NUREG /CR-3243

(ORNL/Sub/82-22252/ 1

3 4456 0577452 B
k .)

Comparisons of ASME Code Fatigue

Evaluation Methods for Nuclear
Class 1 Piping with Class 2
or 3 Piping
E.

C. Rodabaugh

Work Performed for

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research
under
DOE interagency Agreement No. 40-550-75

.
States of America Available from
National Technical Information Service
U S Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginla 22161

Av,, I I;i t i le f rorri

GPO Stiltis P r o q r a m
Division of TwIjtIi(-;i\ i r ; f o t t n a ~ i o i ~ Document Control
U.S. Nuclt?;ir Regulatory Commission
Wast.!inyton, D.C. 20555

~~

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NvREG/CR-3243
ORNL/Sub/82-22252/1
D i s t . Category AN

E n g i n e e r i n g Technology D i v i s i o n

COMPARISONS OF ASME CODE FATIGUE EVALUATION METHODS FOR

NUCLEAR CLASS 1 PIPING W I T H CLASS 2 OR 3 PIPING
E. C. Rodabaugh

Manuscript Completed - May 2 3 , 1983

J u n e 1983
Date P u b l i s h e d

Report P r e p a r e d by
E. C. Rodabaugh A s s o c i a t e s , I n c .
4625 Cemetery Road
H i l l i a r d , Ohio 43026
under
S u b c o n t r a c t No. 19X-22252C

Work Performed f o r
U.S. N u c l e a r R e g u l a t o r y Commission
O f f i c e of N u c l e a r R e g u l a t o r y Research
under
DOE I n t e r a g e n c y Agreement No. 40-550-75
NRC FIN No. BO474

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
o p e r a t e d by
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
f o r the
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
under C o n t r a c t No. W-7405-eng-26

-'

iii

CONTENTS

......................................................
ABSTRACT ..........................................................
1 . JNTRODUCTION ..................................................
2 . CODE 1 BASIS ..................................................
3 . CODE 2 BASIS ..................................................
4 . CORRELATIONS RE'IWEEN CODES 1 AND 2 ............................
4 . 1 R e l a t i o n s h i p Between i and C2K2 ..........................
4.2 Comparison of Code 1 w i t h Code 2 B a s i s . SA106 Grade R
up t o 400F ..............................................
4.3 O t h e r F e r r i t i c M a t e r i a l s and Temperatures ................
4.4 A u s t e n i t i c S t e e l s . A l l o y s 600 and 800 ....................
4.5 Temperature E f f e c t . P i p i n g P r o d u c t T e s t s .................
4 . 6 Mean S t r e s s e s ............................................
5 . HIGH-CYCLE FATIGUE ............................................
6 . TEES ..........................................................
7. CODE 2 COVERAGE OF LOADINGS O'IHER THAN MOMENTS ................
7.1 Allowance f o r C y c l i c P r e s s u r e ............................
7.2 Allowance f o r Thermal G r a d i e n t s ..........................
7.3 Use of Eq . (2) f o r Combined Loadings .....................
7.4
Code 2 Cumulative Usage E q u a t i o n .........................
NOMENCLA'lURE

7.5

Primary S t r e s s P r o t e c t i o n . H i g h Temperatures

SUMMARY

8.1

.............

.......................................................

C h a p t e r s 2-4.

F a t i g u e E v a l u a t i o n up t o lo6 C y c l e s

........

............................
8.3 C h a p t e r 6. Tees ..........................................
8.4 Chapter 7. Loadings O t h e r t h a n Moments ...................
REFERENCES ........................................................
APPENDIX A . RACKGROUND OF THE Ke FACTOR ..........................
APPENDIX B . RASIS OF CODE 1 FATIGUE DESIGN CURVES ................
APPENDIX C . COMPARISONS OF CARBON STEEL AND AUSTENITIC STAINLESS
STEFL PIPING PRODUCT MOMENT FATIGUE TESTS ............
8.2

Chapter 5. High-Cycle F a t i g u e

1
1

4
6

12
12
13
15
17
19

19
21
25
28

28
29
29
30
31

32
32
32
32
32
33
35
43
51

NOMENCLATURE

c,
c2
c3
'zb
C

2r

DO

primary-plus-secondary

s t r e s s indices f o r pressure

primary-plus-secondary

s t r e s s i n d i c e s f o r moment

primary-plus-secondary

s t r e s s i n d i c e s f o r thermal g r a d i e n t s

p r imary-pl us- secondary s t r e s s i n d e x , moment 1oading, t e e b r a n c h

primary-plus-secondary

s t r e s s index, moment l o a d i n g , t e e r u n

p i p e OD

modulus of e l a s t i c i t y

Code 2 cycle-dependent f a c t o r r a n g i n g from 1 . 0 f o r 7,000 c y c l e s t o

0.5 f o r 100,000 c y c l e s or more

elbow p a r a m e t e r , t R / r Z

Code 2 s t r e s s i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r

Kl

peak s t r e s s i n d i c e s f o r p r e s s u r e

KZ

peak s t r e s s i n d i c e s f o r moment

K3

peak s t r e s s i n d i c e s f o r thermal g r a d i e n t s

'2b

peak s t r e s s i n d e x , moment l o a d i n g , t e e b r a n c h

Ka r
Ke
M

moment

Mi

range of r e s u l t a n t moment

MC

peak s t r e s s i n d e x , moment l o a d i n g , t e e r u n
elastic-plastic

a d j u s t m e n t f a c t o r , s e e Eq. ( 3 )

range of r e s u l t a n t moment caused by thermal e x p a n s i o n

number of d e s i g n c y c l e s

Nf

number of c y c l e s t o f a i l u r e
range of s e r v i c e p r e s s u r e

internal pressure

mean r a d i u s of p i p e , b r a n c h p i p e f o r t e e s

mean r a d i u s of p i p e , run p i p e f o r t e e s , or bend r a d i u s for elbows

Code 1 f a t i g u e d e s i g n s t r e s s a m p l i t u d e

'a
sC

'
d
S

sE
sf

'h

Code 2 a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s a t c o l d (100OF) t e m p e r a t u r e
d e s i g n s t r e s s w i t h f a c t o r of s a f e t y of 2 on S
f
endurance l i m i t ( f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h a t -10l1 c y c l e s )
Code 2 c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s r a n g e
f a i l u r e s t r e s s , c o r r e l a t e d w i t h Nf
Code 2 a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s a t h o t (maximum) t e m p e r a t u r e

vi
S
m
S
n
S
P
S

Code 1 a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y

u l t i m a t e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of m a t e r i a l

c a l c u l a t e d primary-plus-secondary

s t r e s s range,

s e e Eq. (1)

c a l c u l a t e d peak s t r e s s r a n g e r s e e Eq. ( 2 )
Code 2 s u s t a i n e d l o a d s t r e s s r s e e

&. ( 6 )

S
Y

y i e l d s t r e n g t h of m a t e r i a l

w a l l t h i c k n e s s of p i p e , b r a n c h p i p e f o r t e e s

w a l l t h i c k n e s s of p i p e , run p i p e f o r t e e s

U
X

f a t i g u e usage f a c t o r

s e c t i o n modulus of p i p e

(1

- n)/En(m - 111,

s e e Eq. ( 1 9 )

s e c t i o n modulus of t e e b r a n c h p i p e

b'
Z

s e c t i o n modulus of t e e run pipe

r
a

c o e f f i c i e n t of thermal e x p a n s i o n

*TI

thermal g r a d i e n t s , s e e Code 1 for d e t a i l e d d e f i n i t i o n s

AT,

thermal g r a d i e n t s , s e e Code 1 for d e t a i l e d d e f i n i t i o n s

thermal g r a d i e n t s , see Code 1 for d e t a i l e d d e f i n i t i o n s

Tb
V

thermal g r a d i e n t s , s e e Code 1 for d e t a i l e d d e f i n i t i o n s

Poisson's r a t i o

COMPARISONS OF ASME CODE FATIGUE EVALUATION METHODS FOR

NUCLEAR CLASS 1 PIPING WITH CLASS 2 OR 3 PIPING

E. C. Rodabaugh*
ABSTRACT

The f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e d u r e used i n t h e ASME B o i l e r

and Pressure Veseel Code, S e c t . 111, Nuclear Power Plant Components, f o r C l a s s 1 p i p i n g i s d i f f e r e n t from t h e p r o c e d u r e
used f o r C l a s s 2 o r 3 p i p i n g .
The b a s i s f o r each p r o c e d u r e
i s d e s c r i b e d , and c o r r e l a t i o n s between t h e two p r o c e d u r e s a r e
presented.
C o n d i t i o n s under which e i t h e r p r o c e d u r e or b o t h
may be u n c o n s e r v a t i v e a r e noted.
P o t e n t i a l changes i n t h e C l a s s 2 o r 3 p i p i n g p r o c e d u r e
t o e x p l i c i t l y cover a l l l o a d i n g s a r e d i s c u s s e d .
However, t h e
r e p o r t i s i n t e n d e d t o be i n f o r m a t i v e , and w h i l e t h e c o n t e n t s
of t h e r e p o r t may guide f u t u r e Code changes, s p e c i f i c recommendations a r e n o t g i v e n h e r e i n .

1.

INTRODUCTION

Fatigue-based c r i t e r i a f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n of p i p i n g were i n t r o d u c e d
i n t o t h e P i p i n g Code, t h e n American S t a n d a r d s A s s o c i a t i o n (ASA) B31.1,t
i n t h e 1955 e d i t i o n .
These c r i t e r i a were b a s e d on moment f a t i g u e t e s t s
on p i p i n g components by Markl, Markl and George, and Markl.
The c r i t e r i a i n v o l v e use of s t r e s s i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r s ( i - f a c t o r s ) and s t r e s s
l i m i t s r e l a t e d t o c o l d (Sc) and h o t (Sh) a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s e s , m o d i f i e d by
a f a c t o r f , which depends upon t h e number of d e s i g n c y c l e s .
n e American S o c i e t y f o r Mechanical E n g i n e e r s (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Veseel Code, S e c t . 111, Nuclear V e s s e l s , was i n i t i a t e d i n 1963. It
covered C l a s s A, B, and C v e s s e l s , now c a l l e d C l a s s 1, 2 , and 3 v e s s e l s .
T h i s Code, f o r C l a s s A v e s s e l s , used a f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n method t h a t i s
b a s e d on f a t i g u e t e s t s of p o l i s h e d b a r s .
It u s e s d e s i g n f a t i g u e c u r v e s
i n which t h e a l l o w a b l e d e s i g n s t r e s s S i s p l o t t e d a g a i n s t t h e number of
a
d e s i g n c y c l e s N.
S t r e s s i n d i c e s were i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e 1963 Code f o r t h e
p a r t i c u l a r c a s e of n o z z l e s w i t h c y c l i c p r e s s u r e l o a d i n g .
I n 1969, ANSI B31.7, Nuclear Power Piping was p u b l i s h e d .
It c o v e r e d
C l a s s 1, 2 , and 3 p i p i n g .
For C l a s s 1 p i p i n g , B31.7 adopted a f a t i g u e

*E. C. Rodabaugh A s s o c i a t e s , I n c . , B i l l i a r d , Ohio.

t I o 1955, B31.1 c o v e r e d a l l i n d u s t r i a l p i p i n g . L a t e r , i t was s p l i t
i n t o American N a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d s I n s t i t u t e (ANSI) B31.1, Power Piping;
ANSI B31.3, Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping; ANSI B31.4,
R e f r i g e r a t i o n Piping; and ANSI B31.8, Gas Transmission and D i s t r i b u t i o n

Piping.

