tyler Screens
Aperture
Aperture
Mesh
Inches
mm
Mesh
212
3
Inches
.321
.263
.221
.185
.156
.131
.110
.093
.078
.065
mm
7.925
6.680
5.613
4.699
3.962
3.327
2.794
2.362
1.981
1.651
3
312
4
5
6
7
8
10
12
.265
.223
.187
.157
.132
.111
.0937
.0787
.0661
6.73
5.66
4.76
4.00
3.36
2.83
2.38
2.00
1.68
14
.0555
1.41
.055
1.397
16
.0469
1.19
14
.046
1.168
18
20
.0394
.0331
1.00
.84
20
.039
.0328
.991
.883
25
.0280
.71
.0276
.701
30
35
40
45
.0232
.0197
.0165
.0138
.59
.50
.42
.35
28
.0232
.0195
.0164
.0138
.589
.495
.417
.351
50
60
70
80
100
.0117
.0098
.0083
.0070
.0059
.297
.250
.210
.177
.149
48
.0116
.0097
.0082
.0069
.0058
.295
.246
.208
.175
.147
120
140
170
200
230
270
325
.0049
.0041
.0035
.0029
.0024
.0021
.0017
.125
.105
.088
.074
.062
.053
.044
.0049
.0041
.0035
.0029
.0024
.0021
.0017
.0015
.124
.104
.088
.074
.061
.053
.043
.037
4
6
8
10
35
65
100
150
200
270
400
I.M.M. Screens
Apeture
Mesh
Double
Tyler
Series
Aperture
Mesh
Inches
mm
Mesh
Inches
mm
5
6
7
8
10
.1320
.1107
.0949
.0810
0.660
3.34
2.81
2.41
2.05
1.67
.100
2.54
.062
1.574
12
.0553
1.40
10
.050
1.270
14
.0474
1.20
12
.0416
1.056
16
16
18
.0395
.0336
1.00
.85
16
.0312
.792
24
22
.0275
.70
20
.025
.635
25
30
36
44
.0236
.0197
.0166
.0139
.60
.50
.421
.353
25
30
35
40
.020
.0166
.0142
.0125
.508
.421
.361
.317
52
60
72
85
100
.0166
.0099
.0083
.0070
.0060
.295
.252
.211
.177
.152
120
150
170
200
240
300
.0049
.0041
.0035
.0030
.0026
.0021
.125
.105
.088
.076
.065
.053
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
150
170
200
.01
.0083
.0071
.0062
.0055
.0050
.0042
.0033
.0029
.0025
.254
.211
.180
.157
.139
.127
.107
.084
.074
.063
312
5
7
9
12
32
42
60
80
115
170
250
325
Fig. D
TECH-D
Aluminum
Amber
Ambylgonite
Andesine
Aragonite, CaCO3
Argentite
Asbestos
Asphaltum
Asphalt Rock
Barite
Basalt
Bauxite
Bentonite
Bertrandite
Beryl
Biotite
Bone
Borax
Bornite
Braggite
Braunite
Brick
Calcite
Carnotite
Cassiterite
2.55- 2.75
1.06-1.11
3-3.1
2.66- 2.94
2.94-2.95
7.2-7.4
2.1-2.4
1.1-1.5
2.41
4.5
2.4-3.1
2.55-2.73
1.6
2.6
2.66- 2.83
2.7-3.1
1.7-2
1.71-1.73
5.06-5.08
10
4.72- 4.83
1.4-2.2
2.72-2.94
2.47
6.99-7.12
Carbon, Amorphous
Graphitic
1.88-2.25
Celluloid
Cerussite
Chalcocite
Chalcopyrite
Chalk
Charcoal, Pine
Charcoal, Oak
Chromite
Chrysoberyl
Cinnabar
Clay
Coal, Anthracite
Coal, Bituminous
Coal, Lignite
Cobaltite
Coke
Colemanite
Columbite
Copper
Cork
Covellite
Cuprite
Diabase
Diatomaceous Earth
Diorite
Dolomite
Enargite
Epidote
Feldspar
Fluorite
Fly Ash
Galena
Glass
Goethite
Gold
Granite
Graphite
Gravel, Dry
Gravel, Wet
Gypsum
Halite
Hausmannite
Helvite
Hematite
1.4
6.5- 6.57
5.5-5.8
4.1-4.3
1.9-2.8
0.28-0.44
0.47-0.57
4.5
3.65-3.85
8.09
1.8-2.6
1.4-1.8
1.2-1.5
1.1-1.4
6.2
1-1.7
1.73
5.15-5.25
8.95
0.22-0.26
4.6-4.76
6
2.94
0.4-0.72
2.86
2.8-2.86
4.4-4.5
3.25-3.5
2.55-2.75
3.18
2.07
7.3-7.6
2.4-2.8
3.3-4.3
19.3
2.6-2.9
2.2-2.72
1.55
2
2.3-2.37
2.2
4.83-4.85
3.2-3.44
4.9-5.3
Material
1-2
Hessite
Ice
Ilmenite
Iron, Slag
Lepidolite
Lime, slaked
Limestone
Limonite
Linnaeite
Magnetite
Manganite
Marble
Marl
Millerite
Monazite
Molybdenite
Muscovite
Niccolite
Orpiment
Pentlandite
Petalite
Phosophite
Phosphorus, white
Polybasite
5.5-6
6-6.5
3.5-4
2-2.5
2
3-3.5
8-9
6
7.5-8
2.5-3
2-2.5
3
6-6.5
3
1-2
6-7
Potash
Powellite
Proustiie
Psilomelane
Pumice
Pyragyrite
Pyrites
Pyrolusite
Quartz
Quartzite
Realgar
Rhodochrosite
Rhodonite
Rutile
Sand (see Quartz)
Sandstone
Scheelite
Schist
Serpentine
Shale
Siderite
Silica, fused trans.
Slag, Furnace
Slate
Smaltite
Soapstone, talc
Sodium Nitrate
Sperrylite
Spodumene
Sphalerite
Stannite
Starch
Stibnite
Sugar
Sulfur
Sylvanite
Taconite
Tallow, beef
Tantalite
Tetrahedrite
Titanite
Trap Rock
Uraninite
Witherite
Wolframite
Zinc Blende
Zincite
3-3.5
2.5-3
3.5-4
5.5
8.5
2-2.5
2
2
5.5
4.5
6
2.5-3
1.5-2
3.5-4
3.5-4
3
6
4
2.5-2.75
7
5-5.5
2.5-3
1-2
4-5
2
2.5
5.5
6
5-6
Fig. E
TECH-D
2-3
5-6
2.5-4
2-5
5.5-6.5
4
4
3-3.5
5
1-1.5
2.5-3
5-5.5
1.5-2
2.5-3
6.5
2.3
2.6-2.9
3.5-4
2-2.5
5-6
2.5
3.5-4.5
6-6.5
7-8
7
1.5-2
3.5-4
5.5-6.5
6-6.5
7
7
4.5-5
2.5-3.5
4-4.5
2
6-7
6.5-7
3.5-4
4
2
1.5-2.5
1.5-2
6.5
3-4.5
5-6
3.5
4-4.5
4
4
C Scale
A Scale
15N Scale
Superficial
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
84.5
83.4
82.3
81.2
80.1
79
78
76.8
75.9
74.7
74.1
73.6
73.1
72.5
72
71.5
70.9
70.4
69.9
69.4
68.9
68.4
67.9
67.4
66.8
66.3
65.8
65.3
64.6
64.3
63.8
63.3
62.8
62.4
62
92.5
91.8
91.1
90.2
89.3
88.3
87.4
86.4
85.5
84.5
83.9
83.5
83
82.5
82
81.5
80.9
80.4
79.9
79.4
78.8
78.3
77.7
77.2
76.6
76.1
75.6
75
74.5
73.9
73.3
72.8
72.2
71.6
71
Tensile Strength
B Scale
100
99
97
95
93
92
90
88
86
30T Scale
Superficial
ksl
MPa
83.1
82.5
81.1
79.8
78.4
77.8
76.4
75.1
73.8
313
292
273
255
238
229
221
215
208
201
194
188
182
177
171
166
161
156
152
149
146
141
138
135
131
128
125
123
119
117
116
114
104
100
94
92
89
86
83
2160
2010
1880
1760
1640
1580
1520
1480
1430
1390
1340
1300
1250
1220
1180
1140
1110
1080
1050
1030
1010
970
950
930
900
880
860
850
820
810
800
785
715
690
650
635
615
590
570
Fig. F
TECH-D
COMMON
NAME
ASTM
NUMBER
BRINELL
HARDNESS
CHARACTERISTICS AND
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
pH
RANGE
1002
Cast Iron
196-228
6-9
1228
HC600
550-650
5-12
1245
316SS
159-190
3-11
1247
CD4MCu
A48
CI. 35B
A532 CI.
III
Type A
A743 GR.
CF-8M
A734 Gr.
CD4MCu
224-325
MTL
CODE
Cr
Ni
1002
1228
1245
1247
23.0-28.0
18.0-21.0
25.0-27.0
15 Max
9.0-12.0
5.0-6.0
0.45-0.70
0.5-1.5
1.5 Max
-
1.70-1.90
1.0 Max
2.0 Max
-
Mo
Others
1.5 Max
2.0-3.0
2.0
Cu 3.0
Fig. G
Solid Size
Larger 1/4"
Solids Size
1/2" Smaller
Solids Size
Larger than
1/2"
5500
Solids Round
in Shape
Solids Sharp
& Angular
SRL-XT
5500
5500
SP
Solids Sharp
& Angular
Slurry Contains
Stringy Material
Solids Round
in Shape
SRL, SRL-C
(with froth factor
sizing)
> 60 Mesh
or
> 25% Wt.
> 60 Mesh
and
> 25% Wt.
SRL-C
SRL
SRL-C
TECH-D
Slurry Contains
Entrained Air
(Froth)
Solids Size
1/4" Smaller
SRL, SRL-X
(Shearpeller)
TECH-D
VACUUMINCHES OF MERCURY
TECH-D
Section TECH-E
Paper Stock
TECH-E-1 Paper Stock, Discussion
Centrifugal pumps are used with complete success in handling paper
stock and other fibrous suspensions. However, the nature of a stock
suspension requires certain special considerations. All of the factors
affecting pump operation discussed below must be carefully
considered for a good installation.
AIR IN STOCK
SUCTION PIPING
The stock must be delivered freely to the impeller for the pump to
operate. The suction pipe should be as short and direct as possible.
The suction pipe and entrance from the stock chest should never be
smaller than the pump suction connection, and should be level with
no air pockets. Always keep the direction of flow in a straight line.
TECH-E
EXAMPLE:
Find the capacity in gallons per minute of a pump handling 4% stock
for a mill producing 200 tons per 24 hours.
Enter chart at 200 tons per day, read horizontally to 4% stock, then
downward to find pump capacity of 840 GPM.
S. T/ D = 1.1025 x M. T/ D
TECH-E
Figure 1 Friction loss curves for chemical pulp (C2 > C1).
TECH-E
The bulk velocity (V) will depend on the daily mass flow rate and the
pipe diameter (D) selected. The final value of V can be optimized to
give the lowest capital investment and operating cost with due
consideration of future demands or possible system expansion.
The bulk velocity will fall into one of the regions previously
discussed. Once it has been determined in which region the design
velocity will occur, the appropriate correlations for determining pipe
friction loss value(s) may be selected. The following describes the
procedure to be used for estimating pipe friction loss in each of the
regions.
Region 3 (Curve DE) shows the friction loss curve for pulp fiber
suspensions below the water curve. This is due to a
phenomenon called drag reduction. Reference 2
describes the mechanisms which occur in this region.
Regions 2 and 3 are separated by the friction loss curve for water,
which is a straight line with a slope approximately equal to 2.
Regions 1 and 3. For this pulp type, the friction loss curve crosses
the water curve at VW and there is no true Vmax.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
It the proposed design velocity (V) is less than Vmax, the value of
flow resistance (
H/ L) may be calculated using Equation 2 and
data given in Table II or IIA, and the appendices.
TECH-E
1M
H/ L = F K V C D y (m/100m),
When metric (SI) units are utilized, the following replace the corresponding equations in the main text.
H = K V12/ 2g (ft),
where K = loss coefficient for a given fitting,
APPENDIX A
3M
4M
5M
TECH-E
APPENDIX B
TABLE I
Data for use with Equation 1 or Equation 1M to determine velocity limit, Vmax (1).
Pulp Type
Pipe Material
K'
Stainless Steel
PVC
Stainless Steel
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
Stainless Steel
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC
0.85 (0.26)
0.98 (0.3)
0.89 (0.27)
0.85 (0.26)
0.75 (0.23)
0.75 (0.23)
0.79 (0.24)
0.59 (0.18)
0.49 (0.15)
0.69 (0.21)
4.0 (1.22)
4.0 (1.22)
4.0 (1.22)
4.0 (1.22)
4.0 (1.22)
0.59 (0.18)
1.6
1.85
1.5
1.9
1.65
1.8
1.5
1.45
1.8
1.3
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.8
NOTES: 1. When metric (SI) units are utilized. use the value of K' given in parentheses. When the metric values are used, diameter (D)
must be in millimetres (mm) and velocity (V) in metres per second (m/s).
2. Original data obtained in stainless steel and PVC pipe. PVC is taken to be hydraulically smooth pipe.
3. Stainless steel may be hydraulically smooth although some manufacturing processes may destroy the surface and
hydraulic smoothness is lost.
4. For cast iron and galvanized pipe, the K' values will be reduced. No systematic data are available for the effects of
surface roughness.
5. It pulps are not identical to those shown, some engineering judgement is required.
6. Wood is New Zealand Kraft pulp.
TABLE IA
Data (5, 6) for use with Equation 1 or Equation 1M to determine velocity limit, Vmax.
Pipe Material
Copper
Copper
Copper
Copper
Copper
K'
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.3)
(0.3)
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
Pipe Material
K'
Copper
Steel
0.75 (0.23)
4.0 (1.22)
1.8
1.4
When metric (SI) units are utilized, use the value of K' given in parentheses, When the metric values are used, diameter (D) must
be millimeters (mm) and velocity (V) in meters per second (m/s)
TECH-E
APPENDIX C
TABLE II
Data for use with Equation 2 or Equation 2M to determine head loss, H/ L (1).
Pulp Type
5.30 (235)
11.80 (1301)
11.30 (1246)
12.10 (1334)
17.00 (1874)
8.80 (970)
9.40 (1036)
5.20 (236)
3.81 (82)
3.40 (143)
5.19 (113)
2.30 (196)
1.40 (87)
4.56 (369)
0.36
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.27
0.27
0.18
0.36
0.23
0.32
0.43
2.14
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.78
2.37
2.34
1.91
2.21
2.19
2.31
y
-1.04
-1.34
-1.34
-1.34
-1.34
-1.34
-1.34
-1.08
-0.85
-1.09
-0.82
-1.29
-1.16
-1.20
NOTES: 1. When metric (SI) units are utilized, use the value of K given in parentheses. When the metric values are used,
diameter (D) must be in millimetres (mm) and velocity must be in metres per second (m/s).
2. Original data obtained in stainless steel and PVC pipe (7,8, 9).
3. No safety factors are included in the above correlations.
4. The friction loss depends considerably on the condition of the inside of the pipe surface (10).
5. Wood is New Zealand Kraft pulp.
TABLE IA
Data (5, 6) for use with Equation 2 or Equation 2M to determine head loss, H/ L.
12.69 (1438)
11.40 (1291)
1140 (1291)
11.40 (1291)
5.70 (646)
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
6.20 (501)
6.50 (288)
0.43
0.36
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
y
-1.33
-1.33
-1.33
-1.33
-1.33
2.13
1.85
y
-1.20
-1.04
When metric (SI) units are utilized, use the value of K given in parentheses, When the metric values are used, diameter (D) must
be millimeters (mm) and velocity (V) in meters per second (m/s)
APPENDIX D
The following gives supplemental information to that where I.P.D.
mill capacity (metric tons per day), provided in the main text.
1. Capacity (flow), Q
Q = 16.65 (T.P.D.) (U.S. GPM),
C
(i)
(ii)
V = 0.4085 Q
D2
(ii)
(ft/s),
TECH-E
APPENDIX E
(iiM)
(iiM)
The following are three examples which illustrate the method for
determination of pipe friction loss in each of the three regions
shown in Figure 3.
Example 1.
Determine the friction loss (per 100 ft of pipe) for 1000 U.S. GPM
of 4.5% oven-dried unbeaten aspen sulfite stock, never dried, in 8
inch schedule 40 stainless steel pipe (pipe inside diameter = 7.981
in). Assume the pulp temperature to be 95 F.
Solution:
a) The bulk velocity, V, is
V = 0.4085 Q,
D2
and Q = flow = 1000 U.S. GPM.
D = pipe inside diameter = 7.981 in.
0.4085
(1000) = 6.41 ft/s.
V=
7.9812
b) It must be determined in which region (1, 2, or 3) this velocity
falls. Therefore, the next step is to determine the velocity at the
upper limit of the linear region, Vmax.
Vmax = K' C,
TECH-E
(ii)
H/ L
Example 3.
Vmax = K' C ,
(ii)
VW = 4.00 C1.40
= 4.00 (2.01.40) = 10.56 ft/s.
