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f] ]ìjk j\kkè^ îflg+ N\kkè^ iXe^\ `j . kf .--u{fi -+. kf .--+-u|+
;
`j [`jgcXp\[ n_\e K mXcl\ `j w-w~ Ylk
n`cc efk Y\ [`jgcXp\[~ `] K
mXcl\ `j efk w-w+
;O_`j JI,JAA Zfekifc j_flc[ efk Y\ Xggc`\[ n_\e \hl`gd\ek{>ffcè^
Zfdgi\jjfi| kf Y\ Zfekifcc\[ ZXe Y\ [XdX^\[ Yp ]i\hl\ek JI Xe[ JAA+
;@m\e `] JI,JAA Zfekifc `j jkXYc\ jkXklj~ k_\ _lekè^ ZXe Y\ fZZlii\[ Yp
j\kkè^ mXcl\ è
fi ZXgXZ`kp f] k_\ _\Xk\i fi i\jgfej\ Z_XiXZk\i`jk`Z
f] k_\ \hl`gd\ek kf Y\ Zfekifcc\[ fi èjkXccè^ gfj`k`fe f] k_\ j\ejfi+
Kc\Xj\ Zfej`[\i XYfm\ gfèkj kf dè`d`q\ k_\ _lekè^ n_\e [\j`êè^
k_\ jpjk\d+
r Bedjheb ekjfkj
O_\i\ Xi\ 0 bè[j f] dXè flkglk è k_`j le`k~ jlZ_ Xj i\cXp flkglk~ NNM
flkglk~ Zlii\ek{1*/-d<?>|~ Ylk k_`j le`k _Xj fe\ dXè flkglk fecp+
O_\i\]fi\ gc\Xj\ j\c\Zk fe\ dXè flkglk è fi[\iè^ è]fidXk`fe XZZfi[è^
kf pfli Xggc`ZXk`fe+
;M\cXp flkglk iXk\[ /2-Q<> 0< `j è[`ZXk\[ Xj wMw
;NNM flkglk iXk\[ ./Q?> s0Q `j è[`ZXk\[ wNw~ k_\ cfX[ f] fm\i 0-d<?>
ZXe efk lj\+
;>lii\ek flkglk iXk\[ 1*/-d<?> `j è[`ZXk\[ Xj w>w~ i\j`jk`m\ cfX[ ZXe
Y\ lj\[ le[\i 3--|+
{Ifk\|1*/-d<?> Zlii\ek flkglk `j [`]]\i\ek ]ifd 1*/-d<?> i\kiXejd`jj`fe
flkglk+
r O\bXo ekjfkj
M\cXp flkglk `j ]leZk`fe ]fi flkglkkè^ JI,JAA ]fi dXè Zfekifc Yp ljè^
i\cXp ZfekXZk+ Dk i\g\Xkj JI,JAA k_\ cfX[ è fi[\i kf _\Xk fi Zffc Zfekèlfljcp~
è k_`j ZXj\~ [i`mè^ dXê\k N,R fi gfn\i i\cXp{Y`^ ZXgXZ`kp| n`k_ ljè^ i\cXp
ZfekXZk f] k_`j le`k+
;?f efk \oZ\jj ZfekXZk ZXgXZ`kp f] i\cXp kf X[aljk è le`k jg\Z`]`ZXk`fe~
n_\e lj\ i\cXp ZfekXZk flkglk+ D] i\cXp `j [XdX^\[~ `k dXp ZXlj\ X ]ì\+
;R_\e `k Zfekifcj dXè i\cXp fi dXê\k jn`kZ_ n`k_ gfn\i i\cXp ZfekXZk~ `]
]cfn i\m\ij\ \c\Zkifdfk`m\ ]fiZ\ ]ifd Zf`c f] gfn\i i\cXp fi dXê\k N,R
èkf k_`j le`k~ `k dXp i\jlck è gif[lZkj [XdX^\[ fi flkglk fjZ`ccXk\[+
;G`]\ ZpZc\ f] i\cXp{\c\Zki`ZXc,d\Z_Xe`ZXc| `j è[`ZXk\[ è jg\Z`]`ZXk`fe+
Kc\Xj\ [\j`ê k_\ jpjk\d X]k\i Z_\Zbè^ k_\ c`]\ ZpZc\ f] i\cXp+
D] j\k wkw cfe^\i è ]ìjk j\kkè^ îflg~ k_\ c`]\ ZpZc\ f] i\cXp `j ^\kkè^ cfn\i+
D] `k e\\[j kf j\k Zfekifc g\i`f[ wkw j_fik\i [l\ kf k_\idXc i\jgfej\ `j ]Xjk~
NNM flkglk kpg\ j_flc[ Y\ lj\[+
N26
r SebjX^\ fkbi\ ekjfkj.PPO/