2
a n a l y s i s method a n a l o g o u s t o t h a t u s e d i n t h e N u c l e a r V e s s e l Code. The
c o n c e p t of ' ' s t r e s s i n d i c e s " was expanded t o cover p r e s s u r e , moment, and
thermal g r a d i e n t l o a d s f o r commonly u s e d p i p i n g components. For C l a s s 2
and 3 p i p i n g , ANSI B31.7 c o n t i n u e d t o use t h e f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n method
o r i g i n a l l y i n t r o d u c e d i n ASA B31.1 i n 1955.
In 1971, S e c t . I11 of t h e ASME Code was expanded t o i n c l u d e v e s s e l s ,
pumps, v a l v e s , and p i p i n g ; t h e t i t l e was changed from NucZear VesseZs t o
Nuclear Power Ptant Components. With r e s p e c t t o t h e f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n
methods f o r p i p i n g , S e c t . 111 a d o p t e d , w i t h one d i f f e r e n c e , t h e r u l e s
c o n t a i n e d i n ANSI B31.7-1969.
The d i f f e r e n c e c o n c e r n s t h e a d j u s t m e n t f o r
s t r e s s e s t h a t e x c e e d 3s ( c o n c e p t u a l l y , exceed t h e shakedown l i m i t ) .
This
m
a d j u s t m e n t , a s w i l l become a p p a r e n t i n t h i s r e p o r t , i s h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t
i n c o r r e l a t i o n s between C l a s s 1 and C l a s s 2 o r 3 p i p i n g f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n
methods.
The method u s e d i n ANSI B31.7 i s d e s c r i b e d i n Appendix A, a l o n g
w i t h a background d i s c u s s i o n of t h e e q u i v a l e n t K f a c t o r i n t r o d u c e d i n
e
S e c t . 111-1971 and c u r r e n t l y used.
The p r e s e n t (1982) s t a t u s of f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n methods u s e d i n
S e c t . I11 c a n be b r i e f l y summarized a s f o l l o w s :
C l a s s components
I
-

C l a s s 1 v e s s e l s , pumps, v a l v e s ,
and p i p i n g
C l a s s 2 and 3 v e s s e l s , * pumps,
and v a l v e s
C l a s s 2 and 3 p i p i n g

Fatigue evaluation b a s i s
.-

Design f a t i g u e c u r v e s d e r i v e d
from p o l i s h e d b a r f a t i g u e t e s t
data, with K adjustment
e
None
P i p i n g component f a t i g u e t e s t s ,
using s t r e s s i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n
f a c t o r s , moment l o a d i n g o n l y

The o b j e c t i v e of t h i s r e p o r t i s t o show how t h e f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n

method f o r C l a s s 1 p i p i n g c o r r e l a t e s w i t h t h a t for C l a s s 2 or 3 p i p i n g .
For b r e v i t y , we w i l l
The methods f o r C l a s s 2 and 3 p i p i n g a r e i d e n t i c a l .
i d e n t i f y t h o s e methods a s "Code 2"; t h o s e f o r C l a s s 1 p i p i n g a r e i d e n t i f i e d B S "Code 1."
C h a p t e r s 2 and 3 of t h i s r e p o r t d e s c r i b e t h e f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n
p r o c e d u r e s f o r Code 1 and Code 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Chapter 4 i n d i c a t e s t h e
c o r r e l a t i o n s between Codes 1 and 2 . These c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e n e c e s s a r i l y
l i m i t e d t o moment l o a d i n g s , because Code 2 c o v e r s o n l y moment l o a d i n g .
Chapter 5 on h i g h - c y c l e f a t i g u e i s t r e a t e d s e p a r a t e l y , b e c a u s e i t i s
not a p p a r e n t t h a t e i t h e r Code 1 or Code 2 a d e q u a t e l y c o v e r s t h e f a t i g u e
e v a l u a t i o n of accumulated c y c l e s of 10' o r more.
Chapter 6 d i s c u s s e s a
d i f f e r e n c e between Codes 1 and 2 t h a t i s a p p l i c a b l e o n l y t o t e e s .
Chapter
7 c o n t a i n s a n e x p l o r a t o r y d i s c u s s i o n of t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of e x t e n d i n g Code
2 f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n t o cover ( o r more e x p l i c i t l y c o v e r ) l o a d i n g s o t h e r
t h a n moments.

*A f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n may be r e q u i r e d f o r v e s s e l s d e s i g n e d t o t h e
a l t e r n a t i v e r u l e s of NC-3200 ( e q u i v a l e n t t o ASME B o i l e r and P r e s s u r e Vess e l Code, S e c t . V I I I , Div. 2 ) .

3
Chapter 8 summarizes t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s c o n t a i n e d i n Chaps. 2-7.
The
r e p o r t i s i n t e n d e d t o be i n f o r m a t i v e and may p r o v i d e a b a s i s f o r f u t u r e
Code changes.
However, no recommendations f o r such changes a r e i n c l u d e d
herein.
In r e a d i n g t h e subsequent s e c t i o n s of t h i s r e p o r t , t h e e x p e r t on
f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n methods w i l l r e c o g n i z e t h a t , i n b o t h Code 1 and 2
methods, many simp1 i f y i n g a p p r o x i m a t i o n s a r e i n v o l v e d . For example, use
of t h e l i n e a r c u m u l a t i v e damage h y p o t h e s i s can be i n a c c u r a t e f o r c e r t a i n
sequences of l o a d i n g . However, i n a d d i t i o n t o and p e r h a p s j u s t i f y i n g t h e
s i m p l i f y i n g a p p r o x i m a t i o n s , t h e o p e r a t i n g h i s t o r y of t h e p i p i n g systems
must be p o s t u l a t e d . Because t h e o p e r a t i n g h i s t o r y e x t e n d s 20 t o 4 0 y e a r s
i n t o t h e f u t u r e , i t s p o s t u l a t e d d e t a i l s a r e deemed t o be t h e most uncert a i n a s p e c t of t h e f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n method. The f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n
methods a r e b a s e d on t e s t d a t a i n an environment l i k e d r y a i r . Environmental e f f e c t s , such a s c o r r o s i o n o r s t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n - c r a c k i n g ,
a r e not
covered or, a t b e s t , a r e only p a r t i a l l y covered by f a c t o r s of s a f e t y on
the t e s t data.

CODE 1 BASIS

2.

The Code 1 f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n method* i n v o l v e s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e

primary-plus-secondary s t r e s s r a n g e Sn by t h e e q u a t i o n :

sn

PODO

= C 1 x +

c2

Mi

T - a T I
a a
b b

and t h e peak s t r e s s r a n g e by t h e e q u a t i o n :

2t

= KICl

Mi

PODO

K2c2

z- + 2(1 - v )

K3EalATl

I
1

+ K C E laT - a T l + 3 3 a b a a
b b

1 - V

E ~ A TI
2

(2)

3Sm ( c o n c e p t u a l l y , 2s , t h e shakedown l i m i t ) , S i s d i v i d e d by 2
Y
P
t o c o n v e r t from s t r e s s r a n g e t o s t r e s s a m p l i t u d e . The Code 1 d e s i g n f a t i g u e c u r v e s ( F i g s . 1-9.1, 1-9.2, o r 1-9.3, depending upon t h e m a t e r i a l )
a r e e n t e r e d w i t h S 1 2 , and d e s i g n c y c l e s N a r e r e a d from t h e c u r v e s .
If
P
t h e a n t i c i p a t e d number of c u m u l a t i v e f a t i g u e c y c l e s i n o p e r a t i o n i s l e s s
t h a n N, t h e n t h e p i p i n g p r o d u c t ( e . g . , g i r t h b u t t weld, elbow) i s deemed
t o be acceptable.
I f Sn > 3Sm, t h e s t r a i n r a n g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e e l a s t i c - b a s e d
c a l c u l a t i o n of s t r e s s r a n g e may be t o o low. With primary-plus-secondary
shakedown t o e l a s t i c r e s p o n s e may n o t o c c u r and
s t r e s s e s t h a t e x c e e d 2s
Y'
p l a s t i c s t r a i n s , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e c a l c u l a t e d e l a s t i c s t r a i n s , may o c c u r
d u r i n g e a c h c y c l e . To p r o v i d e a s i m p l e way t o d e a l w i t h t h i s c o n d i t i o n ,
Code 1 (NB-3228.3) p e r m i t s t h e use of a s i m p l i f i e d e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c analys i s t h a t i n v o l v e s m u l t i p l y i n g S P by Ke, where ICe i s g i v e n by

If S

l3

= l/n

f o r Sn

>

3mSm

----*Code 1 p e r m i t s t h e use of t h e more g e n e r a l r u l e s g i v e n i n NB-3200;

t h i s r e p o r t i s r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e r u l e s g i v e n i n NB-3650, " A n a l y s i s of
I1
P i p i r g Products.

V a l u e s of m and n a r e

Carbon s t e e l

3.0

0.2

Low-alloy

2.0

0.2

1.7

0.3

Mater i a1

s t e e l and m a r t e n s i t i c s t a i n l e s s s t e e l

A u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , nickel-chrome-iron,
and n i c k e l - c o p p e r

T a g a r t h a s p r e p a r e d a d e s c r i p t i o n ' of t h e b a s i s of Jiq. (31, which i s

i n c l u d e d h e r e i n a s Appendix A.
Code 1 F i g s . 1-9.1, 1-9.2, and 1-9.3 a r e b a s e d on s t r a i n - c o n t r o l l e d ,
z e r o mean s t r a i n , f a t i g u e t e s t s of p o l i s h e d b a r s .
The d e s i g n f a t i g u e
c u r v e s were d e r i v e d from t h e f a i l u r e c u r v e s by i n c o r p o r a t i n g a f a c t o r of
s a f e t y of 2 on s t r e s s o r 20 on c y c l e s , whichever i s more c o n s e r v a t i v e .
(The 20 on c y c l e s c o n t r o l s a t low c y c l e s , t h e 2 on s t r e s s c o n t r o l s a t
h i g h c y c l e s . ) An a d j u s t m e n t f o r t h e e f f e c t of mean s t r e s s i s i n c l u d e d
Appendix B
i n F i g . 1-9.1 f o r u l t i m a t e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h (UTSI i 80 k s i .
c o n t a i n s a d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n of F i g s . 1-9.1 and 1-9.2.
Code 1 u s e s t h e l i n e a r c u m u l a t i v e damage h y p o t h e s i s a s e x p r e s s e d by:

u=

ni
-<l.O
Ni

(4)

where
n = number of c y c l e s w i t h amplitude S
is
i
Ni = a l l o w a b l e number of c y c l e s from Code 1 F i g . 1-9.0 f o r Si.
Each type of s t r e s s c y c l e w i t h amplitude S must be i d e n t i f i e d from t h e
i
p o s t u l a t e d o p e r a t i n g h i s t o r y of t h e p i p i n g system. There a r e u s u a l l y t e n
o r more of such i d e n t i f i a b l e c y c l e s , each o c c u r r i n g n t i m e s . The t o t a l
i
number of t y p e s of c y c l e s i s j.

6
3.