(
H/ L) w = 0.579 V1.75 D-1.25,
(ii)
and F1 F2 F3 F4 F5;
F1 = 1.528 - 0.00556T,
and T = stock temperature = 125 F
F1 = 1.528 - 0.00556 (125) = 0.833,
(iv)
(v)
REFERENCES
(1)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
, , y =
(7)
(8)
H/ L
(9)
TECH-E
Woodyard
Pump Mill
Bleach Plant
Stock Prep
Paper Machine
(Wet End)
Paper Machine
(Dry End)
Coater
Kraft Recovery
Utility
(Power House)
Miscellaneous
Recycle
TECH-E
Typical Services
Log Flume
Log/Chip Pile spray
Chip Washer
Al/316SS Trim
AI/316SS trim
Al/316SS Trim
Shower Supply
Dilution Supply
Screen Supply
Cleaner Supply
Decker Supply
Hi/Med. Density Storage
Transfer
Medium Cons. Storage
Chip Chute Circulation
White Liquor Circulation
Condensate
Wash Liquor Circulation
Brown Stock Storage
Bleach Tower Storage
Bleach Chemical Mixing
High Density Storage
Chemical Feed
Washer Supply
Washer Shower Water
Dilution Water
Medium Consistency O2 Reactor
CI02 Generator Circulation
Refiner Supply
Deflaker Supply
Machine Chest Supply
Fan Pumps
Couch Pit
Saveall
Sweetner
Shower
Dryer Drainage
Condensate
Trim Squirt
Broke Chest
Coating Slurries
Kaolin Clay (Fillers)
Weak Black Liquor
Evaporator Circulation
Concentrated Black Liquor
Condensate Injection Black Liquor
Transfer Pumps
Smelt Spout Cooling
Water Collection
Weak Wash
Scrubber
Green Liquor (Storage Transfer)
Lime Mud
Dregs
Feedwater
Condensate
Deaerator Booster
Al/31SS
Al316SS
Al316SS
316SS
316SS/317SS
316SS/317SS
Various
316SS/317SS
CD4MCu
CD4MCu
Al/316SS
316SS
316SS
316SS
317SS, 254 SMO, Titanium
316SS/317SS
316SS
316SS
316SS
316SS
316SS
Titanium
316SS
316SS
316SS
Al/316SS Trim, All 316SS
Al/316SS Trim, All 316SS
Al/316SS Trim, All 316SS
Al/316SS Trim, All 316SS
A/316SS Trim, All 316SS
Al/316SS Trim,
Al/316SS Trim
Al/316SS Trim
Al/316SS Trim
316SS/CD4MCu
316SS/CD4MCu
316SS
316SS
316SS
316SS
316SS
CD4MCu
Al/316SS Trim
Al/316SS Trim
316SS/CD4MCu/28% Chrome
316SS/CD4MCu/28% Chrome
316SS/CD4MCu/28% Chrome
316SS/CD4MCu/28% Chrome
CS/Chrome Trim/All Chrome
316SS
316SS
Al/316SS Trim
Al/316SS Trim
316SS/CD4MCu
316SS/CD4MCu
316SS
316SS/317SS
316SS/CD4MCu
Al/316SS Trim
Pump Type
Goulds Model
Mixed Flow
Vertical Turbine
Stock
ANSI
Double Suction
Stock
ANSI
Double Suction
Medium Consistency
Hi Temp/Press Stock
MF
VIT
3175, 3180/85
3196
3410, 3415, 3420
3175, 3180/85
3196
3410, 3415, 3420
3500
3181/86
Stock
ANSI
Medium Consistency
Axial Flow
Non-metallic
3175, 3180/85
3196
3500
AF
NM 3196
Stock
ANSI
3175, 3180/85
3196
Double Suction
Stock
Low Flow
High Pressure
Two-Stage
ANSI
Low Flow
Stock
3415, 3420
3175, 3180/85
LF3196
3310H
3316
3196
LF 3196
3175, 3180/85
ANSI
3196
Medium Duty Slurry
JC
ANSI
3196
Stock
3175, 3180/85
Medium Duty Slurry
JC
High Temp/Pressure Stock 3181/86
High Pressure
3316
Multi Stage
Multi-Stage
ANSI
High Pressure
Vertical Can
Double Suction
Vertical Turbine
Self-Priming
Vertical Sumps
Vertical Sump; Recessed
Submersible
Stock
Recessed
ANSI
Medium Consistency
3310H, 3600
3196
3700, VIC
3410, 3415, 3420
VIT
3796
3171
VHS
HSU
3175, 3180/85
CV 3196,HS
3196
3500
Section TECH-F
Mechanical Data
TECH-F-1 Standard Weights and Dimensions of Mechanical Joint
Cast Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast
Extracted from USA Standard Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (USAS B16. 11967), with the permission of the publisher, The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017.
Thickness,
In.
Wall
Weight
Per Foot*
Average
Thickness
Class
3
(3.96)
0.32
0.35
0.38
0.35
0.38
0.41
0.44
0.38
0.41
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.41
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.65
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.76
0.48
0.51
0.55
0.59
0.64
0.69
0.75
0.81
11.9
12.9
13.8
16.1
17.3
18.4
19.6
25.4
27,2
29.0
31.3
33.6
36.2
38.6
41.8
45.0
48.1
51.2
48.0
52.0
55.9
59.9
63.8
68.6
62.3
67.1
59.9
76.6
82.5
88.3
95.2
73.6
77.8
83.4
89.0
95.9
102.7
110.9
118.9
22
23
24
22
23
24
25
22
23
24
25
26
22
23
24
25
26
27
22
23
24
25
26
27
22
23
25
25
26
27
28
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
4
(4.80)
6
(6.90)
8
(9.05)
10
(11.10)
12
(13.20)
14
(15.30)
16
(17.40)
18
(19.50)
20
(21.60)
24
(25.80)
Thickness,
In.
Wall
Weight
Per Foot*
Average
Thickness
Class
0.50
0.54
0.58
0.63
0.68
0.73
0.79
0.85
0.54
0.58
0.63
0.68
0.73
0.79
0.85
0.92
0.57
0.62
0.67
0.72
0.78
0.84
0.91
0.98
0.63
0.68
0.73
0.79
0.85
0.92
0.99
1.07
87.6
94.0
100.3
108.3
116.2
124.0
133.3
142.7
106.0
113.2
122.2
131.0
140.0
150.6
161.0
173.2
124.2
134.2
144.2
154.1
165.9
177.6
191.2
214.8
164.2
176.2
188.2
202.6
216.8
233.2
249.7
268.2
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
TECH-F
TECH-F-2 125 Lb. & 250 Lb. Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and
Flanged Fittings
Thickness
of
Flange
(Min.)
Nomi- Diam.
nal
of
Pipe Flange
Size
414
4 58
5
6
7
712
812
9
10
11
1312
16
19
21
2312
25
2712
32
3834
46
53
5912
1
114
112
2
212
3
312
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48
Diam.
of
Bolt
Circle
318
312
378
434
512
6
7
712
812
912
1134
1414
17
1834
2112
2234
25
2912
36
4234
4912
56
716
12
9
16
5
8
11
16
34
1316
15
16
15
16
1
118
1316
114
138
1716
1916
11116
178
218
238
258
234
Number
of
Bolts
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20
28
32
36
44
Diam.
of
Bolts
Diam.
of
Length
Drilled
of
Bolt
Bolts
Holes
1
2
1
2
1
2
5
8
5
8
5
8
5
8
5
8
3
4
3
4
3
4
7
8
7
8
134
2
2
214
212
212
234
3
3
314
312
334
334
414
412
434
5
512
614
7
712
734
58
58
58
34
34
34
34
34
78
78
78
1
1
118
118
114
114
138
138
138
138
138
1
1
118
118
114
114
112
112
112
ThickNomi- Diam.
ness
nal
of
of
Pipe Flange Flange3
Size
(Min.)
Diam.
of
Bolt
Circle
Diam.
of
Bolt
Holes1
478
514
618
612
712
814
9
10
11
1212
15
1712
2012
23
2512
28
3012
36
43
50
57
65
312
378
412
5
578
658
714
778
914
1058
13
1514
1734
2014
2212
2434
27
32
3914
46
5232
6034
34
34
78
3
4
78
78
78
78
78
78
1
114
112
2
212
3
312
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
*30
*36
*42
*48
1
114
112
2
212
3
312
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48
Center to Face
Face
to
Face
F
312
334
4
412
5
512
6
612
712
8
9
11
12
14
15
1612
18
22
25
28*
31*
34*
5
512
6
612
7
734
812
9
1014
1112
14
1612
19
2112
24
2612
29
34
4112
49
5612
64
134
2
214
212
3
3
312
4
412
5
512
612
712
7 12
8
812
912
11
15
18
21
24
534
614
7
8
1
9 2
10
1112
12
1312
1412
1712
2012
2412
27
30
32
35
4012
49
.
.
.
134
134
2
2 12
212
3
3
3
312
312
412
5
512
6
612
7
8
9
10
.
.
.
.
.
.
5
512
6
612
7
8
9
11
14
14
16
18
19
20
24
30
36
42
48
1
118
1316
114
138
1716
158
178
2
218
214
238
212
234
3
338
31116
4
Body
Wall
Thick
nesst
5
16
5
16
5
16
5
16
516
3
8
716
1
2
1
2
9
16
5
8
3
4
13/16
7
8
2
2
212 212
3
3
312 312
4
4
5
5
6
6
8
8
10
10
12
12
14 1314
16 1514
18
17
20
19
24
23
1
1116
118
114
1716
158
11316
2
1
118
118
114
114
114
112
112
2
2
2
7
16
12
9
16
916
5
8
11
16
3
4
13
16
15
16
1
118
114
138
112
158
4 316
4 1516
5 1116
6 516
61516
8 516
91116
111516
1416
16716
181516
21116
23516
25916
3014
5
512
6
612
7
8
812
10
1112
13
15
1612
18
1912
2212
6 12
3
7
312
3
7 4
312
812
4
9
412
1
10 4
5
1112 512
14
6
16 12
7
19
8
1
21 2 812
24
912
2612 10
29 1012
34
12
Face
to
Face
F
9
212
1012 212
11
3
1212
3
1
13 2
3
15
312
1
17 2
4
2012
5
24
512
1
27 2
6
31
612
1
34 2 712
3712
8
4012 8 12
1
47 2 10
5
512
6
6 12
7
8
9
11
12
14
16
18
19
20
24
B
A
A
C
B
C
90 ELBOW
212
212
234
234
314
312
312
3 34
4
4
412
514
512
6
614
612
634
734
812
912
1014
1034
Center to Face
5
8
5
8
3
4
5
8
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
7
8
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
24
28
32
36
40
1
118
114
114
138
138
138
158
2
214
214
214
Length
of
Bolts2
Size
of
Bolt
1116
34
1316
78
Number
of
Bolts1
90 LONG
RADIUS ELBOW
45 ELBOW
SIDE OUTLET
ELBOW
A
A
A
D
90
45
D
DOUBLE BRANCH
ELBOW
TECH-F
TEE
CROSS
SIDE OUTLET
TEE OR CROSS
REDUCER
ECCENTRIC
REDUCER
TRUE Y
E
45 LATERAL
4
(1.050)
1
(1.315)
114
(1.660)
112
(1.900)
2
(2.375)
212
(2.875)
3
(3.500)
312
(4.000)
4
(4.500)
5
(5.563)
6
(6.625)
8
(8.625)
10
(10.750)
Wall
Thickness,
In.
Weight
per Foot,
Plain Ends,
Lb.
0.068
0.095
0.088
0.119
0.091
0.126
0.109
0.147
0.188
0.294
0.113
0.154
0.219
0.308
0.133
0.179
0.250
0.308
0.140
0.191
0.250
0.382
0.145
0.200
0.281
0.400
0.154
0.218
0.344
0.436
0.203
0.276
0.375
0.552
0.216
0.300
0.438
0.600
0.226
0.318
0.237
0.337
0.438
0.531
0.674
0.258
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.280
0.432
0.562
0.719
0.864
0.250
0.277
0.322
0.406
0.500
0.594
0.719
0.812
0.875
0.906
0.250
0.307
0.365
0.500
0.594
0.719
0.844
1.000
1.125
0.24
0.31
0.42
0.54
0.57
0.74
0.85
1.09
1.31
1.71
1.13
1.47
1.94
2.44
1.68
2.17
2.84
2.44
2.27
3.00
3.76
5.21
2.72
3.63
4.86
6.41
3.65
5.02
7.46
9.03
5.79
7.66
10.01
13.70
7.58
10.25
14.31
18.58
9.11
12.51
10.79
14.98
18.98
22.52
27.54
14.62
20.78
27.04
32.96
38.55
18.97
28.57
36.42
45.34
53.16
22.36
24.70
28.55
35.66
43.39
50.93
45.34
67.79
72.42
74.71
28.04
34.24
40.48
54.74
64.40
77.00
89.27
104.13
115.65
Schedule
No.
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80
160
S
XS
S
XS
S
XS
S
XS
XXS
40 S
80 XS
160
XXS
40 S
80 XS
160
XXS
40 S
80 XS
160
XXS
40 S
80 XS
160
XXS
40 S
80 XS
160
XXS
40 S
80 XS
160
XXS
40 S
80 XS
160
XXS
40 S
80 XS
40 S
80 XS
120
160
XXS
40 S
80 XS
120
160
XXS
40 S
80 XS
120
160
XXS
20
30
40 S
60
80 XS
100
160
140
XXS
160
20
30
40 S
60 XS
80
100
120
140 XXS
160
Size:
Nom. &
(Outside
Diam.), In.*
12
(12.750)
14
(14.000)
16
(16.000)
18
(18.000)
20
(20.000)
22
(22.000)
24
(24.000)
Wall
Thickness,
In.
Weight
per Foot,
Plain Ends,
Lb.
0.250
0.330
0.375
0.406
0.500
0.562
0.688
0.844
1.000
1.125
1.312
0.250
0.312
0.375
0.438
0.500
0.594
0.750
0.938
1.094
1.250
1.406
0.250
0.312
0.375
0.500
0.656
0.844
1.031
1.219
1.438
1.594
0.250
0.312
0.375
0.438
0.500
0.562
0.750
0.938
1.156
1.375
1.562
1.781
0.250
0.375
0.500
0.594
0.812
1.031
1.281
1.500
1.750
1.969
0.250
0.375
0.500
0.875
1.125
1.375
1.625
1.875
2.125
0.250
0.375
0.250
0.375
0.500
0.562
0.688
0.969
1.219
1.531
1.812
2.062
2.344
33.38
43.77
49.56
53.56
65.42
73.22
88.57
107.29
125.49
139.68
160.33
36.71
45.68
54.57
63.37
72.09
85.01
106.13
130.79
150.76
170.22
189.15
42.05
52.36
62.58
82.77
107.54
136.58
164.86
192.40
223.57
245.22
47.39
59.03
70.59
82.06
93.45
104.76
138.17
170.84
208.00
244.14
274.30
308.55
47.39
78.60
93.45
123.06
166.50
208.92
256.15
296.37
341.10
379.14
58.07
86.61
114.81
197.42
250.82
302.88
353.61
403.01
451.07
63.41
94.62
63.41
94.62
125.49
140.80
171.17
238.29
296.53
367.45
429.50
483.24
542.09
Schedule
No.
20
30
S
40
XS
60
80
100
120 XXS
140
160
10
20
30 S
40
XS
60
80
100
120
140
160
10
20
30 S
40 XS
60
80
100
120
140
160
10
20
S
30
XS
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
10
20 S
XS
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
10
20 S
30 XS
60
80
100
120
140
160
10
20 S
10
20 S
XS
30
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
TECH-F
TECH-F-4 150 Lb. & 300 Lb. Steel Pipe Flanges and Fittings
Extracted from USA Standard Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged
Fittings (USAS, B16. 5-1968), with the permission of the publisher,
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, United Engineering
Center, 345 East 47th Street, New York NY 10017.
Nomi- Diam.
nal
of
Pipe Flange
Size
O
1
2
34
312
378
414
458
5
6
7
712
812
9
10
11
1312
16
19
21
2312
25
2712
32
1
114
112
2
212
3
312
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
Thickness
of
Flange
(Min.)*
Diam.
of
Bolt
Circle
Diam.
of
Bolt
Holes
238
214
318
312
378
434
512
6
7
712
812
912
1134
1414
17
1834
2114
2234
25
2912
58
58
58
58
58
34
34
3
4
3
4
34
78
78
78
716
12
916
58
1116
3
4
7
8
1516
1516
15
16
15
16
1
118
1316
114
138
1716
1916
11116
178
Number
of
Bolts
Diam.
of
Bolts
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
5
8
5
8
5
8
5
8
5
8
3
4
3
4
3
4
1
1
118
118
114
114
38
7/8
7/8
1
1
118
118
114
Length
of
(with
1
16"
Raised
Face
134
2
2
2 14
214
234
3
3
3
3
314
314
312
334
4
414
412
434
514
534
Nominal
Pipe
Size
AA
BB
CC
EE
FF
GG
1
114
112
2
212
3
312
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
312
334
4
412
5
512
6
612
712
8
9
11
12
14
15
1612
18
22
5
512
6
612
7
734
812
9
1014
1112
14
1612
19
2112
24
2612
29
34
134
2
214
212
3
3
312
4
412
5
512
612
712
712
8
812
912
11
534
614
7
8
912
10
1112
12
1312
1412
1712
2012
2412
27
30
32
35
4012
134
134
2
212
212
3
3
3
312
312
412
5
512
6
6 12
7
8
9
412
412
412
5
512
6
612
7
8
9
11
12
14
16
18
19
20
24
BB
AA
AA
CC
AA
BB
AA
AA
CC
AA
Nominal
Pipe
Size
1
114
112
2
212
3
312
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
Flange
Diam.