QfckX^\ glcj\ flkglk `j kf Zfekifc NNM le`k èjkXcc\[ è flk f] k_`j le`k+
B\e\iXccp k_\ ZXgXZ`kp f] i\cXp ZfekXZk `j c`d`k\[+ D] k_\ ZXgXZ`kp f] i\cXp `j
^\kkè^ Y`^^\i~ k_\ c`]\ ZpZc\ n`cc Y\ j_fik\e\[ Yp ef`j\ fi jgXib+
;NNM flkglk `j ./Q?> Xe[ `k ZXe lj\ dXo+ 0-d< ]fi cfX[+
;M\jgfej\ jg\\[ f] NNM `j ]Xjk\i k_Xe i\cXp ZXlj\ f] ljè^ j\d`Zfe[lZkfi~
`k ZXe gifZ\\[ _`^_ jg\\[ Zfekifc+
D] j\k wkw j_fik\i{. kf /j\Z+|~ `k n`cc Y\ ^ff[ Zfe[`k`fe kf Zfekifc k_\ kXi^\k+
;MX[`Xk`fe f] j\d`Zfe[lZkfi `j m\ip `dgfikXek è NNM+
O_\i\]fi\ `k `j c`b\cp lj\ 5-x f] iXk\[ f] NNM Xe[ `] NNM `j [XdX^\[~ `k
dXp i\jlck è X ]ì\+
r OXcf ]kdZjèd
r Hdfkj Zehh\Zjèd.Hd2Y/ ]kdZjèd
MXdg ]leZk`fe `j kf [\cXp k_\ i`jè^ k`d\ fi ]Xccè^ k`d\ f] k\dg\iXkli\+ D]

pfl Z_Xe^\ j\kkè^ mXcl\ Xk jkXYc\ jkXk\ f] Zfekifc~ `k ]fiZ\j kf i`j\ fi ]Xcc
k_\ k\dg\iXkli\ f] Zfekifc jpjk\d [liè^ j\kkè^ k`d\ Xk i<KP~ i<K[ è ]ìjk
j\kkè^ îflg+ H] h@cN ì dej ML `d i\Zed[ i\jj`d^ ^hekf1 h@Nk1 h@N[
m`bb dej Y\ [ìfbXo\[ `d ]`hij i\jj`d^ ^hekf3
;P\j h@cN ì ML `d i\Zed[ i\jj`d^ ^hekf ]eh ki`d^ OXcf ]kdZjèd3
;N\k k_\ ]Xccè^ k`d\ Xe[ i`jè^ k`d\ è i<KP Xe[ i<KP df[\ f] ]ìjk
j\kkè^ îflg+
;MXdg ]leZk`fe n`cc Y\ fg\iXkè^ n_\e Z_Xe^è^ k_\ j\k mXcl\ Xk jkXYc\
Zfekifc jkXklj fi jlggcp k_\ gfn\i X^Xè X]k\i k_\ gfn\i nXj i\dfm\[+
Deglk i\m`j\ `j kf Zfii\Zk [\m`Xk`fe fZZlii\[ ]ifd k\dg\iXkli\ j\ejfi jlZ_