CODE 2 BASIS

The Code 2 f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n method i n v o l v e s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e

s t r e s s range S by t h e e q u a t i o n

SE = i M / Z
C

I f SE s a t i s f i e s t h e e q u a t i o n
SE

1 f[1.25(Sh

+ Sc)

Ssl

(6)

and Ss
Sh, t h e p i p i n g component i s deemed t o be a c c e p t a b l e from a
fatigue evaluation standpoint.
The Code 2 method i s b a s e d on t h e r e s u l t s of moment-loading f a t i g u e
t e s t s g i v e n by Mark1,l Mark1 and G e o r g e , a and Markl.3 The t e s t a r r a n g e ment f o r v a r i o u s p i p i n g p r o d u c t s i s i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 1. T e s t a s s e m b l i e s
were mounted i n t h e f a t i g u e t e s t machine and s u b j e c t e d t o a p r e l i m i n a r y
load-deflection calibration.
The a s s e m b l i e s were f i l l e d w i t h w a t e r t o

ORNL-DWG 83-4595 ETD

P: ELBOW

P: GIRTH BUTT WELD

PLAIN PIPE

PIPE BEND

FLANGED JOINT ( f i l l e t weld)

MITER

CONCENTRIC REDUCER

TEE, MOMENT THROUGH BRANCH

TEE, MOMENT THROUGH RUN

MARK L/G EO RGE COR R E L A T l ON EQUATION :

iM/Z = 490,000 N, --'.'

STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTOR, i = 1.0 FOR TYPICAL GIRTH BUTT WELD

MOMENT RANGE, ELASTICALLY CALCULATED FROM TEST LOAD VS

SECTION MODULUS OF PIPE

Nf

CYCLES-TO-FAILURE,

DISPLACEMENT CALIBRATION
THROUGH WALL CRACK

F i g . 1. D i s p l a c e m e n t - c o n t r o l l e d , c o m p l e t e l y r e v e r s e d c y c l i c moment
t e s t s on 4-in. nominal s i z e , SA106 Grade B p i p i n g p r o d u c t s a t room temSource: Refs. 1-3.
perature.

7
p r o v i d e a r e a d y means f o r d e t e c t i n g f a i l u r e and were t h e n f l e x e d c y c l i c a l l y (completely reversed displacements) through a predetermined displacement u n t i l a l e a k t h a t i n d i c a t e d a c r a c k t h r o u g h t h e w a l l developed.
The r e s u l t s were r e p o r t e d a s p o i n t s on S v s Nf p l o t s . N i s t h e
f
f
number of c y c l e s t o f a i l u r e ( c r a c k t h r o u g h t h e w a l l ) . The c o r r e s p o n d i n g
nominal s t r e s s was computed by t h e o r d i n a r y beam f o r m u l a , Sf = WLJZ. The
l o a d r a n g e W was t a k e n from t h e l o a d - d e f l e c t i o n c a l i b r a t i o n , or f o r l o a d s
c a u s i n g p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n , from s t r a i g h t - l i n e e x t r a p o l a t i o n of t h e e l a s t i c p o r t i o n of t h e l o a d - d e f l e c t i o n c a l i b r a t i o n . The l e v e r arm L was meas u r e d from t h e p o i n t of l o a d a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e p o i n t of i n i t i a l f a i l u r e .
The t e s t method i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h an e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s of a p i p i n g
system, even though c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s e s may be above t h e m a t e r i a l y i e l d
s t r e n g t h and some p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n may o c c u r . A c c o r d i n g l y , an a d j u s t ment analogous t o t h e K u s e d i n Code 1 is n o t needed.
e
A l l t e s t s were run on 4-in. nominal s i z e p i p i n g components a t room
t e m p e r a t u r e . The m a t e r i a l u s e d t o make t h e t e s t specimens was American
The t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h s
S o c i e t y of T e s t i n g M a t e r i a l s (ASTM) A106 Grade B.
r a n g e d from 62,400 t o 86,300 p s i ; y i e l d s t r e n g t h s r a n g e d from 38,900 t o
56,200 p s i ; and e l o n g a t i o n f o r 2-in. gage s e c t i o n r a n g e d from 3 2 t o 55%.
A l l w e l d i n g was done manually u s i n g F l e e t w e l d No. 5 e l e c t r o d e s . Most
11
11
A few g i r t h b u t t weld specimens were
specimens were t e s t e d a s welded.
s t r e s s r e l i e v e d a f t e r w e l d i n g and b e f o r e t e s t i n g w i t h no d e t e c t a b l e d i f ferences i n the t e s t r e s u l t s .
To make t h e t e s t i n f o r m a t i o n u s e f u l t o t h e p i p i n g d e s i g n e r , Mark1
d e v e l o p e d a c o r r e l a t i o n of t h e form

isf

= aN

-b
f

(7)

where a and b a r e c o n s t a n t s developed from t h e t e s t d a t a . R e s u l t s of

t e s t s f o r g i r t h b u t t w e l d s a r e shown i n Fig. 2 , i n which Sf and Nf a r e
p l o t t e d on l o g s c a l e s . M u a t i o n ( 7 ) i s shown i n F i g . 2 . It i s a b e s t
The v a l u e of b = 0 . 2 was s e l e c t e d
f i t of t h e t e s t d a t a w i t h b = 0 . 2 .
a f t e r e v a l u a t i n g t e s t d a t a f o r a l l t y p e s of p i p i n g p r o d u c t s .
Individual
t e s t s e r i e s gave v a l u e s of b r a n g i n g from 0.1 t o 0.3, but most v a l u e s
were w i t h i n 20% of 0 . 2 , which r e p r e s e n t s a f a i r average. For g i r t h b u t t
Accordingly, Eq. ( 7 ) f o r a
w e l d s , t h e b e s t f i t v a l u e of a i s 490,000.
g i r t h b u t t weld i s
Sf = 490,000

NfOoa

( p s i , range)

(8)

Markls more g e n e r a l e q u a t i o n i s

isf

= 490,000

Nf-Oo2

( p s i , range) ,

(9)

where i 1 1.0 f o r a g i r t h b u t t weld and i i s t h e f a t i g u e - b a s e d s t r e s s

i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r f o r piping products o t h e r than g i r t h b u t t welds.

8
ORNL-DWG 83-4596 ETD

300
._

Y)

200

160

v,
v,
u

120

ao

[r

60

Z
-

40

0
Z

30
102

104
CYCLES TO FAILURE, N f

103

105

106

Fig. 2.
R e s u l t s of moment f a t i g u e t e s t s on g i r t h b u t t welds.
Source: Ref. 3 .

E q u a t i o n ( 9 ) d o e s n o t a p p e a r i n Code 2 . The b a s i s f o r t h e c r i t e r i a
c o n t a i n e d i n Code 2 w a s d i s c u s s e d by Markl.s H i s concept was t h a t t h e
c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s r a n g e SE s h o u l d be l i m i t e d t o

SE

1 . 6 ( S c + Sh)

(10)

where S i s t h e a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s a t t h e minimum t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e c y c l e
C
and Sh is t h e a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s a t t h e maximum t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e c y c l e .
A t t h a t time (19551, t h e a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s e s i n t h e Power P i p i n g Code were
where S i s t h e m a t e r i a l y i e l d s t r e n g t h a t o p e r a t i n g
limited t o (5/8)S
YB
temperature.
Accordingly,
(10) i s c o n c e p t u a l l y e q u i v a l e n t t o

$.

where S
i s t h e a v e r a g e of t h e h o t and c o l d y i e l d s t r e n g t h s .
U s e r s of
Ya
Code 1 w i l l r e c o g n i z e t h a t Eq. (11) i s t h e e q u i v a l e n t of t h e shakedown
c r i t e r i a i m p l i e d by S < 3Sm. However, t h e e q u i v a l e n c e is n o t t h a t
ns t r a i g h t f o r w a r d , b e c a u s e SE i n c l u d e s peak s t r e s s e s , whereas S does n o t .
n
F u r t h e r , because t h e i ' s a r e r e f e r e n c e d t o t h e f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h of a
t y p i c a l g i r t h b u t t weld, S i s n o t e q u a l t o e i t h e r S o r S ( a s d i s c u s s e d
l a t e r , i = C,K2/2).
E
n
P
E q u a t i o n (11) i s an i n t e r e s t i n g s t e p on t h e way t o t h e Code 2 c r i t e r i a , Eq. ( 6 ) . However, t h e w r i t e r s of t h e p i p i n g code i n 1955 were
f a c e d w i t h t h e b r o a d problem of i n t e g r a t i n g room t e m p e r a t u r e t e s t d a t a
on t h e f a t i g u e l i f e of A106 Grade B p i p i n g components i n t o d e s i g n guidance
How t o 1i m i t s u s t a i n e d (noncycl i c )
f o r many m a t e r i a l s and t e m p e r a t u r e s .
s t r e s s e s , such a s t h o s e caused by p r e s s u r e and w e i g h t , was one a s p e c t .

A p p l i c a b i l i t y of t h e d e s i g n guidance a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s , where s i g n i f i c a n t c r e e p o c c u r s , was a major concern.

Eventually, a f t e r considera t i o n of s e v e r a l proposed c r i t e r i a , t h e c r i t e r i a i n d i c a t e d by Eq. ( 6 )
were p u b l i s h e d i n ASA B31.1-1955, Code for Pressure Piping.
E q u a t i o n s ( 6 ) and ( 9 ) a r e compared i n Fig. 3 . Noting t h a t Eq. ( 9 ) i s
f o r c y c l e 8 t o f a i z u r e , a f a c t o r of s a f e t y i s needed f o r d e s i g n guidance.
II
F i g u r e 3 i n c l u d e s a d e s i g n " l i n e r e p r e s e n t i n g Eq. ( 9 ) w i t h a f a c t o r of
s a f e t y of 2 on s t r e s s , analogous t o t h e f a c t o r of s a f e t y of 2 on s t r e s s
used i n Code 1. (The f a c t o r of 20 on c y c l e s i s a l s o s a t i s f i e d because
25 = 32.) The d e s i g n e q u a t i o n i s t h e n

isd =

245,000

P O g a

( p s i , range)

(12)

Assuming, a s i n Code 1, t h a t f a t i g u e a t t e m p e r a t u r e s up t o 6500F i s

n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from t h a t a t room t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e n F i g . 3
i n d i c a t e s t h a t even f o r Ss = 0 , Eq. ( 6 ) f o r A106 Grade B m a t e r i a l a t
t e m p e r a t u r e s up t o 650F ( S = Sh = 15,000 p s i ) h a s a f a c t o r of s a f e t y of
C
2 o r g r e a t e r up t o -400,000 c y c l e s .
The f - f a c t o r , which v a r i e s between
1 f o r 7,000 c y c l e s t o 0.5 f o r 100,000 or more c y c l e s , g i v e s t h e s t e p p e d
v a r i a t i o n between 7,000 and 100,000 c y c l e s . The f a c t o r of s a f e t y i s h i g h
a t low c y c l e s (e.g., 5.2 a t 100 c y c l e s ) .
Comparisons between Eqs. ( 9 ) and
(12) f o r m a t e r i a l s o t h e r t h a n SA106 Grade B a r e d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t s . 4.3
and 4.4.

5 -

1 -

10

F O R A 1 0 6 G R A D E 8 UP T O 65OOF
S C = S h = 1 5 k s i P E R 831.1

102

103

I
104

105

~~

106

CYCLES

Fig. 3.

Comparison of Eq.

SA106 Grade B m a t e r i a l .

( 9 ) w i t h Code 2 a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s e s f o r

10
Code 2 , l i k e Code 1, u s e s t h e l i n e a r c u m u l a t i v e damage h y p o t h e s i s a s
e x p r e s s e d by t h e e q u a t i o n g i v e n i n NC-3611.2(e)(3):

N = NE + r:(N1)

r5(N
2

1 +

..... r 5n( N n )

(13)

where

...
, ...