Flange
Thickness
(Min.)*
Bolt
Circle
Diam.
Diam.
of Bolt
Holes
1116
34
4 8
514
618
612
712
814
9
10
11
1212
15
1712
2012
23
2512
28
3012
36
34
1316
78
1
118
3
1 16
114
138
1716
158
178
2
218
214
2 3/8
212
234
No.
of
Bolts
LONG RADIUS
ELBOW
45 ELBOW
TEE
AA
Size
of
Bolts
AA
45
EE
EE
3 2
378
412
5
578
638
714
718
914
1058
13
1514
1734
2014
2212
2434
27
32
34
78
_
78
78
78
78
78
78
1
118
114
114
138
138
138
158
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
24
AA
8
8
3
4
5
8
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
7
8
1
1
1 8
118
114
114
114
112
FF
CROSS
GG
GG
REDUCER
ECCENTRIC
REDUCER
45 LATERAL
Nominal
Pipe
Size
AA
BB
CC
EE
FF
GG
1
114
112
2
212
3
312
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
4
414
412
5
512
6
612
7
8
812
10
1112
13
15
1612
18
1912
2212
5
512
6
612
7
734
812
9
1014
1112
14
1612
19
2112
24
2612
29
34
214
212
234
3
312
312
4
412
5
512
6
7
8
812
912
10
1012
12
612
714
812
9
1012
11
1212
1312
15
1712
2012
24
2712
31
3434
3712
4012
4712
2
214
212
212
212
3
3
3
312
4
5
512
6
612
712
8
812
10
412
412
412
5
512
6
612
7
8
9
11
12
14
16
18
19
20
24
TECH-F
Outside
Diameter
ANSI ISO
JIS
150
10
lb.
Bar
10 K
108
115
127
150
52
165
178
185
191
200
216
Bolt Circle
ANSI
150
lb.
4.92 3.12
125
79
ISO
10
Bar
Thickness
(Min.)
JIS ANSI ISO
JIS
150
10
10 K lb.
Bar
10 K
90
14
16
5.51 3.88
140
110
98
105
17
18
6.10 4.75
155
125
121
120
19
20
6.89 5.50
175
145
140
140
22
20
7.28 6.00
185
160
152
7.68 7.00
195
178
150
24
20
160
24
8.27 7.50
100
210
180
229
220
191
175
24
22
150
240
279
285
280
241
240
25
24
343
340
330
298
295
290
28
24
406
395
400
362
350
355
30
26
483
445
445
432
400
400
32
28
533
505
490
476
460
445
35
30
597
565
560
540
515
510
37
32
635
615
620
578
565
565
40
35
699
670
675
635
620
620
43
38
813
780
795
749
725
730
48
42
984
970
914
900
54
34
34
38
0.55
14
0.63
16
0.63
16
0.71
18
0.71
18
0.71
18
0.71
18
0.87
22
0.87
22
0.94
24
0.94
24
1.02
26
1.10
28
1.18
30
1.18
30
1.26
32
1.42
36
1.50
38
1.57
40
1.73
44
10 K
ANSI
150
lb.
ISO
10
Bar
10 K
Raised Face
Diameter
ANSI ISO
JIS
150
10
lb.
Bar
10 K
0.5
0.5
Bolt Hole
ANSI
150
lb.
ISO
10
Bar
Bolts Quantity
JIS
10 K
14
19
18
19
18
19
18
19
18
19
19
18
19
22
23
22
23
22
25
22
25
22
25
26
27
26
27
26
27
29.5
33
33
32.5
33
35.5
39
39
39
ANSI
150
lb.
ISO
10
Bar
JIS
Bolt Size
JIS
M12 M16
-
M16 M16
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
M16
0.62
0.75
0.75
12
12
0.88
12
12
12
0.88
12
16
12
1.00
16
16
16
1.00
16
16
16
1.12
20
20
20
1.12
20
20
20
1.25
20
24
28
1.25
M16 M16
-
M16 M16
-
M16 M16
M16 M16
-
M20 M20
-
M20 M20
-
M20 M22
-
M20 M22
-
M20 M22
-
M24 M24
-
M24 M24
-
M24 M24
-
M27 M30
-
24
M30
32
1.50
28
28
36
1.50
28
28
44
1.50
32
32
51
68
67
88
81
102
96
122
116
133
126
136
158
151
212
212
268
262
320
324
370
368
430
413
482
475
532
530
585
585
855
TECH-F
Outside
Diameter
ANSI ISO
JIS
300
16
lb.
Bar
16 K
Bolt Circle
ANSI
300
lb.
ISO
16
Bar
Thickness
(Min.)
JIS ANSI ISO
JIS
300
16
16 K lb.
Bar
16 K
124
115
125
90
85
90
17
16
156
150
140
114
110
105
21
18
165
165
120
22
20
191
185
175
149
145
140
25
20
210
200
200
169
160
160
29
20
229
210
184
170
30
254
220
225
200
180
185
32
22
381
285
305
270
240
260
37
24
381
340
350
330
295
305
41
26
445
405
430
387
355
380
48
28
521
460
480
451
410
430
51
32
584
520
540
514
470
480
54
35
648
580
605
572
525
540
57
38
711
640
675
629
585
605
60
42
775
715
730
686
650
660
64
46
914
840
845
813
770
770
70
52
1020 997
935
76
76
84
TECH-F
98
0.55
14
0.63
16
0.63
16
0.71
18
0.79
20
0.79
20
0.87
22
0.94
24
1.02
26
1.10
28
1.18
30
1.34
34
1.50
38
1.57
40
1.65
42
1.81
46
2.05
52
2.28
58
2.44
62
2.76
70
Bolt Hole
ANSI
300
lb.
ISO
16
Bar
Bolts Quantity
JIS
16 K
14
19
18
19
18
19
18
19
18
23
23
18
23
22
25
22
25
26
27
26
27
26
33
29.5
33
29.5
33
32.5
33
35.5
39
42
39
48
42
56
48
56
ANSI
300
lb.
ISO
16
Bar
JIS
Bolt Size
16 K
ANSI
300
lb.
ISO
16
Bar
16 K
0.62
0.75
0.62
0.75
0.75
M12 M16
-
0.75
0.75
0.75
12
12
0.88
12
12
16
1.00
12
12
16
1.12
12
16
20
1.12
16
16
20
1.25
16
16
24
1.25
20
20
24
1.25
20
24
28
1.75
24
2.00
28
28
36
2.00
132
5.71
6.19 6.22
145
6.30
158
160
8.50 8.35
9.06
212
230
275
345
395
440
495
560
615
32
133
32
32
96
4.57
5.50 0.00
3.78
5.20
81
5.00 5.24
1.50
2.00
67
3.19
116
M20 140
-
102
2.64
122
92
20
28
88
4.12 4.80
68
3.62 4.02
20
28
73
51
2.88 3.46
24
40
2.00 2.68
M16 M16
M16 M16
12
JIS
Raised Face
Diameter
ANSI ISO
JIS
300
16
lb.
Bar
16 K
M39 857
-
880
Size
In.
External
Internal
Thickness
In.
6
8
8
8
10
10
10
12
12
14
14
16
16
18
18
20
20
22
22
22
24
24
24
26
26
28
28
30
30
32
32
34
34
36
36
6.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
10.750
10.750
10.750
12.750
12.750
14.000
14.000
16.000
16.000
18.000
18.000
20.000
20.000
22.000
22.000
22.000
24.000
24.000
24.000
26.000
26.000
28.000
28.000
30.000
30.000
32.000
32.000
34.000
34.000
36.000
36.000
6.065
8.249
8.071
7.981
10.192
10.136
10.020
12.090
12.000
13.500
13.250
15.376
15.250
17.376
17.250
19.376
19.250
21.376
21.250
21.000
23.376
23.250
23.000
25.376
25.000
27.376
27.000
29.376
29.000
31.376
31.000
33.376
33.000
35.376
35.000
0.280
0.188
0.277
0.322
0.279
0.307
0.365#
0.330
0.375#
0.250
0.375#
0.312
0.375#
0.312
0.375#
0.312
0.375#
0.312
0.375
0.500
0.312
0.375
0.500#
0.312
0.500#
0.312
0.500#
0.312
0.500#
0.312
0.500#
0.312
0.500#
0.312
0.500#
18.97
16.90
24.70
28.55
31.20
34.24
40.48
43.77
49.56
36.71
54.57
52.36
62.58
59.03
70.59
65.71
78.60
72.38
86.61
114.81
79.06
94.62
125.49
85.73
136.17
92.41
146.85
99.08
157.53
105.76
168.21
112.43
178.89
119.11
189.57
19.18
17.80
25.55
29.35
32.75
35.75
41.85
45.45
51.15
57.00
65.30
73.00
81.00
#Thickness indicated is believed to be best practice. If soil and water conditions are unusually favorable, lighter pipe may be used if permitted in the
purchaser's specifications.
1Manufacturing
weight tolerance is 10 per cent over and 3,5 per cent under nominal weight for pipe 6-20 in. in size and +/- per cent of nominal weight for
larger sizes.
2 Nominal
weights of pipe with threads and couplings (based on lengths of 20 ft. including coupling) are shown for purposes of specification.
Thread data are contained in the various standards covering sizes which can be purchased with threads.
Wrought-Iron Pipe, Black or Galvanized
Diameter - In.
Size
In.
External
Internal
Thickness
In.
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
20
22
22
24
24
26
26
28
28
30
30
6.625
8.625
10.750
12.750
14.000
16.000
18.000
20.000
20.000
22.000
22.000
24.000
24.000
26.000
26.000
28.000
28.000
30.000
30.000
6.053
7.967
10.005
11.985
13.234
15.324
17.165
19.125
19.000
21.125
21.000
23.125
23.000
25.125
25.000
27.125
27.000
29.125
29.000
0.286
0.329
0.372
0.383
0.383
0.383
0.417
0.438
0.500*
0.438
0.500*
0.438
0.500*
0.438
0.500*
0.438
0.500*
0.438
0.500*
18.97
28.55
40.48
49.56
54.56
62.58
76.84
89.63
102.10
98.77
112.57
107.96
123.04
117.12
133.51
126.27
143.99
135.42
154.46
19.45
29.35
41.85
51.15
57.00
65.30
81.20
94.38
106.62
1Manufacturing
weight tolerance is 10 per cent over and 3.5 per cent under nominal weight for pipe ~20 in. in size and +10 per cent of nominal
weight for larger sizes.
2Based
on length of 20 ft. including coupling. Threaded pipe has 8 threads per inch.
*Thickness indicated is believed to be best practice. If soil and water conditions are unusually favorable tighter pipe may be used if
permitted in the purchaser's specifications.
Note: Welded joints advocated for pipe larger than 20 in. in diameter; also for smaller diameter pipe, where applicable, to obtain
clearance and maintain uniform grout thickness.
TECH-F
Gals.
Area
Sq. Ft.
Diam.
Gals.
Area
Sq. Ft.
Diam.
Gals.
Area
Sq. Ft.
Diam.
Gals.
Area
Sq. Ft.
1'
1' 1
1' 2"
1' 3"
1' 4"
1' 5"
1' 6"
1' 7"
1' 8"
1' 9"
1' 10"
1' 11"
2'
2' 1"
2' 2"
2' 3"
2' 4"
2' 5"
2' 6"
2' 7"
2' 8"
2' 9"
2' 10"
2' 11"
3'
3' 1"
3' 2"
3' 3"
3' 4"
3' 5"
3' 6"
3' 7"
3' 8"
3' 9"
3' 10"
3' 11"
4'
4' 1"
5.87
6.89
8.00
9.18
10.44
11.79
13.22
14.73
16.32
17.99
19.75
21.58
23.50
25.50
27.58
29.74
31.99
34.31
36.72
39.21
41.78
44.43
47.16
49.98
52.88
55.86
58.92
62.06
65.28
68.58
71.97
75.44
78.99
82.62
86.33
90.13
94.00
97.96
.785
.922
1.069
1.277
1.396
1.576
1.767
1.969
2.182
2.405
2.640
2.885
3.142
3.409
3.687
3.976
4.276
4.587
4.909
5.241
5.585
5.940
6.305
6.681
7.069
7.467
7.876
8.296
8.727
9.168
9.621
10.085
10.559
11.045
11.541
12.048
12.566
13.095
4' 2
4' 3"
4' 4"
4' 5"
4' 6"
4' 7"
4' 8"
4' 9"
4' 10"
4' 11"
5'
5' 1"
5' 2"
5' 3"
5' 4"
5' 5"
5' 6"
5' 7"
5' 8"
5' 9"
5' 10"
5' 11"
6"
6' 3"
6' 6"
6' 9"
7'
7' 3"
7' 6"
7' 9"
8'
8' 3"
8' 6"
8' 9"
9"
9' 3"
9' 6"
9' 9"
102.00
106.12
110.32
114.61
118.97
123.42
127.95
132.56
137.25
142.02
146.91
151.81
156.83
161.94
167.11
172.38
177.71
183.14
188.66
194.25
199.92
205.67
211.51
229.50
248.23
267.69
287.88
308.81
330.48
352.88
376.01
399.80
424.48
449.82
475.89
502.70
530.24
558.51
13.635
14.186
14.748
15.321
15.90
16.50
17.10
17.72
18.35
18.99
19.64
20.30
20.97
21.65
22.34
23.04
23.76
24.48
25.22
25.97
26.73
27.49
28.27
30.68
35.18
35.78
38.48
41.28
44.18
47.17
50.27
53.46
56.75
60.13
63.62
67.20
70.88
74.66
10'
10' 3"
10' 6"
10' 9"
11'
11' 3"
11' 6"
11' 9"
12'
12' 3"
12' 6"
12' 9"
13'
13' 3"
13' 6"
13' 9"
14'
14' 3"
14 6"
14' 9"
15'
15' 3"
15' 6"
15' 9"
16'
16' 3"
16' 6"
16' 9"
19'
19' 3"
19' 6"
19' 9"
20'
20' 3"
20' 6"
20' 9"
21'
21' 3"
587.52
617.26
640.74
678.95
710.90
743.58
776.99
811.14
846.03
881.65
918.00
955.09
992.91
1031.50
1070.80
1110.80
1151.50
1193.00
1235.30
1278.20
1321.90
1366.40
1411.50
1457.40
1504.10
1551.40
1599.50
1648.40
2120.90
2177.10
2234.00
2291.70
2350.10
2409.20
2469.10
2529.60
2591.00
2653.00
78.54
82.52
86.59
90.76
95.03
99.40
103.87
108.43
113.10
117.86
122.72
127.68
132.73
137.89
142.14
148.49
153.94
159.48
165.13
170.87
176.71
182.65
188.69
194.83
201.06
207.39
213.82
220.35
283.53
291.04
298.65
306.35
314.16
322.06
330.06
338.16
346.36
346.36
21' 6
21' 9"
22'
22' 3'
22' 6'
22' 9"
23'
23' 3"
23' 6"
23' 9"
24'
24' 3"
24' 6"
24' 9"
25'
25' 3"
25' 6"
25' 9"
26'
26' 3"
26' 6"
26' 9"
27'
27' 3"
27' 6"
27' 9"
28'
28' 3"
28' 6"
28' 9"
29'
29' 3"
29' 6"
29' 9"
30'
30' 3"
30' 6"
30' 9"
2715.80
2779.30
2843.60
2908.60
2974.30
3040.80
3108.00
3175.90
3244.60
3314.00
3384.10
3455.00
3526.60
3598.90
3672.00
3745.80
3820.30
3895.60
3971.60
4048.40
4125. 90
4204.10
4283.00
4362.70
4443.10
4524.30
4606.20
4688.80
4772.10
4856.20
4941.00
5026.60
5112.90
5199.90
5287.70
5376.20
5465.40
5555.40
363.05
371.54
380.13
388.82
397.61
406.49
415.48
424.56
433.74
443.01
452.39
461.86
471.44
481.11
490.87
500.74
510.71
527.77
530.93
541.19
551.55
562.00
572.66
583.21
593.96
604.81
615.75
626.80
637.94
649.18
660.52
671.96
683.49
695.13
706.86
718.69
730.62
742.64
To find the capacity of tanks greater than shown above, find a tank of one-half the size desired, and multiply its capacity by four, or find one
one-third the size desired and multiply its capacity by 9.
Chart 10 Capacity of Round Tanks (per foot of depth)
Dimensions
in Feet
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1'
4'
119.68
187.00
269.28
366.52
478.72
605.88
748.08
905.08
1077.12
479.
748.
1077.
1466.
1915.
2424.
2992.
3620.
4308.
718.
1202.
1616.
2199.
2872.
3635.
4488.
5430.
6463.
957.
1516.
2154.
2922.
3830.
4847.
5984.
