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Chapitre 1 : Les systèmes à microprocesseur

Logique programmée
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Zfii\jgfe[Xek ƒ c"Xggc`ZXk`fe \em`jX^‡\)

Système à microprocesseur
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ZfeZ\ie\ cy‡kl[\ \k cX d`j\ Xl gf`ek [\ Z\j gif^iXdd\j)

Le matériel (hardware) d’un système à microprocesseur :


organisation d’un ordinateur
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Le logiciel (software) d’un système à microprocesseur


6' AR YN[TNTR OV[NV_R "YN[TNTR ZNPUV[R#
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Chapitre 2 : Nombres, codage et arithmétique informatique

1. Codes
6' 8\QR OV[NV_R [Nab_RY
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2. Fonctions logiques et opérateurs


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Xl mfpXek hlXe[ `c \jk Xccld‡) Kfli cX ]`^li\ -),)X$ eflj gflmfej [`i\ 5
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c\ mfpXek Q \jk Xccld‡ j` < JP = \jk ]\id‡ fl j` c\j [\lo jfek ]\id‡j
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3. Bascules, registres, compteurs, décodeurs


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4. Logique trois états et bus


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5. Arithmétique binaire
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6. Mémoire
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7. Applications 1
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& *0 &
Chapitre 3 : Architecture et fonctionnement d'un
microprocesseur

8. Définitions
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9. Le « matériel » (architecture)
+'*'* 6_PUVaRPab_R `aN[QN_Q Q!b[ ZVP_\]_\PR``Rb_

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& -0 &
Chapitre 5 : Les mémoires

12. Constitution d'une mémoire statique


+'*'*) E_V[PV]R` Ty[y_Nbd Q!b[R G6B

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& -1 &
<VT' .'*' ;hOQLTH GH + OQVU GH + ELVU

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& -2 &
<VT' .',' $ 3QPUVLVWVLQP G!WPH OhOQLTH GH + OQVU GH / ELVU

<VT% .'-' $ 3QPUVLVWVLQP G!WPH OhOQLTH GH / OQVU GH / ELVU

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& /+ &
Chapitre 6 : L'interface parallèle programmable

14. Modes de transfert des données : Mode programmé


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& /- &
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