Xj k_\idfZflgc\j~ MO?~ <eXcf^l\ j\ejfi \kZ+
D] pfl Z_\Zb k_\ [\m`Xk`fe f] \m\ip k_\idf j\ejfi gi\Z`j\cp~ `k ZXe d\Xjli\
k\dg\iXkli\ XZZliXk\cp+
;Deglk i\m`j\ ZXe Y\ j\k Xk wAìjk j\kkè^ îflgw+
;Pj\ k_`j df[\ X]k\i d\Xjliè^ [\m`Xk`fe fZZlii\[ ]ifd k\dg\iXkli\
j\ejfi \oXZkcp+ =\ZXlj\ `] d\Xjli\[ [\m`Xk`fe mXcl\ `j efk Zfii\Zk\[~
[`jgcXp\[ k\dg\iXkli\ dXp Y\ kff _`^_ fi kff cfn+
;N\kkè^ iXe^\ f] èglk i\m`j\ `j *16 kf }2-u{*2-+- kf }2-+-u|+
;R_\e pfl j\k k_\ èglk i\m`j\ mXcl\~ pfl dXp e\\[ kf i\Zfi[ `k~ Y\ZXlj\
`k n`cc Y\ lj\]lc n_\e g\i]fidè^ dXèk\eXeZ\+
qh@NR ]kdZjèd.C\bXo e] hì`d^ j`c\/

>fekifc k\dg\iXkli\ n_\e
iXdg ]leZk`fe `j efk lj\[
r Bkhh\dj ekjfkj.9275c@CB/
O_`j flkglk~ ZXcc\[ XeXcf^l\ flkglk `j kf Zfekifc k_\ kiXej[lZ\i{N>M le`k|~
`k ZXe gifZ\\[ jkXYc\ Zfekifc Y\ZXlj\ k_\i\ `j ef X jl[[\e Z_Xe^\+
Dk flkglkj 1*/-d<?>~ dXe`glcXk\[ mXcl\ `j .--x Xk /-d<?>~ -x Xk 1d<?>+
;Dk `j lj\[ n`k_ kiXej[lZ\i Xe[ ZXe efk Y\ lj\[ Xj k_\ fk_\i Xggc`ZXk`fe+
;O_`j flkglk fg\iXk\j k_ifl^_ èe\i j\gXiXk\[ X ZfejkXek Zlii\ek*ZìZl`k+
O_\i\]fi\ Zlii\ek flkglk `j efk Z_Xe^\[ \m\e `] k_\ i\j`jk`m\ cfX[ `j Zfee\Zk\[
è flkj`[\~ Ylk `] i\j`jk`m\ cfX[ `j kff _`^_{fm\i 3--||~ k_\ Zlii\ek ZXe Y\
Z_Xe^\[+ {Kc\Xj\ lj\ k_\ i\j`jk`m\ cfX[ c\jj k_Xe 3--|+|
;?f efk lj\ X Zlii\ek flkglk è ZXj\ f] ljè^ JI,JAA Zfekifc+
;R_\e Zlii\ek flkglk `j lj\[~ `k `j Z_Xe^è^ Xj XeXcf^l\ ]fid~ k_\
dXe`glcXk\[ mXcl\ ZXe iXi\cp Y\ .--x fi -x+
O_\i\]fi\ G=< ]leZk`fe `j efk lj\[+
;Aifek JPO cXdg [f\j efk fg\iXk\j è ZXj\ f] ljè^ X Zlii\ek flkglk+
r O\jhXdicìièd ekjfkj.9275c@CB/
M\kiXejd`jj`fe flkglk `j [`]]\i\ek n`k_ Zlii\ek flkglk f] Zfekifc flkglk
Xe[ kf i\kiXejd`k Zlii\ek{1 kf /-d<?>| Zfem\ikè^ k_\ d\Xjliè^ k\dg\iXkli\
kf k_\ i\Zfi[\i~ K>~ \kZ+
=lk k_`j Zlii\ek flkglk ZXe efk lj\ Xk fm\i 3--| i\j`jk`m\ cfX[+
;Hf[\ f] i\kiXejd`jj`fe flkglk `j j\c\Zk\[ Xk AN*C~ AN*G è k_\ j\Zfe[
]cfn Z_Xik+
;R_\e KQ i\XZ_ Xk mXcl\ f] AN*G~ `k flkglk 1d<+
;R_\e KQ i\XZ_ Xk mXcl\ f] AN*C~ `k flkglk /-d<+
;1 kf /-d<?> `j [\j`ê Xj i\jfclk`fe f] dè+ .3~--- [`m`j`fej+
>_Xe^è^ NQ
De`k`Xc NQ