N1, N 2 ,
r

, r2

NE = number of c y c l e s a t r u n t e m p e r a t u r e change AT f o r
E
which t h e e x p a n s i o n s t r e s s S , h a s been c a l c u l a t e d ;
0
N n = number of c y c l e s f o r s m a l l e r t e m p e r a t u r e changes,
AT1, AT2,
ATn;
ATn/ATE.
r = ATXIATE, AT /ATE
n
2

...

...

The exponent of t h e r ' s , assuming S i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o AT

f o l l o w s from
E'
E
t h e exponent of N i n Eq. ( 9 ) . Note t h a t Eq. ( 1 3 ) d o e s n o t i n c l u d e c y c l i c
moments c a u s e d by o t h e r t h a n r e s t r a i n t of f r e e thermal e x p a n s i o n ( e . g . ,
c y c l i c moments c a u s e d by r e l i e f v a l v e d i s c h a r g e ) . E q u a t i o n ( 1 3 ) i m p l i e s
t h a t t h e r e i s no endurance l i m i t ( s t r e s s below which f a t i g u e damage d o e s
n o t o c c u r ) . T h i s i s deemed t o be a l r i g h t p r o v i d e d t h e N's a r e n o t g r e a t e r
t h a n l o 6 c y c l e s . E q u a t i o n (131, of c o u r s e , d o e s n o t e x p l i c i t l y c o v e r
l o a d i n g s such a s p r e s s u r e o r thermal g r a d i e n t s ( S e c t . 7 . 4 ) .
Equation ( 6 ) represents the f a t i g u e evaluation introduced i n t o the
p i p i n g code i n 1955. The r i g h t - h a n d s i d e of Fq. ( 6 ) i n c l u d e s t h e c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s S t h a t was d e f i n e d a s ' I . . . t h e sum of t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l
S
An e q u a t i o n
s t r e s s e s due t o p r e s s u r e , w e i g h t and o t h e r s u s t a i n e d l o a d s . "
was g i v e n f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l p r e s s u r e s t r e s s : S
= pd2/
SP
( D 2 - d 2 ) , where p = i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e , d = p i p e I D , and D = p i p e OD.
T h i s e q u a t i o n i s r e a s o n a b l y c o r r e c t f o r s t r a i g h t and c u r v e d p i p e ; i t i s
not d e f i n e d f o r r e d u c i n g o u t l e t t e e s .
( A r e the branch p i p e o r the run
p i p e d i m e n s i o n s t o b e u s e d ? ) An a p p r o p r i a t e method t o b e u s e d i n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e " l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r e s s e s due t o w e i g h t and o t h e r s u s t a i n e d l o a d s "
was n o t g i v e n . Except f o r s t r a i g h t p i p e , t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r e s s c a u s e d
by a moment l o a d i n g i s not g i v e n by M/Z.
Indeed, f o r elbows s u b j e c t e d t o
a n in-plane b e n d i n g moment, t h e maximum s t r e s s c a u s i n g f a t i g u e f a i l u r e i s
i n t h e hoop d i r e c t i o n . To q u a n t i f y how t o c a l c u l a t e S s , Code 2 now u s e s
the c r i t e r i a equation:
PD /4T
0

+ 0.75iMA/Z + iIGc/Z

Sh + f ( 1 . 2 5 S

+ 0.25Sh)

(14)

where

P = design pressure,

Ef = r e s u l t a n t moment c a u s e d by w e i g h t and o t h e r s u s t a i n e d l o a d s ,
b$ = r a n g e of r e s u l t a n t moment c a u s e d by thermal e x p a n s i o n .

11
With t h a t e q u i v a l e n c e ,
The i n t e n t w a s t h a t S = PDo/4T + 0.75iMA/Z.
S
Eqs. (6) and ( 1 4 ) a r e the same f o r f = 1 . 0 . In most a p p l i c a t i o n s , f i s
taken t o be u n i t y . The s i g n i f i c a n c e of S i n a f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n i s d i s S
c u s s e d f u r t h e r i n S e c t s . 4 . 6 and 4 . 1 .

12
4.

4.1

CORRELATIONS* BETWEEN CODES 1 AND 2

R e l a t i o n s h i p Between i and C z K z

Note under Eq. ( 9 ) t h a t i i s u n i t y f o r a g i r t h b u t t weld.

"be welds
t e s t e d by Markl were t y p i c a l of i n d u s t r i a l p r a c t i c e f o r w e l d s i n c a r b o n
s t e e l p i p i n g . The r o o t s of t h e w e l d s were n o t snooth, and t h e w e l d overl a y on t h e o u t s i d e s u r f a c e was t y p i c a l l y i r r e g u l a r and presumably i n c l u d e d
minor u n d e r c u t t i n g .
Such w e l d s a r e not t h e e q u i v a l e n t of p o l i s h e d b a r s
t h a t form t h e b a s i s f o r Code 1 f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n w i t h t h e a s s o c i a t e d C,
and K, moment-loading s t r e s s i n d e x e s . A c c o r d i n g l y , t o compare Code 2 and
Code 1 f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n s , a r e l a t i o n s h i p between i and C 2 K 2 must be
established.
For elbows s u b j e c t e d t o in-plane moment, t h e maximum p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s
ts
i s g i v e n by t h e o r y ( f o r t h e elbow p a r a m e t e r h l e s s t h a n a b o u t one) a s
m

The v a l i d i t y of Eq. ( 1 5 ) h a s been confirmed by numerous t e s t s i n which

s t r a i n g a g e s were p l a c e d on elbows s u b j e c t e d t o in-plane moment. The
i - f a c t o r f o r elbows, w i t h i = 1 . 0 f o r a t y p i c a l g i r t h b u t t weld, i s
i = 0.9Ih 213

(16)

The f a t i g u e t e s t s 3 t h a t l e d t o Eq. ( 1 6 ) were in-plane moment t e s t s . T h e

f a t i g u e f a i l u r e l o c a t i o n s and d i r e c t i o n s a g r e e d v e r y w e l l w i t h t h e theor e t i c a l l o c a t i o n and d i r e c t i o n of t h e maximum p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s . However,
a/=
i i s e x a c t l y one-half of 1 . 8 / h
- C,.
Because t h e f a i l u r e s o c c u r r e d ir
t h e body of t h e elbows remote from w e l d s , K, = 1 . 0 and
i = C,K,/2

(17)

E q u a t i o n ( 1 7 ) i s i n c l u d e d i n Code 2 , NC-3673.2(b).
T h e elbow t h e o r y and f a t i g u e t e s t s p r o v i d e t h e fundamental b a s i s f o r
J3q. ( 1 7 ) . However, o t h e r e v i d e n c e e x i s t s t o c o n f i r m i t s g e n e r a l v a l i d i t y
a s discussed i n the following.
I f i = 1 . 0 f o r a t y p i c a l g i r t h b u t t w e l d and Eq. ( 1 7 ) i s g e n e r a l l y
a p p l i c a b l e , t h e n we would e x p e c t t h a t i = 0 . 5 f o r f a t i g u e t e s t s r u n on a
s t r a i g h t p i p e w i t h p o l i s h e d s u r f a c e s , b e c a u s e C, = K, = 1.0.
Such t e s t s
a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e , b u t hiark13 i n c l u d e d t e s t s of " p l a i n s t r a i g h t p i p e . "
The r e s u l t i n g i - f a c t o r was 0.64.
F a t i g u e t e s t s of a p l a i n s t r a i g h t p i p e ,
w i t h t h e f a t i g u e machine u s e d by Markl, p o s e s a problem because a l m o s t

------

* C o r r e l a t i o n s a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o moment l o a d i n g s , because Code 2

c o v e r s o n l y moment l o a d i n g s .
See Chap. 7 f o r d i s c u s s i o n of t h i s a s p e c t .

13
any f e a s i b l e way of a n c h o r i n g t h e p i p e t o t h e t e s t frame w i l l i n t r o d u c e
a s t r e s s concentration.
Mark1 s o l v e d t h e problem by u s i n g a t a p e r e d - w a l l
f o r g i n g , w i t h about a 1 : l O t a p e r going from 0.237-in. nominal w a l l t o
-0.6-in.
nominal w a l l anchored-end.
The s u r f a c e of t h e t e s t s e c t i o n was
l e f t "as-forged" t o s i m u l a t e a t y p i c a l c a r b o n s t e e l p i p e s u r f a c e . Othe r s J 6 J 7 u s i n g r e s o n a n t bending t e s t i n g i n which t h e p i p e i s v i b r a t e d i n
t h e " f r e e - f r e e " mode w i t h t h e p i p e s u p p o r t e d a t t h e node p o i n t s , a l s o
o b t a i n e d i - f a c t o r s f o r c a r b o n s t e e l p i p e of about 0 . 6 5 . R e f e r e n c e 7
a l s o t e s t e d t y p e 304 a u s t e n i t i c s t e e l p i p e and o b t a i n e d a n i - f a c t o r of
0 . 5 5 , p e r h a p s because of t h e b e t t e r s u r f a c e f i n i s h of a u s t e n i t i c s t e e l
pipe.
Moment f a t i g u e t e s t s 7 - 0 on g i r t h b u t t w e l d s w i t h f u s i o n r o o t p a s s
a n d f o r t h e weld o v e r l a y ground f l u s h a l s o gave i - f a c t o r s l e s s t h a n one.
R e f e r e n c e s 10-15 g i v e r e s u l t s of t e s t s on b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s o r t e e s
i n which s t r e s s e s c a u s e d by b r a n c h moment l o a d s were measured w i t h s t r a i n
gages, a f t e r which t h e b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s o r t e e s were s u b j e c t e d t o branchl o a d i n g c y c l i c moment f a t i g u e t e s t s . These t e s t s a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t i
CzKz/2 (more s p e c i f i c a l l y , i 2 C K / 2 ) .
zb zb

4.2

Comparison of Code 1 w i t h Code 2 B a s i s ,

SA106 Grade B UR t o 4000F

Having t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p i = CzK2/2 and Ke a s d e f i n e d by Eq. ( 3 1 ,

comparisons can be made between Code 1 and Eq. ( 1 2 ) . The Code 1 Sa v s N
c u r v e s can b e a d j u s t e d f o r t h e K f a c t o r a s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g
p a r a g r a p h . We s t a r t w i t h t h e e q t a t i o n

K S = 2s (ranges)
e P
a

(18)

where Sa i s o b t a i n e d from Code 1 F i g s . 1 - 9 . 1 , 1 - 9 . 2 , o r 1-9.3 f o r t h e

For example, f o r N ( d e s i g n c y c l e s ) = 1 0 , S =
g i v e n number of c y c l e s N.
a
580 k s i f o r c a r b o n s t e e l s w i t h UTS L 80 k s i . Because S = K S and w i t h

231

Ke d e f i n e d by Eq. ( 3 1 , Eq. (18) becomes:

[ l + X(Sn/3S

l)lKzSn = 2 s

where X = ( 1 - n)/[n(m -111.

S

= {(X

1)K

+
2

C(X

f o r 3Sm

S o l v i n g Eq.