7241.
8617.
1197.
1870
2693.
3665.
4787.
6059.
7480.
9051.
10771
To find the capacity of a depth not given, multiply the capacity for one foot by the required depth in feet.
Chart 11 Capacity of Square Tanks
TECH-F
11'
12'
1316.
2057.
2968
4032.
5266.
6665.
8228.
9956.
11848.
1436.
2244
3231.
4398
5745.
7272.
8976.
10861.
12925.
Diameter
1/10
1/5
1 ft.
2 ft
3 ft.
4 ft.
5 ft.
6 ft.
7 ft
8 ft.
9 ft.
10 ft.
11 ft.
12 ft.
13 ft.
14 ft.
15 ft.
.3
1.2
2.7
4.9
7.6
11.0
15.0
19.0
25.0
30.0
37.0
44.0
51.0
60.0
68.0
.8
3.3
7.5
13.4
20.0
30.0
41.0
52.0
67.0
83.0
101.0
120.0
141.0
164.0
188.0
1.4
5.9
13.6
23.8
37.0
53.0
73.0
96.0
112.0
149.0
179.0
214.0
250.0
291.0
334.0
2.1
8.8
19.8
35.0
55.0
78.0
107.0
140.0
178.0
219.0
265.0
315.0
370.0
430.0
494.0
2.9
11.7
26.4
47.0
73.0
106.0
144.0
188.0
238.0
294.0
356.0
423.0
496.0
576.0
661.0
3.6
14.7
33.0
59.0
92.0
133.0
181.0
235.0
298.0
368.0
445.0
530.0
621.0
722.0
829.0
4.3
17.5
39.4
70.2
110.0
158.0
215.0
281.0
352.0
440.0
531.0
632.0
740.0
862.0
988.0
4/5
9/10
4.9
20.6
45.2
80.5
126.0
182.0
247.0
322.0
408.0
504.0
610.0
741.0
850.0
989.0
1134.0
5.5
22.2
50.1
89.0
139.0
201.0
272.0
356.0
450.0
556.0
672.0
800.0
940.0
1084.0
1253.0
1"
1'
5'
6'
7'
8'
9'
10'
Length of Cylinder
11'
12'
13'
14'
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32
34
36
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.12
0.17
0.22
0.28
0.34
0.41
0.49
0.57
0.67
0.77
0.87
0.98
1.10
1.23
1.36
1.50
1.65
1.80
1.96
2.12
2.30
2.48
2.67
2.86
3.06
3.48
3.93
4.41
0.04
0.16
0.37
0.65
1.02
1.47
2.00
2.61
3.31
4.08
4.94
5.88
6.90
8.00
9.18
10.4
11.8
13.2
14.7
16.3
18.0
19.8
21.6
23.5
25.5
27.6
29.7
32.0
34.3
36.7
41.8
47.2
52.9
0.20
0.80
1.84
3.26
5.10
7.34
10.0
13.0
16.5
20.4
24.6
29.4
34.6
40.0
46.0
52.0
59.0
66.0
73.6
81.6
90.0
99.0
108.
118.
128.
138.
148.
160
171.
183
209
236.
264.
0.24
0.96
2.20
3.92
6.12
8.80
12.0
15.6
19.8
24.4
29.6
35.2
41.6
48.0
55.2
62.4
70.8
79.2
88.4
98.0
108
119.
130.
141.
153.
166.
178.
192.
206.
220.
251.
283.
317.
0.28
1.12
2.56
4.58
7.14
10.3
14.0
18.2
23.1
28.4
34.6
41.0
48.6
56.0
64.4
72.8
81.6
92.4
103.
114.
126
139.
151.
165.
179.
193.
208.
224.
240.
257.
293.
330.
370.
0.32
1.28
2.92
5.24
8.16
11.8
16.0
20.8
26.4
32.6
39.4
46.8
55.2
64.0
73.6
83.2
94.4
106.
118.
130
144.
158.
173.
188.
204
221.
238.
256.
274.
294.
334.
378.
422.
0.36
1.44
3.30
5.88
9.18
13.2
18.0
23.4
29.8
36.8
44.4
52.8
62.2
72.0
82.8
93.6
106.
119.
132.
147.
162.
178.
194.
212.
230.
248.
267.
288.
309.
330.
376.
424.
476.
0.40
1.60
3.68
6.52
10.2
14.7
20.0
26.0
33.0
40.8
49.2
58.8
69.2
80.0
92.0
104.
118.
132.
147.
163.
180.
198.
216.
235.
255.
276.
297.
320.
343.
367.
418.
472.
528.
0.44
1.76
4.04
7.18
11.2
16.1
22.0
28.6
36.4
44.8
54.2
64.6
76.2
88.0
101.
114
130.
145.
162.
180.
198.
218.
238.
259.
281.
304.
326.
352.
377.
404.
460.
520.
582.
0.48
1.92
4.40
7.84
12.2
17.6
24.0
31.2
39.6
48.8
59.2
70.4
83.2
96.0
110.
125.
142.
158.
177.
196.
216.
238.
259.
282.
306.
331.
356.
384.
412.
440.
502.
566.
634.
0.52
2.08
4.76
8.50
13.3
19.1
26.0
33.8
43.0
52.8
64.2
76.2
90.2
104.
120.
135.
153.
172.
192.
212.
238.
257.
281.
306.
332.
359.
386.
416.
446.
476.
544.
614.
688.
0.56
2.24
5.12
9.16
14.3
20.6
28.0
36.4
46.2
56.8
69.2
82.0
97.2
112.
129.
146.
163.
185.
206.
229
252.
277.
302.
330.
358.
386.
416.
448.
480.
514.
586.
660.
740.
15
16'
17'
18'
20'
0.60
2.40
5.48
9.82
15.3
22.0
30.0
39.0
49.6
61.0
74.0
87.8
104.
120.
138.
156.
177.
198.
221.
245.
270.
297.
324.
353.
383.
414.
426.
480.
514.
550.
628.
708.
792.
0.64
2.56
5.84
10.5
16.3
23.6
32.0
41.6
52.8
65.2
78.8
93.6
110.
128.
147.
166.
189.
211.
235.
261.
288.
317.
346.
376.
408.
442.
476.
512.
548.
588.
668.
756.
844.
0.68
2.72
6.22
11.1
17.3
25.0
34.0
44.2
56.2
69.4
83.8
99.6
117.
136.
156.
177.
201.
224.
250.
277.
306.
337.
367.
400.
434.
470.
504.
544.
584.
624.
710.
802.
898.
0.72 0.80
2.88 3.20
6.60 7.36
11.8 13.0
18.4 20.4
26.4 29.4
36.0 40.0
46.8 52.0
60.0 66.0
73.6 81.6
88.8 98.4
106 118.
124. 138.
144. 160.
166. 184.
187. 208.
212. 236.
240. 264.
265. 294.
294. 326.
324. 360.
356. 396.
389. 432.
424 470.
460. 510.
496. 552.
534. 594.
576. 640.
618. 686.
660. 734.
752. 836.
848. 944.
952. 1056.
22'
24'
Diam.
In.
0.88
3.52
8.08
14.4
22.4
32.2
44.0
57.2
72.4
89.6
104.
129.
152.
176.
202.
229.
260.
290.
324.
359.
396.
436.
476.
518.
562.
608.
652.
704.
754.
808.
920.
1040.
1164.
0.96
3.84
8.80
15.7
24.4
35.2
48.0
62.4
79.2
97.6
118.
1411
166.
192.
220.
250.
283.
317.
354.
392.
432.
476.
518.
564.
612.
662.
712.
768.
824.
880.
1004.
1132.
1268.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32
34
36
TECH-F
Section TECH-G
Motor Data
TECH-G-1 Motor Enclosures
The selection of a motor enclosure depends upon the ambient and
surrounding conditions. The two general classifications of motor
enclosures are open and totally enclosed. An open motor has
ventilating openings which permit passage of external air over and
around the motor windings. A totally enclosed motor is constructed to
prevent the free exchange of air between the inside and outside of
the frame, but not sufficiently enclosed to be termed air-tight.
These two categories are further broken down by enclosure design,
type of insulation, and/or cooling method. The most common of these
types are listed below.
Open Dripproof - An open motor in which all ventilating openings
are so constructed that drops of liquid or solid particles falling on the
motor at any angle from 0 to 15 degrees from vertical cannot enter
the machine. This is the most common type and is designed for use
in nonhazardous, relatively clean, industrial areas.
Encapsulated - A dripproof motor with the stator windings completely surrounded by a protective coating. An encapsulated motor
offers more resistance to moisture and/or corrosive environments
than an ODP motor.
hp
3
2
3
4
1
1
1 2
2
3
5
712
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
75
100
125
150
200
250
TECH-G
3600
143T
145T
145T
182T
184T
213T
215T
254T
256T
284TS
286TS
324TS
326TS
364TS
365TS
404TS
405TS
444TS
445TS*
speed, rpm
1800
1200
143T
145T
145T
182T
184T
213T
215T
254T
256T
284T
286T
324T
326T
364TS
365TS
404TS
405TS
444TS
454TS
-
143T
145T
182T
184T
213T
215T
254T
256T
284T
286T
324T
326T
364T
365T
404T
405T
444T
445T
-
1200
143T
145T
182T
184T
213T
143T
145T
182T
184T
213T
215T
145T
182T
184T
-
Designs A and B - class B insulation system totally-enclosed fan-cooled type, 1.00 service factor,
60-cycles.
hp
900
143T
145T
182T
184T
213T
215T
254T
256T
284T
286T
324T
326T
364T
365T
404T
405T
444T
445T
-
speed, rpm
1800
fan cooled _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4
1
112
2
3
5
712
3600
2
3
4
1
1
1 2
2
3
5
712
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
75
100
125
150
3600
143T
145T
182T
184T
213T
215T
254T
256T
284TS
286TS
324TS
326TS
364TS
365TS
405TS
444TS
445TS
speed, rpm
1800
1200
143T
145T
145T
182T
184T
213T
215T
254T
256T
284T
286T
324T
326T
364TS
365TS
405TS
444TS
445TS
143T
145T
182T
184T
213T
215T
254T
256T
284T
286T
324T
326T
364T
365T
404T
405T
444T
445T
-
900
143T
145T
182T
184T
213T
215T
254T
256T
284T
286T
324T
326T
364T
365T
404T
405T
444T
445T
-
Motor
H.P. (Open)
H.P. (Enclosed)
A
B C (Approx.)
Frame 900 1200 1800 3600 900 1200 1800 3600 Max. Max. Open Encl.
143T 12
145T 34
182T
1
184T 112
213T
2
215T
3
254T
5
256T 712
284T 10
284TS
286T 15
286TS
324T 20
324TS
326T 25
326TS
364T 30
364TS
365T 40
365TS
404T 50
404TS
405T 60
405TS
444T 75
444TS
445T 100
445TS
447T
447TS
56
12
182
34
184
213 1-112
215
2
254U 3
256U 5
284U 712
286U 10
324U
324S
326U 15
326S
364U 20
364US
365U 25
365US
404U 30
404US
405U 40
405US
444U 50
444US
445U 60
445US
34
1
1 112 - 2
1
1 2
3
2
5
3
712
5
10
712 15
10
20
15
25
112
2-3
5
712
10
15
20
25
12
3
4
1
1
1 2
2
3
5
712
10
30
20
30
25
40
30
50
15
40
20
50
25
60
40
30
60
75
50
40
75
100
60
50
100
125
75
60
125
75
150
100
75
150
200
200
250
125
34
1
112
1 112- 2 2
112
3
3
2
5
5
3
712 712
5
10
10
7 12 15
15
10
20
20
15
25
25
20
30
30
25
40
40
30
50
50
40
60
60
50
75
75
60
34
100
1
112 12
1-112 112-2 2-3 34
2
3
5 1-112
3
5
712 2
3
5
712 10
712 10
15
5
10
15
20 712
20
25 10
15
25
30
20
30
15
40
25
40
20
50
30
25
50
60
40
30
60
75
50
40
75 100
60
50
100 125
75
60
125 150
100
100
125
125
150
150
100
125
34
1
112
1-112 112-2 2-3
2
3
5
3
5
712
5 7 12 10
712 10
15
10
15
20
20
15
25
25
20
30
25
40
30
40
30
50
50
60
60
75
75
100
100
40
50
60
75
7
7
9
9
1012
1012
1212
1212
14
14
14
14
16
16
16
16
18
18
18
18
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
612
9
9
1012
1012
1212
1212
14
14
16
16
16
16
18
18
18
18
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
22
6
6
612
712
712
9
1034
1212
1212
1212
14
14
14
14
1512
1512
1514
1514
1614
1614
1614
1614
1734
1734
1812
1812
2012
2012
2314
2314
3 78
612
712
712
9
1034
1212
1212
14
14
14
1512
1512
1514
1514
1614
1614
1614
1614
1734
1734
1812
1812
2012
2012
12
1212
13
14
16
1712
2012
2212
2312
22
25
2312
26
2412
2712
26
29
27
30
28
3212
2912
34
31
38
34
40
36
4312
4012
1012
1212
1312
1512
17
2012
2212
24
2512
2612
2412
28
26
2912
27
3012
28
3212
30
34
3112
38
34
40
36
1212
1312
1412
1512
18
1912
2212
24
2512
2412
27
26
2812
27
30
2812
33
31
34
32
37
34
3812
3512
4212
3812
4412
41
48
4612
1412
1512
1712
19
22
24
25
2612
28
2512
2912
27
34
31
35
32
3712
3412
39
36
43
3812
45
4012
312 234
334 234
412 334
412 334
514 414
514 414
614 5
614 5
7 512
7 512
7 512
7 512
8 614
8 614
8 614
8 614
9
7
9
7
9
7
9
7
10
8
10
8
10
8
10
8
11
9
11
9
11
9
11
9
11
9
11
9
1
7
3 2 2 16
1
4 2 334
412 334
514 414
514 414
614 5
614 5
7 512
7 512
8 6 1/4
8 614
8 614
8 614
9
7
9
7
9
7
9
7
10
8
10
8
10
8
10
8
11
9
11
9
11
9
11
9
2
234
214
234
234
334
418
5
434
434
512
512
514
514
6
6
558
558
618
618
618
618
678
678
714
714
814
814
10
10
112
214
234
234
312
418
5
434
512
514
514
6
6
558
558
618
618
618
618
678
678
714
714
814
814
11
32
1132
1332
1332
1332
1332
1732
17
32
1732
1732
1732
1732
2132
2132
2132
2132
2132
2132
2132
2132
1316
1316
1316
1316
1316
1316
1316
1316
1316
13
16
1132
1332
1332
1332
1332
1732
17
32
1732
1732
2132
2132
21
32
2132
21 32
2132
2132
2132
1316
13 16
1316
1316
1316
1316
13 16
1316
O (Approx.)
Open Encl.
678
678
918
918
1034
1034
1258
1258
14
14
14
14
16
16
16
16
18
18
18
18
20
20
20
20
2238
2238
2238
2238
2238
2238
678
9
9
1012
1012
1258
1258
14
14
16
16
16
16
1814
1814
1814
1814
2014
2014
2014
2014
2214
2214
2214
2214
7
7
914
914
1078
1078
1234
1234
1438
1438
1438
1438
1658
1658
1658
1658
1812
1812
1812
1812
2058
2058
2058
2058
2318
2318
2318
2318
2318
2318
9
9
1058
1058
1318
1318
1458
1458
1634
1634
1634
1634
1834
1834
1834
1834
2078
2078
2078
2078
2318
2318
2318
2318
U
7
V
Keyway Min. AC
8 316 x 332 2
8 316 x 332 2
118 14 x 18 212
118 14 x 18 212
138 516 x 532 318
138 516 x 532 318
158 3/8 x 316 334
158 3/8 X 316 334
178 12 x 14 438
158 38 x 316
3
178 12 x 14 438
5
3
1 8 3/8 x 16 3
218 12 x 14
5
178 12 x 14 312
218 12 x 14
5
178 12 x 14 312
238 58 x 516 558
178 12 x 14 312
238 58 x 516 558
178 12 x 14 312
278 34 x 38
7
218 12 x 14
4
7
3
3
2 8
4 x 8
7
1
1
1
2 8
2 x 4
4
338 78 x 716 814
238 58 x 516 412
338 78 x 716 814
238 58 x 516 412
338 78 x 716 814
238 58 x 516 412
58
316 x 332 178
78
316 x 332
2
78 316 X 332
2
1
1
1
1 8
2 x 8 234
118 12 x 18 234
138 516 x 532 312
138 516 x 532 312
158 38 x 316 458
158 38 X 316 458
178 12 x 14 558
158 38 X 316 3
178 12 x 14 538
158 38 X 316 3
218 12 x 14 618
178 12 x 14 32
218 12 x 14 618
178 12 x 14 32
238 58 X 516 678
218 12 x 14
4
238 58 X 516 678
1
1
1
2 8
2 x 4
4
278 34 X 38 838
1
1
1
2 8
2 x 4
4
278 34 X 38 838
218 12 x 14
4
7
412
412
512
512
678
678
814
814
938
8
938
8
1012
9
1012
9
1134
958
1134
958
1378
1078
1378
1078
16
1214
16
1214
16
1214
458
5
5
612
612
8
8
958
958
1078
812
1078
812
1214
958
1214
958
1334
1078
1334
1078
1618
1134
1618
1134
8
8
38
38
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
3
40
45
65
80
120
140
200
235
295
255
340
295
440
445
435
480
605
670
665
730
830
870
930
950
1165
1050
1370
1250
1800
1800
45
50
79
95
140
160
235
270
370
340
405
395
520
500
580
560
755
740
835
820
1050
1050
1160
1150
1440
1440
1650
1615
2260
2260
1
1
1
1
114
114
112
112
112
112
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
1
1
60
70
1
70
80
1
105 125
1
115 140
114 180 210
114 210 245
112 280 330
112 325 365
134 380 480
134 380 480
134 430 560
134 430 560
134 525 720
134 670 710
134 580 785
134 730 780
214 725 965
214 860 1075
214 810 1110
2v 970 1165
214 985 1315
214 1175 1355
214 1135 1550
214 1340 1620
TECH-G
60 CYCLE RPM
50 CYCLE RPM
SYNC.