iXdg ]leZk`fe `j lj\[
r C\Z`cXb fe`dj.Cej/ i\jj`d^ ]kdZjèd

C\Z`cXb fe`dj ì [ìfbXo\[ Xi ,[ej, `d i\Zed[ i\jj`d^ ^hekf m_\d
j_\ `dfkj ì edbo XdXbe^.5265SCB1 62:SCB1 9275c@CB/3
r Beeb4G\Xj ]kdZjèd
B\e\iXccp k_\i\ Xi\ knf nXpj kf Zfekifc k\dg\iXkli\~ fe\{C\Xk*]leZk`fe|
`j kf _\Xk n_\e KQ `j ^\kkè^ [fne{C\Xk\i|+ O_\ fk_\i{>ffc*]leZk`fe| `j kf
Zffc n_\e KQ `j ^\kkè^ _`^_{M\]i`^\iXkfi|+
O_\j\ ]leZk`fej Xi\ fg\iXkè^ fggfj`k\cp n_\e `k `j JI,JAA Zfekifc fi
gifgfik`feXc Zfekifc+
=lk è k_`j ZXj\ KD? k`d\ ZfejkXek n`cc Y\ [`]]\i\ek [l\ kf KD? k`d\ ZfejkXek
n`cc Y\ [\Z`[\[ XZZfi[è^ kf Zfekifc jpjk\d n_\e `k `j KD? Zfekifc+
;>ffc*]leZk`fe Xe[ _\Xk*]leZk`fe ZXe Y\ j\k Xk w
w df[\ è j\Zfe[
j\kkè^ îflg+
;>ffc*]leZk`fe Xe[ _\Xk*]leZk`fe dljk Y\ j\k Zfii\Zkcp XZZfi[è^ kf k_\
Xggc`ZXk`fe~ `] j\k Xj fggfj`k\ ]leZk`fe~ `k dXp ZXlj\ X ]ì\+
{D] j\k Zffc*]leZk`fe Xk _\Xk\i~ \m\e `] k\dg\iXkli\ `j ^\kkè^ _`^_~ `k n`cc
Y\ dXèkXè\[ JI Xe[ `k dXp ZXlj\ X ]ì\+|
;<mf`[ Z_Xe^è^ _\Xk*]leZk`fe kf Zffc*]leZk`fe fi Zffc*]leZk`fe kf
_\Xk*]leZk`fe fe k_\ le`k `j fg\iXkè^+
;Dk `j `dgfjj`Yc\ kf fg\iXk\ Yfk_ ]leZk`fej Xk feZ\ è k_`j le`k+
O_\i\]fi\ fe\ ]leZk`fe j_flc[ Y\ j\c\Zk\[ fecp+
i<KP j\kkè^
k`d\
i<KP j\kkè^
k`d\
Dk dXb\j [\cXp i`jè^ k\dg\iXkli\ n_\e Z_Xe^\ k_\ j\k mXcl\ Xk jkXYc\
Zfekifc jkXklj fi [\cXp k_\ è`k`Xc i`jè^ k\dg\iXkli\ Xj c`b\ XYfm\ g`Zkli\+
Ifk\.|i<Kl k`d\ ZXeefk Y\ j\k j_fik\i k_Xe k\dg\iXkli\ i`jè^ k`d\{kl|~
n_\e MXdg ]leZk`fe `j efk lj\[+