Sn

3,S,

(19) f o r S gives
n

1 I 2 K Z + 8XK S /3S 11/z}/(2XK / 3 S

z a

(19)

(20)

A1 so,

Sn

= 2nSa/Kz;

f o r Sn

>

3mSm

(21)

14

and

'n

2sa /K2 ;

f o r Sn

<

3s
m

(22)

A f t e r d e t e r m i n i n g Sn by Eq. ( 2 0 ) , t h e peak s t r e s s i s
S

= K S

a n

(23)

F i g u r e 4 shows t h e Code 1 Sa v s N curve, Code Fig. 1-9.1, f o r UTS

Also shown, a s dashed l i n e s , a r e t h e a d j u s t e d ( f o r K e ) c u r v e s
80 k s i .
f o r a carbon s t e e l w i t h Sm = 20 k s i , m = 3 , n = 0 . 2 , X = 2 . 0 , such a s
SA106 Grade B a t t e m p e r a t u r e s up t o 400OF. An example of t h e development
of t h e dashed c u r v e s , f o r N = IO3, K 2 = 2 . 0 , i s :

A t N = 103, Sa = 83 k s i (from Code T a b l e 1 - 9 . 1 ) .

E q u a t i o n ( 2 0 ) w i t h X = 2 . 0 , K2 = 2 . 0 , and 3Sm = 6 0 k s i g i v e s S n =
[2 + ( 4 + 3 2 x 8 3 / 6 0 ) 1 ' 2 1 / ( 8 / 6 0 ) = 6 7 . 1 k s i .

1.
2.

Because S > 3Sm, Fiq. ( 2 0 ) a p p l i e s ; n o t Eq. ( 2 1 ) o r ( 2 2 ) .

n
E q u a t i o n ( 2 3 ) : S = 2 x 6 7 . 1 = 134 k s i .
S is plotted a t
= l o 3 t o e s t a b l i s h a p o i n t on t h e dashed l i n e
P
l a b e l e d Kz = 2 .

3.

4.
5.

T h i s procedure i s r e p e a t e d t o o b t a i n o t h e r p o i n t s on t h e dashed l i n e s i n
F i g . 4 . The Ke a d j u s t m e n t s t o p s t o t h e r i g h t when S n = 3sm and t h e r e i s a
p o r t i o n of t h e dashed c u r v e s a t t h e extreme l e f t where Eq.

(21) controls.

ORNL-DWG 83-4598 ETD

1000

'.G

500

Lu

C3

z
a

C O D E 1 A D J U S T E D FOR K 2 = 2.0

LL

*
v)

100

[r

I-

*
Y

50

10

a
w

10

I
102

103
104
DESIGN C Y C L E S , N

I
105

106

Fig. 4 . Comparison of Eq. ( 2 4 ) w i t h Code 1 i n c l u d i n g Ke a d j u s t m e n t ,

SA106 Grade B up t o 4000F.

15
E q u a t i o n (121, f o r Code 2 , i s a d e s i g n c y c l e s e q u a t i o n w i t h a f a c t o r of s a f e t y of 2 on s t r e s s . However, because of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of
E q . (171, i = C2K2/2, t h e a p p r o p r i a t e comparison i s between 2 i S and S =
d
P
K S :
a n

F i g u r e 4 i n c l u d e s Eq. ( 2 4 ) . It i s a p p a r e n t i n F i g . 4 t h a t agreement
between 2 i S and S f o r K, = 2 i s good up t o -20,000 c y c l e s . K, = 2 i s
d
P
a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h a t used f o r a g i r t h b u t t weld.
For IC, = 1, Code 1 i s more
c o n s e r v a t i v e t h a n Eq. ( 2 4 ) . 9, = 1 i s used f o r elbows; d i r e c t comparison
of elbow f a t i g u e t e s t s w i t h Code 1 f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n a l s o i n d i c a t e s t h a t
Code 1 i s c o n s e r v a t i v e a s a p p l i e d t o c a r b o n s t e e l e l b o w s . 1 6 r x 7
The high-cycle end of F i g . 4 w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n Chap. 5 .

4.3

O t h e r F e r r i t i c M a t e r i a l s and Temperatures

F i g u r e 4 c o n s t i t u t e s t h e most s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n between Codes 2

and 1, because M a r k l ' s f a t i g u e t e s t s were r u n on p i p i n g components made of
SA106 Grade B c a r b o n s t e e l a t room t e m p e r a t u r e and because Code 1 d e s i g n
f a t i g u e c u r v e s i n F i g . 1-9.1 f o r UTS
80 k s i , a s d i s c u s s e d i n Appendix B,
a r e b a s e d on t e s t s a t room t e m p e r a t u r e of m a t e r i a l s l i k e SA106 Grade 3.
T a b l e 1 shows c o r r e l a t i o n s between Codes 2 and 1 in t h e form of rat i o s of d e s i g n f a t i g u e s t r e s s e s t o Eq. ( 2 4 ) . For Code 2 , Fq. ( 2 4 ) i s mult i p l i e d by ( S c + ShImt/(Sc + ShIr, where t h e s u b s c r i p t " m t " i n d i c a t e s t h e
v a l u e s of S and Sh f o r t h e i n d i c a t e d m a t e r i a l and t e m p e r a t u r e ; s u b s c r i p t
C
I1 I1
r i n d i c a t e s t h e r e f e r e n c e SA106 Grade B a t l O O O F (Sc = Sh = 1 5 k s i ) .
Code 1 b a s i c d e s i g n f a t i g u e c u r v e s group m a t e r i a l s ( e . g . , SA106
Grades A, B, and C ) do n o t depend on t e m p e r a t u r e . * However, t h e d e s i g n
f a t i g u e s t r e s s e s a r e m a t e r i a l and t e m p e r a t u r e dependent when t h e K f a c e
which i s m a t e r i a l and
t o r i s i n v o l v e d , because K i s a f u n c t i o n of S
e
m'
t e m p e r a t u r e dependent.
T a b l e 1 r a t i o s a r e numerical a n a l o g s of e i g h t g r a p h s l i k e F i g . 4 . We
p r e v i o u s l y n o t e d t h a t F i g . 4 showed t h a t t h e agreement between Eq. ( 2 4 )
and S f o r K, = 2 . 0 f o r A106 Grade B carbon s t e e l was good up t o -20,000
P
cycles.
In T a b l e 1 t h e r a t i o s a r e shown: 0 . 9 6 , 0.97, 1 . 0 9 , and 0.98 f o r
N = 1 0 , l o 2 , 1 0 3 , and l o 4 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Code 2 r a t i o s a r e independent of c y c l e s N whereas t h e Code 1 r a t i o s
For small N, K may be equal t o l / n , i n which c a s e t h e
depend upon N.
:
t h u s i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e m a t e r i a l ( w i t h i n
r a t i o s a r e independent of S ad
m
t h e group) and t e m p e r a t u r e . For l a r g e N, K = 1 . 0 , i n which c a s e t h e
e
r a t i o s a r e a l s o i n d e p e n d e n t of S and t h u s i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e m a t e r i a l
m
( w i t h i n t h e group) and t e m p e r a t u r e . W i t h i n t h e range between Ke = l / n and
*Provided E u s e d i n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e s t r e s s e s i s t h e same a s t h o s e
shown i n Code 1 F i g . 1-9.0.

16

Table 1.

of d e s i g n f a t i g u e s t r e s s e s t o Eq. ( 2 4 ) f o r f e r r i t i c m a t e r i a l s

Ratios'

Temper a t u r e

Temperature
lOOOF

Nb

700F

BasisC

( S)

SAl06A

SAl06B

:if'

SAl06C

SAl06A

SAl06B

SA67 2-

Jloo

SAl06C
~

Code 2
Code 1. K, = 1
Code 1, K, = 2

0.80
0.75
0.85

1.oo
0.7Sd
0.96

1.17
0,7Sd
1.04

1.67
0.64

1.oo

10'
(195)

Code 2
Code 1, K, = 1
Code 1, K, = 2

0.80
0.57
0.85

1.oo
0.65
0.97

1.17
0.71
1.07

10'
(123)

Code 2
Code 1, K, = 1
Code 1, K, = 2

0.80
0.62
0.95

1.00
0.71
1.09

104
(77.7)

Code 2
Code 1, K, = 1
Code 1. K, = 2

0.80
0.73
0.98e

10'
(49.0)

Code 2
Code 1, K, = 1
Code 1, K , = 2

10'

Code 2
Code 1, K, = 1
Code 1, K, = 2

10
(309)

(30.9)

Ratios t o S = 2 i S

bS = 490 N - O " .

d
hi.

1.14
0.7 gd
0.93

1.67
0.64

0.80

0.98
0.7 gd
0.87

1.67
0.72
1.19

0.79
0.54
0.80

0.98
0.59
0.88

1.14
0.64
0.95

1.67
0.72
1.19

1.17
0.78
1.20

1.67
0.90
1.30'

0.79
0.58
0.89

0.98
0.64
0.98

1.14
0.69
1.06

1.67
0.90
1.30e

1 .oo
0.84
0.98'

1.17
0.93
0.98e

1.67
1.07'
1.07e

0.79
0.68
0.9Ee

0.98
0.75
0.98e

1.14
0.82
0.98e

1.67
1.07e
1.07e

0.80
0.82e
0.82e

1.oo
0.82e
0.82e

1.17
0.82e
0.82e

1.67
0.96e
0.96e

0.79
0.82e
0.82e

0.98
0.82e
0.82e

1.14
0.82'
0.82e

1.67
0.96'
0.96e

0.80
0,81e
0.81e

1.oo

1.17
0.81e
0.81e

1.67

0.81e
0.81e

l.Oge
l.Oge

0.79
0.81"

0.98
0.81e
0.81e

1.14
0.81e
0.81e

1.67
l.Oge
l.Oge

490.000 N-O",

'Code 2 , ~ q .( 2 4 ) x (sC+ S h ) m t / ( S c
Code 1, Sp by Eq. ( 2 3 ) .
d I n d i c a t e s t h a t Sn
Code 1 Table 1-9.1

0.79
0.75d

0.81e

1.oo

Eq. ( 2 4 ) .

s ~ ) s e~e .t e x t .

3mSm, Ke = l / n , and S

f o r l i s t e d N,

e I n d i c a t e s t h a t S,

~~

= 2nSa.

Sa = f a t i g u e d e s i g n s t r e s s from

i n t e r p o l a t e d f o r SA672-J100.

3Sm, Ke = 1 . 0 ,

and

sp =

2sa.

ICe = 1.0, Codes 2 and 1 g i v e s i m i l a r changes i n d e s i g n f a t i g u e s t r e s s e s a s

a f u n c t i o n of m a t e r i a l and t e m p e r a t u r e .
SA672-J100 i s a low-alloy s t e e l , welded p i p e m a t e r i a l .
I t i s seldom
used i n n u c l e a r power p l a n t p i p i n g b u t was i n c l u d e d t o i l l u s t r a t e a potenSA672-5100 h a s a
t i a l h a z a r d i n t h e Code 2 f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e d u r e .
s p e c i f i e d minimum S of 100 k s i , S of 83 k s i , Sc = S = 25 k s i , and Sm =
U
Y
h
33.3 k s i . Being l i s t e d a s a low-alloy s t e e l , m = 2, 1: = 0.2, and X = 4 as
c o n t r a s t e d t o SA106 Grades A, B, and C f o r which m = 3 , n = 0.2, and X =
2 . V a l u e s of S were o b t a i n e d from Code T a b l e J-9.1 by l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a a
t i o n between v a l u e s g i v e n f o r UTS
80 and UTS = 115-130 ( S of 80 and 115
U
were used i n t h e i n t e r p o l a t i o n ) .
I t c a n be s e e n i n T a b l e 1 t h a t Code 2 p e r m i t s a f a t i g u e d e s i g n s t r e s s
f o r SA672-J100 t h a t i s 1.67 t i m e s t h a t g i v e n by Eq. (24) f o r SA106 Grade B
a t 1000F. In c o n t r a s t , Code 1, f o r K, = 2.0 ( e . g . , a g i r t h b u t t w e l d ) ,
p e r m i t s a f a t i g u e d e s i g n s t r e s s t h a t i s , f o r most N, about e q u a l t o t h a t
f o r SA106 Grade B at. 100F. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , no t e s t s a r e a v a i l a b l e on
As mentioned p r e v i o u s l y , Markl' s
g i r t h b u t t w e l d s i n SA672-Jl00 p i p e .