F.L.
SYNC.
F.L.
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
3600
1800
1200
900
720
600
515
450
400
360
327
300
277
257
240
3500
1770
1170
870
690
575
490
430
380
340
310
285
265
245
230
3000
1500
1000
750
600
500
429
375
333
300
273
240
231
214
200
2900
1450
960
720
575
480
410
360
319
285
260
230
222
205
192
2
4
1
112
2
3
5
712
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
75
100
125
150
200
250
3
SINGLE-PHASE
A-C
115
VOLTS
230
VOLTS**
9.8
13.8
16
20
24
34
56
80
100
4.9
6.9
8
10
12
17
28
40
50
2.0
2.8
3.6
5.2
6.8
9.6
15.2
22
28
42
54
68
80
104
130
154
192
240
296
350
456
558
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.6
3.4
4.8
7.6
11
14
21
27
34
40
52
65
77
96
120
148
175
228
279
.8
1.1
1.4
2.1
2.7
3.9
6.1
9
11
17
22
27
32
41
52
62
77
96
118
140
182
223
DIRECT
CURRENT
120
VOLTS
240
VOLTS
5.2
7.4
9.4
13.2
17
25
40
58
76
112
148
184
220
292
360
430
536
2.6
3.7
4.7
6.6
8.5
12.2
20
29
29
55
72
89
106
140
173
206
255
350
440
530
710
* These values for full load current are for running at speeds usual for belted motors and motors with normal
torque characteristics. Motors built for especially low speeds or high torques may require more running
current, in which case the nameplate current rating should be used.
** For full-load currents of 208 and 200 volt motors, increase the corresponding 230 volt motor full-load
current by 10 and 15 per cent respectively.
TECH-G
MECHANICAL FORMULAS
Full
Load
0.75
1.5
3
5.5
7.5
11
18.5
30
45
75
74
79
82.5
84.5
85.5
87
88.5
90
91
92
4 Load
73
78.5
82
84.5
85.5
87
88.5
89.5
90.5
91.5
2 Load
Full Load
69
76
80.5
83.5
84.5
85.5
87
88
89
90
0.72
0.83
0.85
0.87
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.90
2 Load
Full Load
Amps on 3ph
415V
0.53
0.69
0.73
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.79
0.80
0.80
0.81
2.0
3.2
6.0
10.5
14
20
33
52
77
126
4 Load
0.65
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.86
0.87
Required Value
Direct Current
Single Phases
Two-Phase 4-Wire
Three Phase
HP Output
I x E x Eff
746
I x E x Eff x PF
746
I x E x 2 x Eff x Pf
746
I x E x 1.73 x Eff x PF
746
DIRECT CURRENT
HP x 746
E x Efff
kW x 1000
E
IxE
1000
Kilowatts
Kva
P.F.
I x E x Eff
746
Horespower (output)
I = Amperes
E = Volts
HP= Horsepower
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Single Phase
Three Phase
HP x 746
E x Eff x P.F.
kW x 1000
E x P.F.
kva x 1000
E
I x E x P.F.
1000
IxE
1000
KW
Kva
I x E x Eff x P.F.
746
HP x 746
1.73 x E x Eff x P.F.
kW x 1000
1.73 x E x P.F.
kvax 1000
1.73 x E
1.73 x I x E x P.F.
1000
1.73 x I x E
1000
KW
Kva
1.73 x I x E x Eff x P.F.
746
TECH-G
DIMENSIONS
Top
Shaft
Dia.
3
1
3
1 16
1
1 2
15
1 16
3
2 16
VERTICAL HOLLOWSHAFT
NEMA dimensions for common
top drive coupling sizes.
TECH-G
BX
Bore
BZ
Dia. BC
0.751
138
1.001
10-32
1.188
1 4
1.501
2 8
1.938
2 2
12
14
- 20
2.188
12
38
- 16
3 4
SQ
Key Size
16
4
4
8
BY
Tap Size
10-32
4 - 20
4 - 20
DIMENSIONS
Motor
Shaft
Dia. AH
U
7
234
234
58
38
34
1116
316
x 322
118
234
234
34
1516
14
x 18
158
412
414
258
38
34
114
38
x 316
78, 1,
1316, 1 12
218
412
414
258
38
34
134
12
x 14
1, 1316, 112,
11516
258
312
38
34
214
58
x 516
2316
278
612
238
34
x 38
2316, 21116
318
434
34
112
258
34
x 38
2316, 21116,
21516
78
78,
HEADSHAFT COUPLINGS
WITH VERTICAL HOLLOWSHAFT MOTOR:
Impeller adjustment made on adjusting nut above motor
(under motor canopy and bolted to top drive coupling).
1. Sleeve type (lineshaft) coupling.
2. Rigid flanged coupling (Type AR).
3. No coupling-straight shaft
(not recommended due to difficult
Installation/disassembly of head and motor).
TECH-G
N-W
H-SIZE HOLE
AC
DIMENSIONS
I.E.C.
Frames
Poles
Units
A
B
C
Max. Max. Approx.
D80-19
E80-19
D90S24
E900S24
D90L24
E90L24
D100L28
E100L28
D112M28
E112M28
D132S38
E132S38
D132M38
E132M38
D160M42
E160M42
D160L42
E160L42
D180M48
E180M48
D180L48
E180L48
D200L55
E200L55
D225S55
E225S55
D225M60
E225M60
D250M60
E250M60
D250M65
E250M65
D280S65
E280S65
D280S75
E280S75
D280M65
E280M65
D280M75
E280M75
D315S65
E315S65
D315S80
E315S80
D315S80
E315M65
D315M80
E315M80
All
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Inches
157
618
180
7
180
7
205
8
240
912
266
1012
266
1012
318
1212
318
1212
356
14
356
14
400
1534
457
18
457
18
508
20
508
20
570
2212
570
2212
570
2212
570
2212
635
25
635
25
635
25
635
25
2
4 to 8
2
4 to 8
2
4 to 8
2
4 to 8
2
4 to 8
2
4 to 8
TECH-G
130
518
130
518
155
618
180
7
185
714
185
714
225
834
267
1012
311
1214
300
1134
340
1338
368
1412
370
1412
395
1512
426
1634
426
1634
470
1812
470
1812
520
2012
520
2012
520
2012
520
2012
570
2212
570
2212
245
10
300
10
320
1212
380
15
380
15
440
1712
480
19
580
23
620
2412
650
2512
685
27
760
30
810
32
835
33
925
3612
925
3612
1000
3912
1000
3912
1060
42
1060
42
1140
45
1140
45
1190
47
1190
47
M&N
O
Approx.
80
3.15
90
3.54
90
3.54
100
3.94
112
4.41
132
5.20
132
5.20
160
6.30
160
6.30
180
7.09
180
7.09
200
7.87
225
8.86
225
8.86
250
9.84
250
9.84
280
11.02
280
11.02
280
11.02
280
11.02
315
12.41
315
12.41
315
12.41
315
12.41
63
212
70
234
70
234
80
318
95
334
108
414
108
414
127
5
127
5
140
512
140
512
159
614
178
7
178
7
203
8
203
8
229
9
229
9
229
9
229
9
254
10
254
10
254
10
254
10
50
2
50
2
63
2112
70
234
70
234
70
234
89
312
105
418
127
5
121
434
140
512
153
6
143
558
156
618
175
678
175
678
184
714
184
714
210
814
210
814
203
8
203
8
229
9
229
9
10
3
8
10
3
8
10
38
12
1532
12
1532
12
1532
12
1532
15
1932
15
19
32
15
1932
15
1932
19
3
4
19
34
19
34
24
1516
24
1516
24
1516
24
1516
24
1516
24
1516
28
1332
28
1332
28
1332
28
1332
140
512
156
6 316
169
61116
193
758
200
778
239
938
258
1018
323
1234
345
1358
352
1378
371
1458
396
1512
402
1578
445
1712
483
19
483
19
514
2014
514
2014
540
2114
540
2114
559
22
589
2314
585
23
615
2414
185
714
210
814
210
814
230
9
250
10
290
1112
290
1112
360
14
360
14
400
1534
400
1534
440
1712
490
1914
490
1914
550
2158
550
2158
630
2434
630
2434
630
2434
630
2434
725
2812
725
2812
725
2812
725
2812
U
Nominal
Tolerance
19
7890
24
9459
24
.9499
28
1.1024
28
1.1024
38
1.4961
38
1.4961
42
1.6539
42
1.6539
48
1.8898
48
1.8898
55
2.1654
55
2.1654
60
2.3622
60
2.3622
65
2.5591
65
2.5591
75
2.9528
65
2.5591
75
2.9528
65
2.5591
80
3.1945
65
2.5591
80
3.1495
j6
j6
j6
j6
j6
k6
k6
k6
k6
k6
k6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
N&W
AC
Weight
Approx.
40
112
50
2
50
2
60
238
60
238
80
318
80
318
110
438
110
438
110
438
110
438
110
438
110
438
140
512
140
512
140
512
140
512
140
512
140
512
140
512
140
512
170
61116
140
512
170
61116
90
312
106
4316
106
4316
123
478
130
518
169
658
169
658
218
858
218
858
231
918
231
918
243
912
259
1014
289
1138
308
1218
308
1218
330
13
330
13
330
13
330
113
356
14
386
1514
356
14
386
1514
10 kg
20 Lbs
20 kg.
45 kg.
22 kg.
50 Lbs.
30 kg.
65 Lbs.
44 kg.
100 Lbs
65 kg.
145 Lbs
90 kg.
100 Lbs.
120 kg.
265 Lbs.
150 kg.
330 Lbs
175 kg.
385 Lbs.
190 kg.
420 Lbs.
255 kg.
560 Lbs.
290 kg.
640 Lbs
350 kg
770 Lbs.
440 kg.
970 Lbs.
440 kg.
970 Lbs.
615 kg
1355 Lbs.
615 kg.
1355 Lbs.
675 kg.
1500 Lbs.
675 kg.
1500 Lbs.
800 kg.
1760 Lbs.
800 kg.
1760 Lbs
900 kg.
1985 Lbs.
900 kg.
1985 Lbs.
C
M=N
O
U
D
N-W
E
H-SIZE HOLE
AC
F
B
DIMENSIONS
I.E.C.
Frames
Poles
C160M48
All
C160L48
All
C180M55
All
C180L55
All
C200M60
All
C200L60
All
C225M60
C225M65
4 to 8
C250S65
C250S75
4 to 8
C250M65
C250M75
4 to 8
C280S65
C280S80
4 to 8
C280M65
C280M80
4 to 8
C315S70
C315S90
4 to 8
C315M7C
C315M90
4 to 8
Units
A
B
C
Max. Max. Approx.
mm
318
inches 1212
mm
318
inches 1212
mm
356
inches
14
mm
356
inches
14
mm
400
inches 1534
mm
400
inches 1534
mm
457
inches
18
mm
457
inches
18
mm
508
inches
20
mm
508
inches
20
mm
508
inches
20
mm
508
inches
20
mm
570
inches 2212
mm
570
inches 2212
mm
570
inches 22 12
mm
570
inches 2212
mm
635
inches
25
mm
635
inches
25
mm
635
inches
25
mm
635
inches
25
267
1012
311
1214
300
1134
340
1338
326
1278
368
1412
395
1512
395
1512
388
1514
388
1514
426
1634
426
1634
470
1812
470
1812
520
2012
520
2012
520
2012
520
2012
570
2212
570
2212
700
2712
750
2912
770
3014
810
3178
870
3414
900
3512
970
38
970
38
1100
4314
1100
4314
1140
4478
1140
4478
1265
4934
1265
4934
1315
5134
1315
5134
1475
58
1475
58
1525
60
1525
60
160
6.30
160
6.30
180
7.09
180
7.09
200
7.87
200
7.87
225
8.86
225
8.86
250
9.84
250
9.84
250
9.84
250
9.84
280
11.02
280
11.02
280
11.02
280
11.02
315
12.40
315
12.40
315
12.40
315
12.40
127
5
127
5
140
512
140
512
159
614
159
614
178
7
178
7
203
8
203
8
203
8
203
8
229
9
229
9
229
9
229
9
254
10
254
10
254
10
254
10
105
418
127
5
121
434
140
512
133
514
152
6
156
618
156
618
154
618
154
618
175
678
175
678
184
714
184
714
210
814
210
814
203
8
203
8
229
9
229
9
M&N
O
Approx.
15
323
1234
345
1358
352
1378
371
1458
406
16
425
1634
445
1712
445
1712
464
1814
464
1814
483
19
483
19
514
2014
544
21716
540
2114
570
22716
559
22
589
2314
585
23
615
2414
330
13
330
13
370
1412
370
1412
410
16
410
16
490
1914
490
1914
550
2158
550
2156
550
2158
550
2158
630
2434
630
2434
630
2434
630
2434
725
2812
725
2812
725
2812
725
2812
1932
15
32
15
1932
15
1932
19
34
19
3
4
19
34
19
34
24
1516
24
1516
24
1516
24
1516
24
1516
24
1516
24
1516
24
1516
28
1332
28
1332
28
1332
28
1332
19
U
Nominal
Tolerance
48
1.8898
48
1.8898
55
2.1654
55
2.1654
60
2.3622
60
2.3622
60
2.3622
65
2.5591
65
2.5591
75
2.9528
65
2.5591
75
2.9528
65
2.5591
80
3.1496
65
2.5591
80
3.1496
70
2.7559
90
3.5433
70
2.7559
90
3.5433
k6
k6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
m6
N&W
AC
Weight
Approx.
110
438
110
438
110
438
110
438
140
512
140
512
140
512
140
512
140
512
140
512
140
512
140
512
140
512
170
61116
140
512
170
61116
140
512
170
61116
140
512
170
61116
218
858
218
858
231
918
231
918
273
1034
273
1034
289
1138
289
1138
308
1218
308
1218
308
1218
308
1218
330
13
360
14316
330
13
360
14316
356
14
386
1514
356
14
386
1514
120 kg
265 Lbs.
150 kg
330 Lbs.
200 kg
440 Lbs.
210 kg
465 Lbs.
270 kg
595 Lbs.
285 kg
630 Lbs.
350 kg
770 Lbs.
350 kg
770 Lbs.
450 kg
990 Lbs.
450 kg
990 Lbs.
500 kg
1100 Lbs.
500 kg
1100 Lbs.
650 kg
1435 Lbs.
650 kg
1435 Lbs.
700 kg
1545 Lbs.
700 kg
1545 Lbs.
850 kg
1875 Lbs.
850 kg
1875 Lbs.
950 kg
2100 Lbs.
950 kg
2100 Lbs.
TECH-G
kW
RPM
FRAME
NEMA
Equivalent Frame
1
1
1
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5.5
5.5
5.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
10
10
10
15
15
15
20
20
20
25
25
25
30
30
30
40
40
40
50
50
50
60
60
60
75
75
75
100
100
100
125
125
125
150
150
150
.75
.75
.75
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.2
2.2
2.2
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
5.5
5.5
5.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
11
11
11
15
15
15
18.5
18.5
18.5
22
22
22
30
30
30
37
37
37
45
45
45
55
55
55
75
75
75
90
90
90
110
110
110
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
3000
1500
1000
80
80
90S
80
90S
90L
90S
90L
100L
90L
100L
112M
100L
100L
132S
112M
112M
132M
132S
132S
132M
132S
132M
160M
160M
160M
160L
160M
160L
180L
160L
180M
200L
180M
180L
200L
200L
200L
225M
200L
225S
250S
225M
225M
250M
250S
250S
280S
250M
250M
280M
280S
280S
315S
280M
280M
315M
56
56
143T
56
143T
145T
143T
145T
182T
145T
182T
184T
182T
182T
213T
184T
184T
215T
213T
213T
215T
213T
215T
254T
254T
254T
256T
254T
256T
284T
256T
284T
326T
284T
286T
326T
326T
326T
365T
326T
364T
404T
354T
365T
405T
404T
404T
444T
405T
405T
445T
444T
444T
504Z
445T
445T
505Z
TECH-G
Section TECH-H
Conversion Factors
TECH-H-1 Temperature Conversion Chart
{Centigrade (Celsius)-Fahrenheit}
C
-40
-38
-36
-34
-32
-40.0
-36.4
-32.8
-29.2
-25.6
-30
-28
-26
-24
-22
+5
6
7
8
9
+41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
+40
41
42
43
44
+104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
+175
180
185
190
195
+347
356
365
374
383
+350
355
360
365
370
+662
671
680
689
698
+750
800
850
900
950
+1382
1472
1562
1652
1742
-22.0
-18.4
-14.8
11.2
-7.6
10
11
12
13
14
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
45
46
47
48
49
113.0
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2
200
205
210
215
220
392
401
410
419
428
375
380
385
390
395
707
716
725
734
743
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1832
1922
2012
2102
2192
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-4.0
-2.2
-0.4
+1.4
3.2
15
16
17
18
19
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
50
55
60
65
70
122.0
131.0
140.0
149.0
158.0
225
230
235
240
245
437
446
455
464
473
400
405
410
415
420
752
761
770
779
788
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
2282
2372
2462
2552
2642
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
5.0
6.8
8.6
10.4
12.2
20
21
22
23
24
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
75
80
85
90
95
167.0
176.0
185.0
194.0
203.0
250
255
260
265
270
482
491
500
509
518
425
430
435
440
445
797
806
815
824
833
1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
2732
2822
2912
3002
3092
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
14.0
15.8
17.6
19.4
21.2
25
26
27
28
29
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
100
105
110
115
120
212.0
221.0
230.0
239.0
248.0
275
280
285
290
295
527
536
545
554
563
450
455
460
465
470
842
851
860
869
878
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
3182
3272
3362
3452
3542
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
23.0
24.8
26.6
28.4
30.2
30
31
32
33
34
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
125
130
135
140
145
257.0
266.0
275.0
284.0
293.0
300
305
310
315
320
572
581
590
599
608
475
480
485
490
495
887
896
905
914
923
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
3632
3722
3812
3902
3992
0
+1
2
3
4
32.0
33.8
35.6
47.4
39.2
35
36
37
38
39
95.0
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
150
155
160
165
170
302.0
311.0
320.0
329.0
338.0
325
330
335
340
345
617
626
635
644
653
500
550
600
650
700
932
1022
1112
1202
1292
2250
2300
2350
2400
2450
4082
4172
4262
4352
4442
TECH-H
Baume
Gravity
Specific
Gravity
Lbs. Per
U.S. Gal.