iXdg ]leZk`fe `j efk lj\[
NlY flkglk ZXe \o\Zlk\ Xj dXè Zfekifc flkglk Xe[ jlY ]leZk`fe Xj n\cc+
O_\i\ `j fe\ jlY flkglk è k_`j le`k+
;O_`j jlY flkglk `j i\cXp w<w ZfekXZk flkglk+
;. fi / jlY df[\ ZXe Y\ j\c\Zk\[ Xdfe^ 4 bè[j f] XcXid df[\ fi
G=< fg\iXk\[ n_\e k_\ _\Xk\i cè\ `j Zlk~ N=< fg\iXk\[ n_\e k_\ j\ejfi
cè\ `j Zlk+
;O_\ jlY flkglk ZXe Y\ cXkZ_\[ fe fi XlkfdXk`ZXccp i\j\k [\g\e[è^ fe
k_\ XcXid fgk`fe df[\ j\c\Zk\[+
;R_\e k_\ j\ejfi cè\ fi k_\ _\Xk\i cè\ `j Zlk~ N=< fi G=< flkglk
kliej fe+ O_`j wflkglk few jkXklj dljk Y\ i\j\k Yp klieè^ k_\ gfn\i f]]+
;T_\d ki`d^ @bXhc ekjfkj `j ì XYb\ je Z_Xd^\ `dj\hlXb Y\jm\\d ML
Xd[ MEE m`j_`d hXd^\ e] 6 je 655p.536 je 65535p/3
Dn/T_\d XbXhc i\j j\cf\hXjkh\ ì 755p1 j_\ ekjfkj jkhdi ed m_\d
NS `dZh\Xi\i ]hec 655p je 755p3 Hd j_\ ZXi\1 j_\ ekjfkj jkhdi
ed Xj el\h 755p1 j_\ ekjfkj jkhdi e]] Xj 6>=p3
V@Yel\ Dn/ ì j_Xj `j i\j j_\ `dj\hlXb Y\jm\\d ML Xd[ MEE Xi 7p3W
;N\c\Zk ]leZk`fe f] NlY flkglk è j\Zfe[ j\kkè^ îflg Xe[ j\k mXcl\ f]
fg\iXk`fe è ]ìjk j\kkè^ îflg+
r @bXhc ekjfkj
qh@N[ ]kdZjèd.C\bXo e] ]Xbb`d^ j`c\/

>fekifc k\dg\iXkli\
n_\e iXdg ]leZk`fe
`j lj\[
De`k`Xc NQ
>_Xe^è^ NQ
k[
r OP9=: Zecckd`ZXjèd ]kdZjèd

Hj ì ki\[ ed j_\ fkhfei\ j_Xj jhXdic`jj`d^ NS je Xd \nj\hdXb \gk`fc\dj1
i\jj`d^ PS Xj j_\ \nj\hdXb \gk`fc\dj3
;Hj ZXd Y\ i\j Xj Yfi1 @[hi `d i\Zed[ i\jj`d^ ^hekf3
;Yfi i\jj`d^ ? 79551 9=551 >;55.PjXhj Y`j61 Pjef Y`j61 Led fXh`jo/
;@[hi i\jj`d^ ? 6 je >>
;BecfXj`XYb\ NJB ? JF1 K`jikYì_`1 BHKML \jZ3
kl
kl
r PkY ekjfkj.Dl\dj/ ]kdZjèd
i<K[ j\kkè^
k`d\
Dk Zfekifcj ]Xccè^ k\dg\iXkli\ Xj XYfm\+

Ifk\.|i<K[ k`d\ ZXeefk Y\ j_fik\i k_Xe ]Xccè^ k`d\{k[| f] efk Y\è^ iXdg
]leZk`fe fg\iXk\[+
r PS27 ]kdZjèd
O_`j le`k _Xj flkglk ]fi Zfekifc Xe[ jlY{<cXid| flkglk Yp fgk`fe+ {O_`j XcXid
flkglk `j i\cXp flkglk Xe[ fg\iXk\j i\^Xi[c\jj kf flkglk ]fi Zfekifc+|
;<cXid flkglk fg\iXk\j n_\e k_\ k\dg\iXkli\ f] kXi^\k `j ^\kkè^ _`^_\i fi
cfn\i k_Xe j\kkè^ mXcl\+
;. XcXid df[\ ZXe Y\ j\c\Zk\[ Xdfe^ 4 bè[j f] XcXid df[\ Xk @Q.~
@Q/ è k_\ j\Zfe[ j\kkè^ îflg+
;Kc\Xj\ efk\ Y\cfn wJg\iXk`fe Z_Xik ]fi XcXid flkglkw y wJgk`fe f] XcXid
flkglkw i\^Xi[ kf [\kX`c\[ fg\iXk`fe Xe[ fgk`feXc fg\iXk`fe+
r Mf\hXjèd Z_Xhj ]eh XbXhc ekjfkj