17
t e s t s were r u n on p i p i n g components made of m a t e r i a l s w i t h S r a n g i n g from
62.4 t o 86.3 k s i , and S r a n g i n g from 38.9 t o 56.2 k s i .
Howher, fatigue
Y
f a i l u r e s i n g i r t h b u t t w e l d s may be r e l a t e d to t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e weld
m e t a l o r h e a t - a f f e c t e d zone r a t h e r t h a n t h e b a s e m e t a l . We would specul a t e t h a t g i r t h b u t t w e l d s i n SA672-J100 p i p e would n o t be much b e t t e r
t h a n g i r t h b u t t w e l d s i n SA106 Grade B, and i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r r e s p e c t ,
Code 1 i s p r o b a b l y more a c c u r a t e t h a n Code 2 . Note, however, t h a t r a t i o s
in T a b l e 1 a r e t o t h e b a s i c p i p i n g p r o d u c t f a t i g u e c u r v e , E q . ( 2 4 ) , and
t h a t Code 2 a l l o w a b l e f a t i g u e d e s i g n s t r e s s e s , a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 3 ,
c o n t a i n a l a r g e margin f o r a l o w number of c y c l e s .
A somewhat analogous s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s i n ANSI B31.3-1980, fiemicaZ
E'lant and Petroleum Refinery Piping, where changing t h e a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s
b a s i s from a f a c t o r of 114 t o 1 1 3 on Su i n c r e a s e d a l l o w a b l e d e s i g n f a t i g u e
s t r e s s e s by a f a c t o r of 413 f o r some m a t e r i a l s and t e m p e r a t u r e s ( e . g . ,
f o r A106 Grade B from 15 to 20 k s i f o r t e m p e r a t u r e s up t o 400OF).
4.4

A u s t e n i t i c S t e e l s , A l l o y s 600 and 800

A v a i l a b l e f a t i g u e t e s t d a t a on p i p i n g components made of t y p e 304

a u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s s t e e l aI?d dimensional e q u i v a l e n t p i p i n g components
made of SA106 Grade B c a r b o n s t e e l a r e a b s t r a c t e d i n Appendix C.
Tbese
d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t SA106 Grade B components a r e s l i g h t l y s t r o n g e r t h a n
t y p e 304 components.
A c c o r d i n g l y , i t i s p e r t i n e n t t o c o n t i n u e comparisons w i t h Eq. ( 2 4 ) .
F i g u r e 5 shows comparisons between Eq. ( 2 4 ) , 2 i S = 490,000
d
F i g u r e 5 i s f o r an a u s t e n i t i c s t e e l w i t h S =
and Eq. ( 2 3 ) , S = K S
2 n
m
20 k s i ( e . g . , S k 1 2 t y p e 304 a t 1 0 0 0 F ) . For a u s t e n i t i c s t e e l s ( a n d a l l o y s
600 and 800), m = 1 . 7 , n = 0 . 3 , and X = 3.333.

ORNL-DWG 83-4599 ETD

103
.-

,CODE

-w

Y)

a
a
g

102

w
[r

n
r
Y

10
10

102

F i g . 5 . Comparison of Eq.
SA312 t y p e 304 a t 10O0F.

103
104
DESIGN C Y C L E S , N

105

106

( 2 4 ) w i t h Code 1 i n c l u d i n g ICe a d j u s t m e n t ,

18
F i g u r e 5 i n d i c a t e s t h a t f a i r agreement e x i s t s between Eq. (24) and
f o r K, = 2.0 up t o lo3 c y c l e s . However, f o r N > l o 4 , Code 1 a l l o w a b l e
P
s t r e s s e s a r e 1.5 t o 1.7 t i m e s t h o s e g i v e n by Eq. (24). If, a s s u g g e s t e d
by t h e d a t a i n Appendix C, Eq. (24) i s about r i g h t or s l i g h t l y unconserA simiv a t i v e f o r 304 m a t e r i a l a t 100F, t h e n Code 1 i s u n c o n s e r v a t i v e .
l a r r e l a t i o n s h i p i s a p p a r e n t f o r Kz = 1 . 0 f o r N g r e a t e r t h a n -10; c y c l e s .
T a b l e 2, l i k e T a b l e 1, shows c o r r e l a t i o n s between Code 2 and Code 1
in t h e form of r a t i o s of d e s i g n f a t i g u e s t r e s s e s t o Eq. (24). W e prev i o u s l y noted t h a t F i g . 5 showed agreement between Eq. (24) and S f o r 3 0 4
P
a t l O O O F and K, = 2.0 up t o l o 3 c y c l e s .
I n T a b l e 2 t h e r a t i o s a r e shown:
1.26, 0.92, and 1.14 f o r N = 1 0 , l o 2 , and lo3 c y c l e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
J t i s a p p a r e n t i n T a b l e 2 t h a t Code 2 a l s o a s s i g n s h i g h e r a l l o w a b l e
f a t i g u e d e s i g n s t r e s s e s t o 304 t h a n t o SA106 Grade B, by a f a c t o r of 1.25.
T h i s i s c o n t r a d i c t o r y t o t h e t e s t d a t a on p i p i n g p r o d u c t s shown i n Append i x C.
S

T a b l e 2 . R a t i o s a of d e s i g n f a t i g u e s t r e s s e s t o Eq. ( 2 4 ) f o r 304
a u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s and a l l o y s 600 and 800

b
Basis

(S)

Temperature
100F

c
304

Temperature

8000F

304L
600

aoo

304

304L
600

800

10
(309)

Code 2
Code 1, K, = 1
Code 1, K, = 2

1.25
1.26d
1.26d

1.05
1.26d
1.26d

1.33
1.26d
1.26d

1.25
1.26d
1.26d

1.13
1.26d
1.26d

0.96
1.26d
1.26d

1.18
1.26d
1.26 d

1.24
1.26d
1.26d

10'
(195)

Code 2
Code 1, K,
Code 1, K,

1.25
0.74d
0.92

1.05
0.74d
0.82

1.33
0.74d
0.92

1.25
0.74 d
0.92

1.13
0 .74d
0.77

0.96
0.74$
0.74

1.18
0.74d
0.92

1.24
0.74d
0.92

1.05
0.63

1.25
0.71
1.14

1.13
0.59
0.94

0.96
0.54
o .a4

1.18
0.71
1.14

1.24
0.71
1.14

= 1

= 2

10'
(123)

Code 2
Code 1, K, = 1
Code 1, K, = 2

1.25
1.14

1.oo

1.33
0.71
1.14

104

Code 2
Code 1, K, = 1
Code 1, K, = 2

1.25
0.92
1.52'

1.05
0.81
1.34

1.33
0.92
1.52'

1.25
0.92
1.52e

1.13
0.76
1.25

0.96
0.69
1.ll

1. i a
0.92
1.52e

1.24
0.92
1.52e

104
(49.0)

Code 2
Code 1, K, = 1
Code 1, K, = 2

1.25
1.29
1.53e

1.05
1.13
1.53e

1.33
1.29
1.53'

1.25
1.29
1.53'

1.13
1.06
1.53e

0.96
0.94
1.53e

1.18
1.29
1.53e

1.24
1.29
1.53e

10'
(30.9)

Code 2
Code 1. K, = 1
Code 1, K, = 2

1.25
1.6ae
1.68'

1.05
1.64
1.6ae

1.33
1 .6ae
1. 6 a e

1.25
1.6ae
1. 6 a e

1.13
1.52
1.6ae

0.96
1.35
1.6Se

1. i a
1.6ae
1. 6 a e

1.24
1.6ae
1.6Se

(77.7)

0.71

R a t i o s t o S = 2 i S = 490,000
d
N-O",
ksi.