U.S. Gals.
per Lb.
0
1
2
3
4
5
10.247
9.223
8.198
7.173
6.148
5.124
1.0760
1.0679
1.0599
1.0520
1.0443
1.0366
8.962
8.895
8.828
8.762
8.698
8.634
0.1116
0.1124
0.1133
0.1141
0.1150
0.1158
6
7
8
9
10
4.099
3.074
2.049
1.025
10.00
1.0291
1.0217
1.0143
1.0071
1.0000
8.571
8.509
8.448
8.388
8.328
0.1167
0.1175
0.1184
0.1192
0.1201
11
12
13
14
15
10.99
11.98
12.97
13.96
14.95
0.9930
0.9861
0.9792
0.9725
9.9659
8.270
8.212
8.155
8.099
8.044
0.1209
0.1218
0.1226
0.1235
0.1243
16
17
18
19
20
15.94
16.93
17.92
18.90
19.89
0.9593
0.9529
0.9465
0.9402
0.9340
7.989
7.935
7.882
7.830
7.778
0.1252
0.1260
0.1269
0.1277
0.1286
21
22
23
24
25
20.88
21.87
22.86
23.85
24.84
0.9279
0.9218
0.9159
0.9100
0.9024
7.727
7.676
7.627
7.578
7.529
0.1294
0.1303
0.1311
0.1320
0.1328
26
27
28
29
30
25.83
26.82
27.81
28.80
29.79
0.8984
0.8927
0.8871
0.8816
0.8762
7.481
7.434
7.387
7.341
7.296
0.1337
0.1345
0.1354
0.1362
0.1371
31
32
33
34
35
30.78
31.77
32.76
33.75
34.73
0.8708
0.8654
0.8602
0.8850
0.8498
7.251
7.206
7.163
7.119
7.076
0.1379
0.1388
0.1396
0.1405
0.1413
36
37
38
39
40
35.72
36.71
37.70
38.69
39.68
0.8448
0.8398
0.8348
0.8299
0.8251
7.034
6.993
6.951
6.910
6.870
0.1422
0.1430
0.1439
0.1447
0.1456
41
42
43
44
45
40.67
41.66
42.65
43.64
44.63
0.8203
0.8155
0.8109
0.8063
0.8017
6.830
6.790
6.752
6.713
6.675
0.1464
0.1473
0.1481
0.1490
0.1498
46
47
48
49
50
45.62
50.61
50.60
50.59
50.58
0.7972
0.7927
0.7883
0.7839
0.7796
6.637
6.600
6.563
6.526
6.490
0.1507
0.1515
0.1524
0.1532
0.1541
G=
140
130 + Degrees Baume
141.5
G=
131.5 + Degrees A.P.I.
G=
145
145 - Degrees Baume
TECH-H
A.P.I
Gravity
Baume
Gravity
Specific
Gravity
Lbs. Per
U.S. Gal.
U.S. Gals.
per Lb.
51
52
53
54
55
50.57
51.55
52.54
53.53
54.52
0.7753
0.7711
0.7669
0.7628
0.7587
6.455
6.420
6.385
6.350
6.316
0.1549
0.1558
0.1566
0.1575
0.1583
56
57
58
59
60
55.51
56.50
57.49
58.48
59.47
0.7547
0.7507
0.7467
0.7428
0.7389
6.283
6.249
6.216
6.184
6.151
0.1592
0.1600
0.1609
0.1617
0.1626
61
62
63
64
65
60.46
61.45
62.44
63.43
64.42
0.7351
0.7313
0.7275
0.7238
0.7201
6.119
6.087
6.056
6.025
5.994
0.1634
0.1643
0.1651
0.1660
0.1668
66
67
68
69
70
65.41
66.40
67.39
68.37
69.36
0.7165
0.7128
0.7093
0.7057
0.7022
5.964
5.934
5.904
5.874
5.845
0.1677
0.1685
0.1694
0.1702
0.1711
71
72
73
74
75
70.35
71.34
72.33
73.32
74.31
0.6988
0.6953
0.6919
0.6886
0.6852
5.817
5.788
5.759
5.731
5.703
0.1719
0.1728
0.1736
0.1745
0.1753
76
77
78
79
80
75.30
76.29
77.28
78.27
79.26
0.6819
0.6787
0.6754
0.6722
0.6690
5.676
5.649
5.622
5.595
5.568
0.1762
0.1770
0.1779
0.1787
0.1796
81
82
83
84
85
80.25
81.24
82.23
83.22
84.20
0.6659
0.6628
0.6597
0.6566
0.6536
5.542
5.516
5.491
5.465
5.440
0.1804
0.1813
0.1821
0.1830
0.1838
86
87
88
89
90
85.19
86.18
87.17
88.16
89.15
0.6506
0.6476
0.6446
0.6417
0.6388
5.415
5.390
5.365
5.341
5.316
0.1847
0.1855
0.1864
0.1872
0.1881
91
92
93
94
95
90.14
91.13
92.12
93.11
94.10
0.6360
0.6331
0.6303
0.6275
0.6247
5.293
5.269
5.246
5.222
5.199
0.1889
0.1898
0.1906
0.1915
0.1924
96
97
98
99
100
95.09
96.08
97.07
98.06
99.05
0.6220
0.6193
0.6166
0.6139
0.6112
5.176
5.154
5.131
5.109
5.086
0.1932
0.1940
0.1949
0.1957
0.1966
The above tables are based on the weight of 1 gallon (U.S.) of oil
with a volume of 231 cubic inches at 60 degrees Fahrenheit in air at
760 m.m. pressure and 50% humidity. Assumed weight of 1 gallon
of water at 60 Fahrenheit in air is 8.32828 pounds.
To determine the resulting gravity by missing oils of different gravities:
D = md1 - nd2
m+n
D = Density or Specific Gravity of mixture
m = Proportion of oil of d1 density
n = Proportion of oil of d2 density
d1 = Specific Gravity of m oil
d2 = Specific Gravity of n oil
Rockwell Number
C-Scale
B-Scale
61.7
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
16
12
8
2
Shore
Scieroscope
Number
Vickers
Pyramid
Number
84
81
79
78
77
75
73
72
71
69
67
64
62
58
56
54
51
49
47
44
42
41
38
37
35
34
32
29
27
24
21
18
99
98
95
92
89
83
77
70
62
55
47
737
697
674
654
636
615
596
578
561
544
513
484
458
434
412
392
372
354
336
318
302
286
272
260
248
238
222
204
188
166
141
125
110
99
89
Multiply
Acres
Acres
Acres
Acres
Acre-feet
Acre-feet
Acre-feet
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
By
43,560
4047
1.562 x 10-3
4840
43,560
325,851
1233,48
1.0332
1.01325
76.0
29.92
To Obtain
Square feet
Square meters
Square miles
Square yards
Cubic feet
Gallons
Cubic Meters
Atmospheres (metric)
Bars
Cms. Of mercury
Inches of mercury
Multiply
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres (metric)
Atmospheres (metric)
Bars
Bars
Bars
Bars
Bars
By
33.90
10,332
14.70
1.058
0.9678
980,665.
.98692
33.456
29.530
1.0197
2088.6
To Obtain
Feet of water
kgs/sq. ft
Lbs./ sq. inch
Tons/sq. ft.
Atmospheres
Bars
Atmospheres
Feet H2O @39F.
In. Hg @ 32 F.
kg/cm2
Pounds/ ft.2
TECH-H
Multiply
Bars
Barrels- oil
Barrels- beer
Barrels- whiskey
Barrels/day- oil
Bags or sacks-cement
Board feet
British Thermal Units
British Thermal Units
British Thermal Units
British Thermal Units
British Thermal Units
B.T.U./min.
B.T.U./min.
B.T.U./min.
B.T.U./min.
Centares (Centiares)
Centigrams
Centiliters
Centimeters
Centimeters
Centimeters
Centimeters of mercury
Centimeters of mercury
Centimeters of mercury
Centimeters of mercury
Centimeters of mercury
Centimeters of mercury
Centimeters of mercury
Centimeters/sec.
Centimeters/sec.
Centimeters/sec.
Centimeters/sec.
Centimeters/sec.
Centimeters/sec.
Cms./sec./sec.
Centipoises
Centipoises
Centistokes
Centistokes
Cubic centimeters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic cm/sec.
Cubic cm/sec.
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet/min.
TECH-H
By
14.504
42
31
45
0.02917
94
144 sq. in. x 1 in.
0.2520
777.6
3.927 x 104
107.5
2.928 x 104
12.96
0.02356
0.01757
17.57
1
0.01
0.01
0.3937
0.01
10
0.01316
0.013332
0.013595
0.4461
136.0
27.85
0.1934
1.969
0.03281
0.036
0.6
0.02237
3.728 x 10-4
0.03281
0.001
0.01
0.01
0.01
3.531 x 10-5
6.102 x 10-2
10-6
1.308 x 10-6
2.642 x 10-4
9.999 x 10-4
2.113 x 10-3
1.057 x 10-3
0.0158502
0.001
0.1781
2.832 x 10-4
1728
0.02832
0.03704
7.48052
28.32
59.84
29.92
472.0
To Obtain
Pounds/in.2
Gallons- oil
Gallons- beer
Gallons- whiskey
Gallons/min.- oil
Pounds/cement
Cubic inches
Kilogram- calories
Foot- lbs.
Horsepower- hrs.
Kilogram- meters
Kilowatt- hrs.
Foot-lbs./sec.
Horsepower
Kilowatts
Watts
Square meters
Grams
Liters
Inches
Meters
Millimeters
Atmosphere
Bars
kg/cm2
Feet of water
kgs/sq. meter
Lbs./sq. ft.
Lbs./sq. inch
Feet/min.
Feet/sec.
Kilometers/hr.
Meters/min.
Miles/hr.
Miles/min.
Feet/sec./sec.
Pascal-second
Poises
Sq. cm/sec.
Stokes
Cubic feet
Cubic inches
Cubic meters
Cubic yards
Gallons
Liters
Pints (liq.)
Quarts (liq.)
Gallons/minute
Liters/sec.
Barrels (42 US Gal.)
Cubic cms.
Cubic inches
Cubic meters
Cubic yards
Gallons
Liters
Pints (liq.)
Quarts (liq.)
Cubic cms./sec.
Multiply
Cubic feet/min.
Cubic feet/min.
Cubic feet/min.
Cubic feet/sec.
Cubic feet/sec.
Cubic inches
Cubic inches
Cubic inches
Cubic inches
Cubic inches
Cubic inches
Cubic inches
Cubic inches
Cubic meters
Cubic meters
Cubic meters
Cubic meters
Cubic meters
Cubic meters
Cubic meters
Cubic meters
Cubic meters/hr.
Cubic yards
Cubic yards
Cubic yards
Cubic yards
Cubic yards
Cubic yards
Cubic yards
Cubic yards
Cubic yards
Cubic yards/min.
Cubic yards/min.
Cubic yards/min.
Cubic yards/min.
Decigrams
Deciliters
Decimeters
Degrees (angle)
Degrees (angle)
Degrees (angle)
Degrees/sec.
Degrees/sec.
Degrees/sec.
Dekagrams
Dekaliters
Dekameters
Drams
Drams
Drams
Fathoms
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet
Feet of water
Feet of water
By
To Obtain
0.1247
0.4719
62.43
0.646317
448.831
16.39
5.787 x 10-4
1.639 x 10-5
2.143 x 10-5
4.329 x 10-3
1.639 x 10-2
0.03463
0.01732
106
35.31
61023
1.308
264.2
999.97
2113
1057
4.40
4.8089
764,554.86
27
46, 656
0.7646
202.0
764.5
1616
807.9
0.45
202.0
3.366
12.74
0.1
0.1
0.1
60
0.01745
3600
0.01745
0.1667
0.002778
10
10
10
27.34375
0.0625
1.771845
6
30.48
0.166667
3.0480 x 10-4
304.80
12
0.3048
1/3
0.0295
0.8826
Gallons/sec.
Liters/sec.
Pounds of water/min.
Millions gals./day
Gallons/min.
Cubic centimeters
Cubic feet
Cubic meters
Cubic yards
Gallons
Liters
Pints (liq.)
Quarts (liq.)
Cubic centimeters
Cubic feet
Cubic inches
Cubic yards
Gallons
Liters
Pints (liq.)
Quarts (liq.)
Gallons/min.
Barrels (42 U.S. Gal.)
Cubic centimeters
Cubic feet
Cubic inches
Cubic meters
Gallons
Liters
Pints (liq.)
Quarts (liq.)
Cubic feet/sec.
Gallons/min.
Gallons/sec.
Liters/sec.
Grams
Liters
Meters
Minutes
Radians
Seconds
Radians/sec.
Revolutions/min.
Revolutions/sec.
Grams
Liters
Meters
Grains
Ounces
Grams
Feet
Centimeters
Fathoms
Kilometers
Millimeters
Inches
Meters
Yards
Atmospheres
Inches of mercury
Multiply
Feet of water
Feet of water
Feet of water
Feet/min.
Feet/min.
Feet/min.
Feet/min.
Feet/min.
Feet/sec.
Feet/sec.
Feet/sec.
Feet/sec.
Feet/sec.
Feet/sec.
Feet/sec./sec.
Feet/sec./sec.
Feet/sec./sec.
Foot- pounds
Foot- pounds
Foot- pounds
Foot- pounds
Foot- pounds
Foot- pounds/min.
Foot- pounds/min.
Foot- pounds/min.
Foot- pounds/min.
Foot- pounds/min.
Foot- pounds/sec.
Foot- pounds/sec.
Foot- pounds/sec.
Foot- pounds/sec.
G's (Accel. due to grav.)
G's (Accel. due to grav.)
G's (Accel. due to grav.)
G's (Accel. due to grav.)
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons-Imperial
Gallons- US
Gallons water
Gallons per day
Gallons per day
Gallons per day
Gallons per day
Gallons per hour
Gallons per hour
Gallons per hour
Gallons per hour
Gallons per hour
Gallons per hour
Gallons per hour
Gallons/min.
By
304.8
62.43
0.4335
0.5080
0.01667
0.01829
0.3048
0.01136
30.48
1.09726
0.5924
18.29
0.6818
0.01136
30.48
0.3048
0.0310810
1.286 x 10-3
5.050 x 10-7
3.240 x 10-4
0.1383
3.766 x 10-7
2.140 x 10-5
0.01667
3.030 x 10-5
5.393 x 10-3
2.280 x 10-5
7.704 x 10-2
1.818 x 10-3
1.941 x 10-2
1.356 x 10-3
32.174
35.3034
9.80665
21.9371
3785
0.1337
231
3.785 x 10-3
4.951 x 10-3
3.785
8
4
1.20095
0.83267
8.345
9.284 x 10-5
1.5472 x 10-6
2.6289 x 10-6
0.09284
0.1337
0.002228
3.71 x 10-5
6.309 x 10-5
.016667
2.7778 x 10-4
0.06309
34.286
To Obtain
kgs./sq. meter
Lbs./sq. ft.
Lbs./sq. inch
Centimeters/sec.
Feet/sec.
Kilometers/hr.
Meters/min.
Miles/hr.
Centimeters/sec.
Kilometers/hr.