If XcXid flkglk
x?\m`Xk`fe C`^_*c`d`k XcXid
JAA
Y
JI
D] [\m`Xk`fe Y\kn\\e KQ Xe[ NQ `j
fZZliiè^ _`^_\i k_Xe [\m`Xk`fe
NQ
KQ
k\dg\iXkli\ j\kkè^ mXcl\~ k_\ flkglk
.--u
..-u
n`cc Y\ JI+ O_\ [\m`Xk`fe k\dg\iXkli\
vR_\e j\k .-u è <G .{<G /| Xj [\m`Xk`fe
`j j\k è <G . fi <G / f] ]ìjk j\kkè^
k\dg\iXkli\+
îflg+
x?\m`Xk`fe Gfn*c`d`k XcXid
fZZliiè^ cfn\i k_Xe [\m`Xk`fe
KQ
NQ
6-u
.--u
k\dg\iXkli\+
îflg+
Y
JI
D] ljè^ NQ*/ ]leZk`fe~ `k Z_Xe^\j k_\ k\dg\iXkli\ f] Zfekifc jpjk\d kf

k_\ j\Zfe[ j\kkè^ mXcl\ Yp \ok\ieXc i\cXp ZfekXZk j`êXc+ Dk ZXe Z_Xe^\ k_\
j\kkè^ mXcl\ Xj j\hl\ek`Xccp Yp i\cXp ZfekXZk n`k_flk b\p fg\iXk`fe+
NQ*/
x?\m`Xk`fe C`^_,Gfn*c`d`k XcXid

_`^_\i fi cfn\i k_Xe [\m`Xk`fe
KQ
KQ
NQ
6-u
..-u
.--u
k\dg\iXkli\+
îflg+
Y
JI
NQ
NQ*/ Zfekifc
j`êXc
JI k`d\ Xi\X f]
NQ*/ ZfekXZk
;Dk ZXe j\k NQ*/ Xk i\hlì\[ k`d\ Xe[ gXik`ZlcXi Xi\X Xj k_\ XYfm\ Z_Xik+
;NQ*/ `j è ]ìjk j\kkè^ îflg+
;<ggc`ZXk`fe 7
O_\ Zfekifc jpjk\d~ n_`Z_ _Xj kf dXèkXè ZfejkXek k\dg\iXkli\ jlZ_ Xj
fm\e Xggc`ZXk`fe+ D] pfl fg\e k_\ [ffi~ k\dg\iXkli\ n`cc ^f [fne+
De k_`j ZXj\ `] pfl j\k k_\ j\Zfe[ j\kkè^ mXcl\ _`^_\i k_Xe j\kkè^ mXcl\~
k\dg\iXkli\ n`cc i`j\ ]Xjk+ O_\i\]fi\~ X]k\i èjkXccè^ X d`Zif*jn`kZ_ è fi[\i
kf [\k\Zk k_\ [ffi Jg\e,>cfj\ Xe[ Zfee\Zk `k kf NQ*/{k_\ j\Zfe[ j\kkè^
mXcl\ j_flc[ Y\ _`^_\i k_Xe NQ| k_\e `k Zfekifcj k\dg\iXkli\ f] fm\e
\]]`Z`\ekcp+
JAA
Y JI
JAA
x?\m`Xk`fe C`^_,Gfn*c`d`k i\m\ij\

XcXid+ D] [\m`Xk`fe Y\kn\\e KQ Xe[
NQ `j _`^_\i fi cfn\i k_Xe [\m`Xk`fe
KQ
KQ
NQ
6-u
.--u ..-u
n`cc Y\ JAA+ O_\ [\m`Xk`fe k\dg\iXkli\
k\dg\iXkli\+
îflg+
JAA
JI
Y JAA
JAA
NQ
.--u
JI
KQ
..-u
vR_\e j\k ..-u è <G .{<G /| Xj XcXid

k\dg\iXkli\+
JI
Y
KQ
6-u
JAA
NQ
.--u
vR_\e j\k 6-u è <G .{<G /| Xj XcXid

k\dg\iXkli\+
r @bXhc efjèd i\jj`d^

NpdYfc
Jg\iXk`fe eXd\
AleZk`fe
B\e\iXc XcXid
If fgk`feXc XcXid flkglk+
GXkZ_ ]leZk`fe
R_\e XcXid flkglk kliej fe feZ\~

k_\ flkglk n`cc Y\ JI Zfekèfljcp+
NkXe[Yp j\hl\eZp
]leZk`fe
Dk [f\jezk flkglk Xk ]ìjk fg\iXk`fe+

{R_\e `k i\XZ_\j kf ]ìjk fYa\Zk mXcl\|
GXkZ_ y
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