N-O",

F!q.

~~~~

(24).

bS = 490

Code 2 , h. ( 2 4 ) x ( S c + Sh),,,t/(Sc + S h ) r .
Code 1, Sp by Eq. ( 2 3 ) .

see text.

d I n d i c a t e s t h a t Sn > 3mSm, Ke = l / n , and S = 2nSa.

P
from Code 1 T a b l e 1-9.1 f o r l i s t e d N.
e
I n d i c a t e s t h a t Sn < 3Sm, Ke = 1 . 0 , and S p = 2Sa.

Sa = f a t i g u e d e s i g n s t r e s s

19
4.5

Temperature E f f e c t , P i p i n n P r o d u c t T e s t s

As d i s c u s s e d i n Appendix B, Code 1 d e s i g n f a t i g u e c u r v e s a r e depend e n t on t e m p e r a t u r e through t h e dependence on modulus of e l a s t i c i t y E.

Code 1, IW-3222.4(e)(4) , i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e of s t r e s s
a m p l i t u d e s h o u l d be m u l t i p l i e d by E/E', where E' i s t h e modulus used i n
t h e c a l c u l a t i o n and E i s t h e modulus g i v e n on t h e d e s i g n f a t i g u e curve.
I n C l a s s 1 p i p i n g (IW-3672.51, t h e p i p i n g system a n a l y s e s a r e b a s e d on
t h e h o t modulus E
b u t c a l c u l a t i o n s of e x p a n s i o n s t r e s s e s a r e m u l t i p l i e d
h'
i
s t h e c o l d modulus.
by Ec/Eh, where E
To t h e e x t e n t t h a t E g i v e n on
C
t h e d e s i g n f a t i g u e c u r v e s i s E , NB-3222.4(e)(4) and NB-3672.5 a g r e e w i t h
C
e a c h o t h e r . However, t h i s i s n o t q u i t e t h e c a s e a t p r e s e n t (19821, f o r
example, f o r 304 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l a t 70F, E = 28.3 x l o 6 p s i , whereas t h e
v a l u e of E shown on t h e d e s i g n f a t i g u e c u r v e i s 26.0 x l o 6 p s i .
R e f e r e n c e s 18-20 i n c l u d e a few f a t i g u e t e s t s of g i r t h b u t t w e l d s and
elbows a t room t e m p e r a t u r e and a t 55O0F. There i s no a p p a r e n t e f f e c t of a
t e m p e r a t u r e of 550F w i t h r e s p e c t t o room t e m p e r a t u r e t e s t s . The r a t i o s
of room t e m p e r a t u r e modulus t o t h e 550F modulus a r e about 1.1 f o r b o t h
SA106 Grade B and t y p e 304 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l .

4.6

Mean S t r e s s e s

A s d i s c u s s e d i n Appendix B, Code 1 d e s i g n f a t i g u e c u r v e s i n c l u d e an
a d j u s t m e n t f o r t h e maximum e f f e c t of mean s t r e s s . The S term i n Eq. ( 6 )
S
might a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d a s a mean s t r e s s a d j u s t m e n t . However, i f so cons i d e r e d , i t would a p p l y f o r a l l c y c l e s t r e s s l e v e l s and would be more sev e r e t h a n Code 1. For example, a s i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 3 , i f S s = Sh ( t h e
maximum p e r m i s s i b l e v a l u e of S 1 , t h e a l l o w a b l e d e s i g n f a t i g u e s t r e s s e s
a r e r e d u c e d t o 60% of t h o s e p e g m i t t e d w i t h S s = 0 .
I n p i p i n g systems, e a c h time t h e r e i s a s t a r t - u p and shutdown, which
p r o d u c e s t h e ( u s u a l l y ) major c y c l e of e x p a n s i o n s t r e s s r a n g e , t h e press u r e a l s o c y c l e s from z e r o t o t h e o p e r a t i n g p r e s s u r e and back t o z e r o
and t h e r e i s a l s o a c y c l e of thermal g r a d i e n t s . Noting t h a t S i n c l u d e s
S
w e i g h t l o a d i n g , and t h a t a t e a c h s t a r t - u p and shutdown c y c l e , t h e cont a i n e d f l u i d w e i g h t might change s i g n i f i c a n t l y , t h a t p o r t i o n of S might
S
a l s o "cycle.''
Accordingly, S might be viewed a s a c r u d e allowance f o r
S
c y c l i c l o a d s o t h e r t h a n c y c l i c moments. The r o l e of S i n a f a t i g u e evalS
u a t i o n i s d i s c u s s e d f u r t h e r i n Chap. 7 .
Most f a t i g u e t e s t d a t a on p i p i n g p r o d u c t s have been r u n on specimens
w i t h t h e w e l d s "as-welded" and, hence, had h i g h mean s t r e s s e s from r e s i d u a l weld s t r e s s e s . To t h e e x t e n t t h a t f a i l u r e s o c c u r r e d a t w e l d s ( g i r t h
b u t t w e l d s , g i r t h f i l l e t w e l d s , and w e l d s i n f a b r i c a t e d t e e s ) , t h e s e t e s t s
( e v e n though c o m p l e t e l y r e v e r s e d d i s p l a c e m e n t o r l o a d ) may have i n c l u d e d
some e f f e c t of mean s t r e s s .
Some moment p i p i n g p r o d u c t f a t i g u e t e s t s have been r u n w i t h a cons t a n t p re s s u re i n s i d e the t e s t
I n t h e s e t e s t s , int e r n a l p r e s s u r e s were a p p r o x i m a t e l y equal t o t h e maximum d e s i g n p r e s s u r e .
The c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e p r o d u c e s a mean s t r e s s , a l t h o u g h t h e maximum s t r e s s

20

c a u s e d by p r e s s u r e was u s u a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s t h a n t h a t c a u s e d by t h e
moment r a n g e , and t h e maximum p r e s s u r e - s t r e s s l o c a t i o n and d i r e c t i o n d o e s
n o t c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e maximum moment-stress l o c a t i o n and d i r e c t i o n .
Acc o r d i n g l y , t h e e f f e c t of mean s t r e s s c a u s e d by i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e would be
e x p e c t e d t o be s m a l l , and i n d e e d , t h e t e s t d a t a i n d i c a t e no s i g n i f i c a n t
d i f f e r e n c e between t e s t s w i t h and w i t h o u t i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e .
R e f e r e n c e 22 a l s o i n c l u d e s t e s t s o n c a r b o n s t e e l b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s
i n which s i m u l a t e d m i s a l i g n m e n t s t r e s s e s of W/Z = 10, 15, 20, o r 25 k s i
were imposed a l o n g w i t h c y c l i c s t r e s s a m p l i t u d e s of 3 t o 5 k s i .
These
were h i g h - c y c l e f a t i g u e t e s t s ( N between 5 x l o 5 snd l o 7 ) , and mean
f
s t r e s s e s were h i g h compared w i t h c y c l i c s t r e s s e s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e r e
was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between r e s u l t s w i t h t h e l o w e s t and h i g h e s t
mean s t r e s s .
I n summary, a v a i l a b l e t e s t d a t a on p i p i n g p r o d u c t s do n o t i n d i c a t e
t h a t mean s t r e s s e s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t .
I n a l l c a s e s t h e s t r e s s r a n g e was
the s i g n i f i c a n t aspect i n the piping product t e s t f a t i g u e f a i l u r e s .

21

5.

HIGH-CYCLE FATIGUE

A s i g n i f i c a n t number of f a t i g u e f a i l u r e s ( l e a k s ) have o c c u r r e d i n
s m a l l - s i z e d n u c l e a r power p l a n t p i p i n g .
These have been r e l a t e d t o v i b r a t i o n of t h e p i p i n g where t h e number of accumulated c y c l e s can be v e r y
l a r g e i n a r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t p e r i o d of c a l e n d a r time.
For example, a t a
v i b r a t i o n f r e q u e n c y of 100 Hz, 3.2 x l o 9 c y c l e s accumulate i n 1 y e a r .
Large numbers of accumulated c y c l e s can be c a u s e d by t u r b u l e n t mixing of
h o t and c o l d f l u i d s o r by flow-induced s t r u c t u r a l v i b r a t i o n ( e . g . , i n
steam g e n e r a t o r t u b e s ) .
The c o n d i t i o n s l e a d i n g t o h i g h accumulated c y c l e s a r e d i f f i c u l t t o
a n t i c i p a t e and have n o t been i n c l u d e d i n r o u t i n e e v a l u a t i o n s of n u c l e a r
power p l a n t p i p i n g . However, i f v i b r a t i o n i s o b s e r v e d i n p r e o p e r a t i o n a l
t e s t i n g or i n s e r v i c e , a p p r o p r i a t e d e s i g n f a t i g u e s t r e s s l i m i t s a r e needed
t o a s s e s s t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of such v i b r a t i o n s .
Code 1 d e s i g n c u r v e s p r o v i d e v a l u e s f o r a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s a m p l i t u d e
S f o r up t o l o c c y c l e s . NB-3222.4 and NB-3653 .5 c o n t a i n i m p l i c a t i o n s
a
Furthermore, t h e f o o t t h a t S a t l o 6 c y c l e s i s a d e s i g n endurance l i m i t .
a
n o t e t o N3-3222.5 s a y s , "The endurance l i m i t s h a l l be t a k e n a s two t i m e s
t h e S v a l u e a t l o 6 c y c l e s i n t h e a p p l i c a b l e f a t i g u e c u r v e of F i g . 1-9.0."
The f t c t o r of 2 h e r e removes t h e s a f e t y f a c t o r i n F i g . 1-9.0.
U s i n g Sa a t 106 c y c l e s a s an endurance l i m i t l e a d s t o a usage f a c t o r
U of z e r o f o r any s t r e s s a m p l i t u d e l e s s t h a n S a t l o 6 , r e g a r d l e s s of t h e
a
number of c y c l e s . For example, i f S were c a l c u l a t e d t o be 50,000 p s i i n
P
a 304 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l p i p i n g component, t h e n U = 0 even f o r 109 c y c l e s .
A s d i s c u s s e d i n Appendix B, a more d e f e n s i b l e v a l u e of a l l o w a b l e d e s i g n
s t r e s s a m p l i t u d e S f o r 304 m a t e r i a l a t l o 9 c y c l e s (Curve C ) i s 13,900
a
psi.
By u s i n g S a t l o 6 c y c l e s = 26,000 p s i a s an endurance l i m i t , t h e
f a c t o r of s a f e t y a o f 2 on s t r e s s might be f u l l y used up and f a i l u r e ( l e a k )
would be about a 50% p r o b a b i l i t y f o r t h i s example w i t h S = 50,000 p s i ,
P
N = l o 9 c y c l e s , 304 m a t e r i a l .
Code 2 a l l o w a b l e d e s i g n s t r e s s e s f o r N > 10s a r e g i v e n by Eq. (6)
w i t h f = 0.5. Comparisons between Codes 1 and 2 ( r a n g e b a s i s ) a r e shown
i n T a b l e 3. The l a s t column of T a b l e 3 shows our e s t i m a t e of an approp r i a t e v a l u e of t h e endurance l i m i t S f o r an e f f e c t i v e l y i n f i n i t e number
of c y c l e s (N = l o l l ) , where S i s a d j z s t e d f o r t h e maximum e f f e c t of mean
e
s t r e s s and c o n t a i n s a f a c t o r of s a f e t y of 2 on s t r e s s . For type 304
s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s , t h e e s t i m a t e comes from Appendix B.*
Our e s t i m a t e of
S f o r f e r r i t i c s t e e l s i s discussed i n the following paragraphs.
e
E q u a t i o n ( 9 ) i s b a s e d on M a r k l ' s t e s t d a t a t h a t covered a range of
c y c l e s from 1 0 t o l o 6 . Mark1 n o t e d t h a t h i s d a t a on p i p i n g p r o d u c t s ,
o t h e r t h a n p l a i n s t r a i g h t p i p e , gave no e v i d e n c e a t a l l of t r e n d i n g t o
a n a s y m p t o t i c v a l u e (endurance l i m i t ) w i t h i n t h e range of c y c l e s covered.
F a t i g u e t e s t r e s u l t s on b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s i n Ref. 22 i n d i c a t e t h a t Eq.
( 9 ) i s v a l i d up t o l o 7 c y c l e s , w i t h some i n d i c a t i o n of an endurance l i m i t
*The e s t i m a t e d v a l u e i s t h e v a l u e a t 1 0 l 1 c y c l e s on t h e proposed
Curve C.

22
T a b l e 3 . Comparisons of a l l o w a b l e d e s i g n s t r e s s r a n g e s a t
h i g h c y c l e s and e s t i m a t e of endurance l i m i t Se
.

Allowable d e s i g n