Knots
Meters/min.
Miles/hr.
Miles/min.
Cms./sec./sec.
Meters/sec./sec.
g's (gravity)
British Thermal Units
Horsepower-hrs.
Kilogram- calories
Kilogram- meters
Kilowatt- hours
B.T.U/sec.
Foot-pounds/sec.
Horsepower
Gm.-calories/sec.
Kilowatts
B.T.U/min.
Horsepower
kg.-calories/min.
Kilowatts
Feet/sec.2
Km/hr.-sec.
Meters/sec.2
Miles/hr.-sec.
Cubic centimeters
Cubic feet
Cubic inches
Cubic meters
Cubic yards
Liters
Pints (liq.)
Quarts (liq.)
US Gallons
Imperial Gallons
Pounds of water
Cubic ft./min.
Cubic ft./sec.
Cubic meters/min.
Liters/min.
Cubic ft./hr.
Cubic ft./min.
Cubic ft./sec.
Cubic meters/min.
Gallons/min.
Gallons/sec.
Liters/min.
Barrels
(42 US Gal.)/day
Multiply
Gallons/min.
Gallons/min.
Gallons/min.
Gallons/min.
Gallons/min.
Gallons/min.
Gallons/sec.
Gallons/sec.
Grains (troy)
Grains (troy)
Grains (troy)
Grains/US gal.
Grains/US gal.
Grains/Imp. gal.
Grams
Grams
Grams
Grams
Grams
Grams
Grams
Grams/cm.
Grams/cu. cm.
Grams/cu. cm.
Grams/liter
Grams/liter
Grams/liter
Grams/liter
Hectares
Hectares
Hectograms
Hectoliters
Hectometers
Hectowatts
Horsepower
Horsepower
Horsepower
Horsepower
Horsepower
Horsepower
Horsepower
Horsepower (boiler)
Horsepower (boiler)
Horsepower (boiler)
Horsepower (boiler)
Horsepower-hours
Horsepower-hours
Horsepower-hours
Horsepower-hours
Horsepower-hours
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches of mercury
Inches of mercury
Inches of mercury
By
To Obtain
1.4286
0.02381
1440
2.228 x 10-3
0.06308
8.0208
60
227.12
0.06480
0.04167
2.0833 x 10-3
17.118
142.86
14.254
980.7
15.43
.001
1000
0.03527
0.03215
2.205 x 10-3
5.600 x 10-3
62.43
0.03613
58.416
8.345
0.06242
1000
2.471
1.076 x 105
100
100
100
100
42.44
33,000
550
1.014
10.547
0.7457
745.7
33, 493
9.809
9.2994
9809.5
2546
1.98 x 106
641.6
2.737 x 105
0.7457
2.540
0.083333
0.0254
25.4
0.0277778
0.03342
0.03386
13.6
TECH-H
Multiply
Inches of mercury
Inches of mercury
Inches of mercury
Inches of mercury
Inches of mercury
Inches of mercury
Inches of mercury
Inches of mercury (32 F)
Inches of water
Inches of water
Inches of water
nches of water
Inches of water
Inches of water
Joules
Joules
Joules
Joules
Joules
Joules
Joules
Kilograms
Kilograms
Kilograms
Kilograms
Kilograms
Kilograms
Kilograms
Kilograms
Kilograms
Kilograms-cal./sec.
Kilograms-cal./sec
Kilograms-cal./sec
Kilograms-cal./sec
Kilograms/cm
Kilograms/cm
Kilograms/cm
Kilograms/cm
Kilograms-cal./min.
Kilograms-cal./min
Kilograms-cal./min
kgs/meter
kgs/sq. meter
kgs/sq. meter
kgs/sq. meter
kgs/sq. meter
kgs/sq. meter
kgs/sq. millimeter
Kiloliters
Kilometers
Kilometers
Kilometers
Kilometers
Kilometers
Kilopascal
Kilometers/hr.
Kilometers/hr.
Kilometers/hr.
Kilometers/hr.
Kilometers/hr.
TECH-H
By
0.034531
3374.1
70.727
0.49116
1.133
345.3
70.73
0.491
0.002458
0.07355
25.40
0.578
5.202
0.03613
9.479 x 10-4
0.239006
0.73756
3.725 x 10-7
2.7778 x 10-7
1
2.7778 x 10-4
35.274
32.151
980,665
2.205
1.102 x 10-3
34.286
9.8421 x 10-4
0.001
103
3.968
3086
5.6145
4186.7
0.96783
0.980665
28.959
14.223
3085.9
0.09351
69.733
0.6720
9.678 x 10-5
3.281 x 10-3
2.896 x 10-3
0.2048
1.422 x 10-3
106
103
105
3281
103
0.6214
1094
.145
27.78
54.68
0.9113
.5399
16.67
To Obtain
kg/cm2
Pascals
Pounds/ft.2
Pounds/in.2
Feet of water
kgs./sq. meter
Lbs./sq. ft.
Lbs./sq. inch
Atmospheres
Inches of mercury
kgs./sq. meter
Ounces/sq. inch
Lbs./sq. foot
Lbs./sq. inch
B.T.U
Calories (Thermo)
Foot-lb.f.
HP-hr. (US)
Kilowatt-hr.
Newton-m
Watt-hr.
Ounces (avoir)
Ounces (troy)
Dynes
Lbs.
Tons (short)
Tons (assay)
Tons (long)
Tons (metric)
Grams
B.T.U./sec.
Foot-lbs./sec.
Horsepower
Watts
Atmospheres
Bars
Inches Hg@ 32 F
Pounds/in.2
Foot-lbs./min.
Horsepower
Watts
Lbs./foot
Atmospheres
Feet of water
Inches of mercury
Lbs./sq. foot
Lbs./sq. inch
kgs./sq. meter
Liters
Centimeters
Feet
Meters
Miles
Yards
Pounds/in.2
Centimeters/sec.
Feet/min.
Feet/sec.
Knots
Meters/min.
Multiply
Kilometers/hr.
Kms./hr./sec.
Kms./hr./sec.
Kms./hr./sec.
Kilowatts
Kilowatts
Kilowatts
Kilowatts
Kilowatts
Kilowatts
Kilowatts
Kilowatts
Kilowatts
Kilowatts
Kilowatt-hours
Kilowatt-hours
Kilowatt-hours
Kilowatt-hours
Kilowatt-hours
Liters
Liters
Liters
Liters
Liters
Liters
Liters
Liters
Liters/min.
Liters/min.
Lumber width (in)
x Thickness (in)
12
Meters
Meters
Meters
Meters
Meters
Meters
Meters/min.
Meters/min.
Meters/min.
Meters/min.
Meters/min.
Meters/sec.
Meters/sec.
Meters/sec.
Meters/sec.
Meters/sec.
Meters/sec.
Meters/sec.2
Meters/sec.2
Meters/sec.2
Meters/sec.2
Meter-kg. (force)
Microns
Miles
Miles
Miles
Miles
Miles/hr.
By
To Obtain
0.6214
27.78
0.9113
0.2778
56.907
4.425 x 104
737.6
1.341
1.3597
1000
3412.9
0.94827
14.34
103
3414.4
2.655 x 106
1.341
860.4
3.671 x 105
103
0.03531
61.02
10-3
1.308 x 10-3
0.2642
2.113
1.057
5.886 x 10-4
4.403 x 10-3
Miles/hr.
Cms./sec./sec.
Ft./sec./sec.
Meters/sec./sec.
B.T.U./min.
Foot-lbs./min.
Foot-lbs./sec.
Horsepower (US)
Horsepower (metric)
Joules/sec.
B.T.U/hr.
B.T.U./sec.
kg.-calories/min.
Watts
B.T.U
Foot-lbs.
Horsepower-hrs.
Kilogram-calories
Kilogram-meters
Cubic centimeters
Cubic feet
Cubic inches
Cubic meters
Cubic yards
Gallons
Pints (liq.)
Quarts (liq.)
Cubic ft./sec.
Gals./sec.
Length (ft.)
Board feet
100
3.281
39.37
10-3
103
1.094
1.667
3.281
0.05468
0.06
0.03728
196.8
3.281
3.6
0.06
2.287
0.03728
3.2808
0.101972
39.37
134.214
9.8067
10-6
1.609 x 105
5280
1.609
1760
44.70
Centimeters
Feet
Inches
Kilometers
Millimeters
Yards
Centimeters/sec.
Feet/min.
Feet/sec.
Kilometers/hr.
Miles/hr.
Feet/min.
Feet/sec.
Kilometers/hr.
Kilometers/min.
Miles/hr.
Miles/min.
Feet/sec.2
G (gravity)
Inches/sec.2
Miles/hr.-min.
Joules
Meters
Centimeters
Feet
Kilometers
Yards
Centimeters/sec.
Multiply
Miles/hr.
Miles/hr.
Miles/hr.
Miles/hr.
Miles/hr.
Miles/min.
Miles/min.
Miles/min.
Miles/min.
Milliers
Milligrams
Milliliters
Millimeters
Millimeters
Milligrams/liter
Million Gals./day
Miner's inches
Minutes (angle)
Newtons (N)
Ounces
Ounces
Ounces
Ounces
Ounces
Ounces
Ounces
Ounces (troy)
Ounces (troy)
Ounces (troy)
Ounces (troy)
Ounces (troy)
Ounces (fluid)
Ounces (fluid)
Ounces/sq. inch
Ounces/gal (US)
Ounces/gal (US)
Ounces/gal (US)
Ounces/gal (US)
Parts/million
Parts/million
Parts/million
Pennyweights (troy)
Pennyweights (troy)
Pennyweights (troy)
Pennyweights (troy)
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds (troy)
Pounds (troy)
Pounds (troy)
Pounds (troy)
Pounds (troy)
Pounds (troy)
Pounds (troy)
Pounds (troy)
By
88
1.467
1.609
0.8689
26.82
2682
88
1.609
60
103
10-3
10-3
0.1
0.03937
1
1.54723
1.5
2.909 x 10-4
.225
16
437.5
0.0625
28.3495
0.9115
2.790 x 10-5
2.835 x 10-5
480
20
0.08333
31.10348
1.09714
1.805
0.02957
0.0625
7.4892
0.25
0.46753
2.7056 x 10-4
0.0584
0.07015
8.345
24
1.55517
0.05
4.1667 x 10-3
16
256
7000
0.0005
453.5924
1.21528
14.5833
5760
240
12
373.2417
0.822857
13.1657
3.6735 x 10-4
4.1143 x 10-4
To Obtain
Feet/min.
Feet/sec.
Kilometers/hr.
Knots
Meter/min.
Meters/min.
Feet/sec.
Kilometers/min.
Miles/hr.
Kilograms
Grams
Liters
Centimeters
Inches
Parts/million
Cubic ft./sec.
Cubic ft./min.
Radians
Pounds-force
Drams
Grains
Pounds
Grams
Ounces (troy)
Tons (long)
Tons (metric)
Grains
Pennyweights (troy)
Pounds (troy)
Grams
Ounces (avoir)
Cubic inches
Liters
Lbs./sq. inch
kg/m3
Ounces/quart
Pounds/ft.3
Pounds/in.3
Grains/US gal.
Grains/Imp. gal.
Lbs./million gal.
Grains
Grams
Ounces (troy)
Pounds (troy)
Ounces
Drams
Grains
Tons (short)
Grams
Pounds (troy)
Ounces (troy)
Grains
Pennyweights (troy)
Ounces (troy)
Grams
Pounds (avoir.)
Ounces (avoir.)
Tons (long)
Tons (short)
Multiply
Pounds (troy)
Pounds of water
Pounds of water
Pounds of water
Pounds of water/min.
Pounds/cubic foot
Pounds/cubic foot
Pounds/cubic foot
Pounds/cubic inch
Pounds/cubic inch
Pounds/cubic inch
Pounds/foot
Pounds/inch
Pounds/sq. in.
Pounds/sq. in.
Pounds/sq. in.
Pounds/sq. in.
Pounds/sq. in.
Pounds/sq. foot
Pounds/sq. foot
Pounds/sq. foot
Pounds/sq. inch
Pounds/sq. inch
Pounds/sq. inch
Pounds/sq. inch
Pounds/sq. foot
Pounds/sq. foot
Pounds/sq. foot
Pounds/sq. foot
Pounds/sq. foot
Pounds/sq. foot
Quadrants (angle)
Quadrants (angle)
Quadrants (angle)
Quarts (dry)
Quarts (liq.)
Quintal, Argentine
Quintal, Brazil
Quintal, Castile, Peru
Quintal, Chile
Quintal, Mexico
Quintal, Metric
Quires
Radians
Radians
Radians
Radians/sec.
Radians/sec.
Radians/sec.
Radians/sec./sec.
Radians/sec./sec.
Reams
Revolutions
Revolutions
Revolutions
Revolutions/min.
Revolutions/min.
Revolutions/min.
Revolutions/min./min.
Revolutions/min./min.
By
To Obtain
3.7324 x 10-4
0.01602
27.68
0.1198
2.670 x 10-4
0.01602
16.02
5.787 x 10-4
27.68
2.768 x 10-4
1728
1.488
1152
0.06895
5.1715
0.070307
6895
6895
0.01602
4.882
6.944 x 10-3
0.06804
2.307
2.036
703.1
4.788 x 10-4
0.035913
0.014139
4.8824 x 10-4
47.880
47.880
90
5400
1.571
67.20
57.75
101.28
129.54
101.43
101.41
101.47
220.46
25
57.30
3438
0.637
57.30
0.1592
9.549
573.0
0.1592
500
360
4
6.283
6
0.1047
0.01667
1.745 x 10-3
2.778 x 10-4
Tons (metric)
Cubic feet
Cubic inches
Gallons
Cubic ft./sec
Grams/cubic cm.
kgs./cubic centimeters
Lbs./cubic inch
Grams/cubic inch
kgs./cubic meter
Lbs./cubic foot
kgs/meter
Grams/cm.
Bars
Cm Hg @ 0 C
kg./cm2
Newtons/m2
Pascals
Feet of water
kgs./sq. meter
Pounds/sq. inch
Atmospheres
Feet of water
Inches of mercury
kgs./sq. meter
Bars
Cm Hg @ 0C
In Hg @ 32C
kg/cm2
Newtons/m2
Pascals
Degrees
Minutes
Radians
Cubic inches
Cubic inches
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Sheets
Degrees
Minutes
Quadrants
Degrees/sec.
Revolutions/sec.
Revolutions/min.
Revs./min./min.
Revs./sec./sec.
Sheets
Degrees
Quadrants
Radians
Degrees/sec.
Radians/sec.
Revolutions/sec.
Rads./sec./sec.
Rev./sec./sec.
TECH-H
Multiply
By
To Obtain
Multiply
By
To Obtain
Square yards
Square yards
Temp. (C.) + 273
Temp. ( C.) +17.78
Temp. ( F.) + 460
Temp ( F.) -32
Tons (long)
Tons (long)
Tons (long)
Tons (metric)
Tons (metric)
Tons (short)
Tons (short)
Tons (short)
Tons (short)
Tons (short)
Tons (short)
Tons (short)
Tons of water/ 24 hrs.
Tons of water/24 hrs
Tons of water/ 24 hrs
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watts
Watt- hours
Watt- hours
Watt- hours
Watt- hours
Watt- hours
Watt- hours
Yards
Yards
Yards
Yards
0.8361
3.228 X 10-7
1
1.8
1
5/9
1016
2240
1.12000
103
2205
2000
32,000
907. 1843
2430.56
2430.56
29166.66
0.90718
83.333
0.16643
1.3349
0.05686
44.25
0.7376
1.341 X 10-3
0.001360
1
0.01434
10-3
3.414
2655
1.341 X 10-3
0.8604
367.1
10-3
91.44
3
36
0.9144
Square Meters
Square miles
Abs. Temp. ( C.)
Temp. ( F.)
Abs. Temp ( F.)
Temp. ( C.)
Kilogams
Pounds
Tons (short)
Kilogams
Pounds
Pounds
Ounces
Kilograms
Pounds (troy)
Tons (long)
Ounces (troy)
Tons (metric)
Pounds water/ hr.
Gallons/ min.
Cu. Ft. / hr.
B.T..U/ min
Foot- Lbs. / min.
Foot- Lb/sec.
Horsepower (U .S)
Horsepower( metric)
Joules/ sec
Kg- calories/ min.
Kilowatts
B.T.U
Foot- Lbs
Horsepower- hrs
Kilogram-calories
kilogram- meters
Kilowatt- hours
Centimeters
Feet
Inches
Meters
Revolutions/ sec
Revolutions/ sec
Revolutions/ sec
Revolutions/sec/sec
Revolutions/ sec/sec.
Seconds (angle)
Square centimeters
Square centimetera
Square centimeters
Square centimeters
Square feet
Square feet
Square feet
Square feet
Square feet
Square feet
1
Sq. ft./ gal. Min
360
6.283
60
6,283
3600
4.848 X 10-6
1.076 X10-3
0.1550
104
100
2.296 X 10-5
929.0
144
0.09290
3.587 X10-4
1/9
Degrees/ sec.
Radians/ sec.
Revolutions/ min.
Radians/sec./sec
Revs. / min/ min
Radians
Square feet
Square inches
Square meters
Square milimeters
Acres
Square centimeters
Square inches
Square meters
Square miles
Square yards
8.0208
Square inches
Square inches
Square inches
Square kilometers
Square kilometers
Square kilometers
Square kilometers
Square kilometers
Square meters
Square meters
Square meters
Square meters
Square miles
Square miles
Square miles
Square miles
Square millimeters
Square milimeters
Square yards
Square yards
6.542
6.944 X 10-3
645.2
247.1
10.76 X 106
106
0.3861
1.196 X 106
2.471 X10-4
10.76
3.861 X 10-7
1.196
640
27.88 x 106
2.590
3.098 x 106
0.01
1.550 x 10-3
2.066x 10-4
9
Overflow rate
(ft. / hr.)
Square centimeters
Square feet
Square millimeters
Acres
Square feet
Square meters
Square miles
Square yards
Acres
Square feet
Square miles
Square yards
Acres
Square feet
Square kilometers
Square yards
Square centimeters
Square inchea
Acres
Square feet
TECH-H
N m x 8.85 = in-lbs
N m= Newton- metre
kN = kilonewton
m x 3.28084 = foot
m = metre
mm x 0.003281 = feet
mm 0.03937= inch
m x 3.281 = foot
mm= millimetre
m = metre
kg x 2.205 = pound
g x 0.03527 = ounce
kg = kilogram
g =gram
kW x 1.340483 = hp
kW = kilowatt
F = (1.8 x C ) + 32
C = degrees Celsius
LENGTH
foot x 304.8 = mm
inch x 25.4 = mm
foot x 0.3048 = m
MASS (Weight)
ounce x 0.02853 = kg
pound x 0.4536 = kg
ounce x 28.35 = g
POWER
hp x 0.7457= kW
PRESSURE
psi x 0.0703= kg/cm2
psi x 6.895 = kPa
kg/cm2 x 98.07 = kPa
psi x 0.06895 = Bar
kPa = kiloascal
TEMPERATURE
C= 0.556 (F 32)
VOLUME
ft3 x 0.02832 = m3
Gallon x 0.003785= m3
Quart x 0.9464 = L
Ounce x 29.57= mL
Gallon x 3.7854 = L
m3 x 35.31 = ft3
m3 x 264 .17= gallon
L x 1.057 = quart
m3 = cubic metre
L = litre
mL = millilitre
L X 0.26418 = gallon
TECH-H
64
32
3
64
1
16
5
64
3
32
7
64
1
8
9
64
5
32
11
64
3
16
13
64
7
32
15
64
1
4
17
64
9
32
19
64
5
16
21
64
11
32
23
64
3
8
25
64
13
32
27
64
7
16
29
64
15
32
31
64
1
2
1
TECH-H
Inches
Millimeters
Decimals
.015625
.03125
.046875
.0625
.078125
.09375
.109375
.125
.140625
.15625
.171845
.1875
.203125
.21875
.234375
.250
.265625
.28125
.296875
.3125
.328125
.34375
.359375
.375
.390625
.40625
.421875
.4375
.453125
.46875
.484375
.500
Fractions
.397
.794
1.191
1.588
1.984
2.381
2.778
3.175
3.572
3.969
4.366
4.763
5.159
5.556
5.953
6.350
6.747
7.144
7.541
7.938
8.334
8.731
9.128
9.525
9.922
10.319
10.716
11.113
11.509
11.906
12.303
12.700
33
64
32
35
64
9
16
37
64
19
32
39
64
5
8
41
64
21
32
43
64
11
16
45
64
22
32
47
64
3
4
49
64
25
32
51
64
13
16
53
64
27
32
55
64
7
8
57
64
29
32
59
64
15
16
61
64
31
32
63
64
1
17
Millimeters
Decimals
.515625
.53125
.546875
.5625
.578125
.59375
.609375
.625
.640625
.65625
.671875
.6875
.703125
.71875
.734375
.750
.765625
.78125
.796875
.8125
.828125
.84375
.859375
.875
.890625
.90625
.921875
.9375
.953125
.96875
.984375
1.000
13.097
13.494
13.891
14.288
14.684
15.081
15.487
15.875
16.272
16.669
17.066
17.463
17.859
18.256
18.653
19.050
19.447
19.844
20.241
20.638
21.034
21.431
21.828
22.225
22.622
23.019
23.416
23.813
24.209
24.606
25.003
25.400
Barometer
Reading
Inches Mercury
at 32 F
31.02
30.47
29.921
29.38
28.86
28.33
27.82
27.31
26.81
26.32
25.84
25.36
24.89
24.43
23.98
23.53
23.09
22.65
22.22
21.80
21.38
20.98
20.58
16.88
13.75
8.88
5.54
3.44
Atmospheric
Pressure
(PSI)
Equivalent
Head of
Water (75)
(Feet)
Boiling
Point of
Water
F
15.2
15.0
14.7
14.4
14.2
13.9
13.7
13.4
13.2
12.9
12.7
12.4
12.2
12.0
11.8
11.5
11.3
11.1
10.9
10.7
10.5
10.3
10.1
8.3
6.7
4.4
2.7
1.7
35.2
34.7
34.0
33.4
32.8
32.2
31.6
31.0
30.5
29.9
29.4
28.8
28.3
27.8
27.3
26.7
26.2
25.7
25.2
24.8
24.3
23.8
23.4
19.1
15.2
10.2
6.3
3.9
213.8
212.9
212.0
211.1
210.2
209.3
208.4
207.4
206.5
205.6
204.7
203.8
202.9
201.9
201.0
200.1
199.2
198.3
197.4
196.5
195.5
194.6
193.7
184
-
C
101.0
100.5
100.0
99.5
99.0
98.5
98.0
97.4
96.9
96.4
95.9
95.4
94.9
94.4
94.4
93.9
92.9
92.4
91.9
91.4
90.8
90.3
89.8
84.4
-
*Approximate Values
TECH-H
Section TECH-I
Pump Operation and Maintenance
TECH-I-1 Pump Safety Tips
Maintenance personnel should be aware of potential hazards to
reduce the risk of accidents...
Safety Apparel:
Maintenance Safety:
Always lockout power.
Ensure pump is isolated from system and pressure is relieved
before disassembling pump, removing plugs, or disconnecting
piping.
Use proper lifting and supporting equipment to prevent
serious injury.
Couplings Guards:
Never operate pump without a coupling guard properly
installed.
Flanged Connections:
Never force piping to make a connection with a pump.
Use only fasteners of the proper size and material.
Benefits/Services:
Factory trained service personnel
24-hour emergency service
Machine shop facilities
Inventory of replacement parts
Repairs to all makes and manufacture of pumps
Pickup and delivery service
Pump installation supervision
Technical advisory services
Turnkey field service capability
Vertical turbine rebowling
Contact your nearest Goulds sales office for location of your
nearest PRO Service Center.
TECH-I
10
Wear of internal wetted parts is accelerated
Cause
Pump not primed or prime lost
Suction and/or discharge valves closed or clogged
Suction piping incorrect
Insufficient NPSH available
Excessive air entrapped in liquid
Speed (RPM) too low
Incorrect rotation
Broken impeller or bent vanes
Incorrect impeller or impeller diameter
System head too high
Instruments give erroneous readings
Air leaks in suction line
Excessive shaft misalignment
Inadequate lubrication
Lubricant contamination
Inadequate lubricant cooling
Axial thrust or radial loads higher than bearing rating
Improper coupling lubrication
Suction pressure too high
Bearing incorrectly installed
Impeller out of balance
Overheating of seal faces
Excessive shaft deflection
Lack of seal flush at seal faces
Incorrect seal installation
Pump is run dry
Pump run off design point
Shaft/shaft sleeve worn
Packing gland not properly adjusted
Packing not properly installed
Impeller clogged
Coupling out of balance
Baseplate not installed properly
Pump operating speed too close to system's natural frequency
Bearing failing
Piping not properly anchored
Pump and/or driver not secured to baseplate
Specific gravity higher than specified
Viscosity higher than specified
Internal clearances too tight
Chemicals in liquid other than specified
Pump assembled incorrectly
Higher solids concentration than specified
Mechanical Failure
Hydraulic Failure
1
TECH-I
Probable Cause
Pump not primed.
No liquid delivered.
TECH-I
Remedy
Reprime pump, check that pump and suction line
are full of liquid.
Remove obstructions.
Back flush pump to clean impeller.
Change rotation to concur with direction indicated
by arrow on bearing housing or pump casing.
Consult factory for proper depth. Use baffler to
eliminate vortices.
Shorten suction pipe.
Replace gasket.
Replace or readjust packing/mechanical seal.
Back flush pump to clean impeller.
Replace defective part as required.
Ensure that suction line shutoff valve is fully open
and line is unobstructed.
Inspect and replace if necessary.
Reprime pump.
Rearrange piping to eliminate air pockets.
Repair (plug) leak.
Re-align pump and drive.
Check lubricate for suitability and level.
Check cooling system.
Align shafts.
Back-flush pump to clean impeller.
Replace as required.
Tighten hold down bolts of pump and motor or
adjust stilts.
Replace.
Anchor per Hydraulic Institute Standards
Manual recommendation.
System problem.
Tighten gland nuts.
Check packing and repack box.
Replace worn parts.
Check lubrication and cooling lines.
Remachine or replace as required.
Consult factory. Install throttle valve, trim
impeller diameter.
Check specific gravity and viscosity.
Readjust packing. Replace if worn.
Check internal wearing parts for proper
clearances.
Recommended The velocities within the pump are reduced (but not
Operation
enough to cause settlement). Recirculation is
Zone:
minimal and the flow in the suction nozzle should
be axial (no induced vortex). The radial hydraulic
loads are minimized.
Reduced
Capacity
Zone
Shut
Valve
Zone:
TECH-I
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
C. SHUT-OFF
1.
2.
3.
4.
NOTE:
7.
8.
9.
B. START-UP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Start motor.
7.
TECH-I
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Steel Flange
With Raised Face
Machined Off
Steel R.F.
Mating Flange
Full Face
Gasket
Steel R.F.
Mating Flange
Cast Iron F.F.
Pump Flange
Figure 4
Gasket Area 49.4 sq. in.
P1
P1
Bronze F.F.
Pump Flange
Figure 5
Gasket Area 15.9 sq. in.
P2
F.F. to F.F.
Cast Iron or
Bronze F.F.
Pump
Flange
Figure 6
Gasket Area 15.9 sq. in.
P3
P2
R.F. to R.F.
P3
F.F. to R.F.
TECH-I
Air may be present in the liquid being pumped due to leaky suction
lines, stuffing boxes improperly packed, or inadequately sealed on
suction lift or from other sources.
Refer also to Section TECH-D-7, Pumping Liquids with Entrained
Gas.
To Drain
On the other hand, very small amounts of entrained air (less than
1%) can actually quiet noisy pumps by cushioning the collapse of
cavitation bubbles.
TESTING FOR AIR IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
The amount of air which can be handled with reasonable pump life
varies from pump to pump. The elimination of air has greatly
improved the operation and life of many troublesome pumps. When
trouble occurs, it is common to suspect everything but air, and to
consider air last, if at all.
In many cases a great deal of time, inconvenience, and expense can
be saved by making a simple test for the presence of air. We will
assume that calculations have already been made to determine that
there is sufficient NPSH Margin (2 - 5 time the NPSHR) to insure that
the noise is not due to cavitation. The next step should be to check
for the presence of entrained air in the pumpage.
This test can also be made from a high point in the discharge side.
Obviously, the next step is to eliminate the source of air since quantities present insufficient amount to be audible are almost certain to
cause premature mechanical failure.
NOTE: The absence of bubbles is not proof that the pumpage
doesn't contain air.
KEEP CLEAN
1. Look bearing over carefully. Scrap it if there are any flat spots,
nicks or pits on the balls or races. Bearings should be in perfect
shape.
2. Turn bearing over slowly by hand. It should turn smoothly and
quietly. Scrap if "catchy" or noisy.
TECH-I
INSTALL CAREFULLY
1. Oil bearing seat on shaft lightly.
2. Shielding, if any, must face in proper direction. Angular contact
bearings, on pumps where they are used, must also face in the
proper direction. Duplex bearings must be mounted with the
proper faces together. Mounting arrangements vary from model
to model. Consult instruction manual for specific pump.
3. Press bearing on squarely. Do not cock it on shaft. Be sure that
the sleeve used to press the bearing on is clean, cut square,
and contacts the inner race only.
4. Press bearing firmly against shaft shoulder. The shoulder helps
support and square the bearing.
5. Be sure snap rings are properly installed, flat side against
bearing, and that lock nuts are tight.
6. Lubricate properly, as directed in instruction manual.
228
134A
423B
371A
3. Loosen jam nuts (423B) on jack bolts (371A) and back bolts out
about two turns.
4. Tighten each locking bolt (370C) evenly, drawing the bearing
housing toward the bearing frame until impeller contacts casing.
5. Set indicator to zero and back locking bolt about one turn.
370C
DIAL INDICATOR METHOD
6. Thread jack bolts in until they evenly contact the bearing frame.
Tighten evenly backing the bearing housing away from the
frame until indicator shows the proper clearance established in
instruction manual.*
TECH-I
TECH-I
The engineer must also look at the frequency where the amplitude is
occurring. Frequency identifies what the defect is that is causing the
problem, and the amplitude is an indication of the severity of the
problem. These are general guidelines and do not cover every
situation. The spectrum in the chart is a typical spectrum for a pump
that has an unbalance condition.
Bearing defect analysis is another useful tool that can be used in
many condition monitoring programs. Each component of a roller
bearing has its own unique defect frequency. Vibration equipment
available today enables the engineer to isolate the unique bearing
defects and determine if the bearing is in distress. This allows the
user to shut the machine down prior to a catastrophic failure. There
are several methods utilized but the most practical from a Field
Engineering perspective is called bearing enveloping. In this method,
special filters built into the analyzer are used to amplify the repetitive
high frequency signals in the high frequency range and amplify them
in the low frequency part of the vibration spectrum. Bearing
manufacturers publish the bearing defect frequency as a function of
running speed which allows the engineer to identify and monitor the
defect frequency. Similar to conventional vibration analysis, a baseline must be established and then trended. There are other methods
available such as High Frequency Detection (HFD), and Spike
Energy but the enveloping technology is the latest development.
It is a common practice to monitor bearing temperature. The most
accurate method to monitor the actual bearing temperature is to use
a device that will contact the outer race of the bearing. This requires
holes to be drilled into the bearing housings which is not always
practical. The other method is the use of an infrared 'gun' where the
analyst aims the gun at a point on the bearing housing where the
temperature reading is going to be taken. Obviously, this method is
the most convenient but there is a downside. The temperature being
measured is the outside surface of the bearing housing, not the
actual bearing temperature. This must be considered when using this
method.
Y
(Motor End)
X
(Pump End)
LASER ALIGNMENT
Although a popular method, it's not any more accurate than either
dial indicator method. Instruments are expensive and require
frequent calibration.
TECH-I
2. Level the pump off of the shaft extension. Do not level off of the
pump casing flanges. Remember, the piping must come to the
pump. You are aligning the pump shaft and the driver shaft.
Shafts are the datum, not flanges.
a. Use a STARRET No.135 level to level the shaft.
Unacceptable
Acceptable
Excellent
1. Inspect all mounting surfaces to make sure they are clean and
free of any paint, rust, grime, burrs, etc.
C. Shim InspectIan
1. Inspect all shims to make sure they are clean and free of any
paint, rust, grime, burrs. etc.
2. Dimensionally inspect ALL shims to be used and record the
reading on the individual shims.
DO NOT ASSUME THAT THE SHIMS ARE TO THE EXACT
DIMENSIONS THATARE RECORDED ON THEM.
SETTING EQUIPMENT
A. Pump
1. Set pump on pump mounting pads. Insert pump hold-down bolts
but do not tighten.
a. If there is existing piping, line up pump flanges with pipe
flanges. DO NOT CONNECT THE PIPING AT THIS POINT.
TECH-I
3. Reinstall the reverse dial indicator tooling back to the configuration it was in Step 1.
a. The SA dimension must be held.
4. Establishing the datums.
a. You must take readings from the same position relative to
the fixed machine or the moveable machine. Choose the
position that is the most comfortable. DO NOT CHANGE
THE ORIENTATION ONCE YOU BEGIN TO TAKE
READINGS.
b. All dial indicator readings must be taken 90 apart from
each other and at the same relative position each time.
Either mark the couplings in 80 increments or use a two
dimension bubble level with a magnetic pad. The level is
the most accurate method.
TECH-I
NOTES
IPG Salesperson:
Please fill out the following registration form upon presentation of this manual and mail to Goulds
Pumps/ITT Industries, IPG Advertising Dept., 240 Fall Street, Seneca Falls, NY 13148 USA.
GPM Registration
Name ________________________________________
Title _______________________________
Company ___________________________________________________________________________
Division or Dept. ________________________________
Phone _____________________________
FAX _______________________________
Address
___________________________________________________________________________
Street
Address
___________________________________________________________________________
City
State
Country
Zip
Sales Engineer
__________________________________________
___________________________________
Customer Type
A&E
Distributor/ Rep
OEM
End User
Other
Place
Postage
Here
Goulds Pumps
An ITT Industries Fluid Company
IPG Advertising Dept.
240 Fall Street
Seneca Falls, NY 13148
USA