s t r e s s range

Endurance

Material

SA106 Grade B
SA106 Grade A
SA106 Grade C
SA672- J 1 0 0

-<650

-(650
-<650
-< 650

25 .O
25 .O
25 .O
40 .O

37.5
30 .O
43.8
62.5

22.5
18.0
26.2
37.5

14
14
14
14?

SA312 t y p e 304

100
800

52 .O
52 .O

47 .o
42.5

28.2
27.3

27
27

SA312 t y p e 304L

100
800

50.5:

41.8

39.2
35.9

23.6
22.9

27
27

V a l u e s of 2Sa a t
t o range.

lo6

cycles.

The f a c t o r of 2 c o n v e r t s a m p l i t u d e

bValues of 2SE by Eq. (6). The f a c t o r of 2 i n c o r p o r a t e s t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p 2 i = C,K, and t h e Code 2 f - f a c t o r f o r N > 100,000 i s 0 . 5 ,
hence 2SE = 1 . 2 5 ( S c + Sh) - Ss.
C

K e a d j ustment i s a p p l i c a b l e.

around 10' c y c l e s .
Dividing
A t 10' c y c l e s , Eq. ( 9 ) g i v e s isf = 1 2 . 3 k s i .
t h i s by 2 , t o o b t a i n a f a c t o r of s a f e t y of 2 on s t r e s s , aEd m u l t i p l y i n g
l e a d s t o a n e s t i m a t e of S ( r a n g e ) of
by 2 , t o a c c o u n t f o r 2i = C,K,,
e
12.3 k s i .
High-cycle f a t i g u e f o r a u s t e n i t i c s t e e l s i s d i s c u s s e d i n Appendix B.
One of t h e p r o p o s e d c u r v e s (Curve A) i s simply an e x t r a p o l a t i o n of t h e
p r e s e n t Code 1 u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n ( f o r E = 28.3 x 106 p s i ) :

sa

= 9 1 5 9 / f l + 47.35

(25)

I n t h i s e x t r a p o l a t i o n , a d j u s t m e n t for mean s t r e s s was n o t c o n s i d e r e d

n e c e s s a r y , b e c a u s e S was presumed t o be g r e a t e r t h a n t h e y i e l d s t r e n g t h
a
of t h e m a t e r i a l .
If we s i m i l a r l y e x t r a p o l a t e t h e p r e s e n t Code 1 c u r v e of F i g . 1-9.1
80 k s i and a p p l y t h e a d j u s t m e n t f o r maximum e f f e c t of mean
f o r UTS
s t r e s s ( s e e Appendix B, T a b l e B . l ) , t h e n we o b t a i n S = 7.43 k s i a t l o l l
a

23

c y c l e s . T h i s l e a d s t o a n e s t i m a t e of S ( r a n g e ) of 2 x 7.43 = 14.8 k s i v s
e
12.3 k s i by Eq. ( 9 ) a t 10' c y c l e s .
Some a d d i t i o n a l guidance can be o b t a i n e d from f a t i g u e t e s t s of b u t t welded j o i n t s i n p l a t e s .
R e f e r e n c e 23 c o n t a i n s a c o m p i l a t i o n of such
data.
In p a r t i c u l a r , F i g . B6 of Ref. 23 c o v e r s b u t t w e l d s ( r e i n f o r c e m e n t
l e f t on) i n s t r u c t u r a l c a r b o n s t e e l s , w i t h f a i l u r e p o i n t s o u t t o 2 x lo6
cycles.
The d a t a , l i k e M a r k l ' s , show no e v i d e n c e of an endurance l i m i t .
b
E x p r e s s e d i n t h e form S = aNf , t h e b e s t - f i t c o n s t a n t s a and b g i v e
f
sf

= 920

N-0*276

ksi

(26)

R e f e r e n c e 23 d a t a cover from l o 4 t o 2 x l o 6 c y c l e s ; w h e r e a s M a r k l ' s d a t a

In t h e r e g i o n of o v e r l a p , Eqs. ( 9 )
cover from 2 x l o 3 t o 4 x l o s c y c l e s .
and (26) a g r e e f a i r l y w e l l w i t h each o t h e r even though a b u t t weld i n
p l a t e i s n o t t h e same a s a g i r t h b u t t weld i n p i p e . Reference 23 d a t a
a r e h e a v i l y w e i g h t e d by r e s u l t s between N = 5 x l o 5 and N f = 2 x l o 6 .
f
For Nf = 1 0 7 , i t g i v e s S = 10.8 k s i , which c o r r e s p o n d s t o S = 10.8 k s i ,
f
e
a f t e r d i v i d i n g by 2 f o r t h e f a c t o r of s a f e t y and m u l t i p l y i n g by 2 f o r
2 i = C,K,.
R e f e r e n c e 24 g i v e s d a t a on f a t i g u e p r o p e r t i e s f o r butt-welded j o i n t s
i n SM50 B h i g h t e n s i l e s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l p l a t e s ( S = 82.7 k s i and S =
U
Y
7 1 k s i ) . These d a t a cover t h e range from N = l o 4 t o Nf = l o 7 , w i t h a few
f
llrunoutll p o i n t s a t 2 x 107 c y c l e s .
These t e s t s a l s o g i v e lower s t r e s s e s
t h a n Eq. ( 9 ) a t lo7 c y c l e s [-14.5 k s i v s t h e Eq. ( 9 ) v a l u e of 19.5 k s i l .
R e f e r e n c e 24 d a t a s u g g e s t a v a l u e f o r Se of -14.5 k s i .
R e f e r e n c e s 23 and 24 t e s t s were r u n i n r e v e r s e d t e n s i o n ; hence, t h e y
Posi n c l u d e a mean s t r e s s e f f e c t . M a r k l ' s t e s t s were r e v e r s e d bending.
s i b l y t h i s mean s t r e s s e f f e c t i s a major r e a s o n f o r lower f a t i g u e f a i l u r e
s t r e s s r a n g e s a t h i g h c y c l e s i n R e f s . 23 and 24 t h a n o b t a i n e d from Eq.
(9).
SA672-J100 i s a h i g h - s t r e n g t h , low-alloy f e r r i t i c s t e e l w i t h s p e c i f i e d minimum S = 100 k s i and S = 83 k s i .
R e f e r e n c e 25, i n p a r t i c u l a r
U
Y
Fig. 5 t h e r e i n , i n d i c a t e s t h e v a r i a t i o n i n S a t 2 x 106 c y c l e s w i t h UTS
f
f o r b u t t w e l d s ( r e i n f o r c e m e n t l e f t on) i n f e r r i t i c s t e e l p l a t e s .
The d a t a
There i s , on t h e a v e r a g e , an incover a range of S from 55 t o 150 k s i .
U
c r e a s e i n S w i t h Su of -60% between S of 55 and 100 k s i and p o s s i b l y a
f
U
decrease i n S with f u r t h e r increases i n S
However, t h e s c a t t e r of t h e
f
U'
d a t a a t Su = 100 k s i i s such t h a t i t m i g h t be imprudent t o depend upon any
increase i n S with S
R e f e r e n c e 25 d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t , f o r 0 t o t e n s i o n
f
U
l o a d i n g , 2 x lo6 c y c l e s , S i s n o t l e s s t h a n 1 7 k s i f o r a l l UTS v a l u e s
f
covered. When d i v i d e d by 2 , f o r a f a c t o r of s a f e t y , and m u l t i p l i e d by 2
f o r 2 i = C,Kz, t h e v a l u e of 2 s a t 2 x lo6 c y c l e s i s 1 7 k s i . Our e s t i m a t e
d
t h a t Se = 1 4 k s i . i n r e l a t i o n t o Ref. 25 d a t a , i m p l i e s a r e d u c t i o n i n f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h by a f a c t o r of 1 4 / 1 7 = 0.82 between 2 x l o 6 and lo1* cycles.
In view of Ref. 25 d a t a , we have shown S f o r SA672-3'100 i n T a b l e 3
e

24
a s 14 k s i , w i t h a q u e s t i o n mark t o i n d i c a t e t h a t Code 1, Fig. 1-9.1 i n d i c a t e s t h a t h i g h - s t r e n g t h s t e e l i s 20112.5 = 1.6 t i m e s a s s t r o n g a s lows t r e n g t h s t e e l s a t lo6 c y c l e s .
The r e l a t i v e v a l u e s of Se i n T a b l e 3 f o r f e r r i t i c and 304 a u s t e n i t i c
s t e e l s i s worthy of comment i n view of Appendix C, which i n d i c a t e s t h a t
g i r t h b u t t w e l d s i n c a r b o n s t e e l p i p e a r e a t l e a s t a s good a s g i r t h b u t t
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e d a t a in Appendix C
welds i n t y p e 304 s t a i n l e s s p i p e .
a r e f o r r e l a t i v e l y low-cycle and do n o t r e s o l v e t h e S q u e s t i o n .
Reference I g i v e s r e s u l t s of resonance bending t e s t s on p i i e and g i r t h b u t t
welds i n t h e pipe.
These r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t g i r t h b u t t welds i n t y p e
304 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l p i p e a r e s l i g h t l y (10 t o 20%) s t r o n g e r t h a n g i r t h b u t t
w e l d s i n carbon s t e e l p i p e , c o n t r a r y t o t h e d a t a i n Appendix C, b u t n o t by
t h e f a c t o r of 27.2114 = 1.94 i n d i c a t e d by t h e r a t i o s of S i n T a b l e 3 .
e
It i s a p p a r e n t from t h e p r e c e d i n g d i s c u s s i o n t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e unc e r t a i n t y e x i s t s c o n c e r n i n g a n a p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e f o r t h e endurance range
l i m i t S f o r e v a l u a t i o n of high-cycle f a t i g u e of p i p i n g components. Howe v e r , t8 t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e Se e s t i m a t e s a r e v a l i d , T a b l e 3 i n d i c a t e s
t h a t (1) Code 1, u s i n g 2Sa a t lo6 c y c l e s f o r S , i s u n c o n s e r v a t i v e ; and
e
(2) Code 2 i s u n c o n s e r v a t i v e f o r f e r r i t i c m a t e r i a l s and a l s o f o r austeni t i c m a t e r i a l s i f S i s taken a s zero.
S

25

6.

TEES*

In a d d i t i o n t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s between Codes 1 and 2 f a t i g u e evaluat i o n methods d i s c u s s e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g , t h e r e i s a d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e way

s t r e s s e s a r e calculated f o r tees.
In Code 1 a n a l y s i s , t h e s t r e s s range
caused by a s e t of moment r a n g e s a s d e f i n e d i n Fig. 6 i s c a l c u l a t e d by:
+ K a r C a rM r / Z r

S 1 = KabCabM,,/Zb

(27)

-T h e term "Tees" used h e r e i n c l u d e s f a b r i c a t e d branch c o n n e c t i o n s

and ANSI B16.9 manufactured t e e s .

ORNL-DWG 83-4600 ETD

CODE 1
M, = (M: + M: + M:)",
Mr = (M:r

+ Mr: + M:r)'

IF Mlll AND Ml12HAVE DIFFERENT SIGNS,

THEN MII IS THE SMALLER OF MII, AND

I F Mlll AND MI12HAVE THE SAME SIGNS,

THEN MII = 0 WHERE

II

=or, ir, OR t r .

CODE 2
EACH END OF THE TEE IS EVALUATED SEPARATELY, WITH:

M,

= (M:

t M:+

M:),'

Mrl = ( M t r , + M5, + Mfr, 1%.

M r 2 = (M:r2

M2
:

2
%
+ Mtr2) .

Fig. 6 . D e f i n i t i o n of moments f o r t e e s and code methods f o r

c a l c u l a t i n g M,,, MI, M r1 , and M r a .

26

In Code 2 a n a l y s i s ,
S

= maximum of i ( t / T ) Mb/Zb,

i M ri /Zr,

iMra/Zr

(28 1

E q u a t i o n s (27) a n d ( 2 8 ) s h o u l d n o t g i v e t h e same c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s e s ,
b u t from t h e s t a n d p o i n t of f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n , t h e y s h o u l d g i v e equivalent results.
T h a t e q u i v a l e n c e , on a n i n d i v i d u a l moment b a s i s , i s exAs w i l l become a p p a r e n t i n t h e f o l l o w i n g parap r e s s e d by 2 i = CaKa.
g r a p h s , t h i s e q u i v a l e n c e d o e s n o t e x i s t f o r some moment c o m b i n a t i o n s .
The d e f i n i t i o n of M (Fig. 6 ) i s such t h a t M may be z e r o f o r one
r
r
s e t of moments i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n ( e . g . , Mo, Mtrl,
and M t r a ) b u t nonz e r o f o r a n o t h e r s e t of moments i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n (e.g., M i , M i r l ,
and M i r a ) .
A c c o r d i n g l y , t o make comparisons between Codes 1 and 2, i t
i s n e c e s s a r y t o examine t h e t h r e e s e t s of moments i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n .
These t h r e e s e t s of moments a r e i d e n t i f i e d a s M,, M a , and M,, where M,
and M a a r e t h e moments on t h e r u n , and M, i s t h e moment on t h e branch.
Equations ( 2 7 ) and ( 2 8 ) c a n be e x p r e s s e d a s :
S

1P = QblM31/Zb + Qr M r / Z r

(29)

and

2P

Q~IM,I/z~, Q~IM,I/z~,

= maximum of

or

Q ~ I Ma l/zr ,

(30)

A l e t t e r "p" h a s been
where Qb = K a b C a b or 2 i t / T , Qr = K a r C a r o r 2 i .
added t o t h e s u b s c r i p t s of S, and S a t o emphasize t h a t t h e s t r e s s e s obt a i n e d by Eqs. ( 2 9 ) and (30) a r e o n l y p a r t of S, and S,; t h e o t h e r two
s e t s of s a m e - d i r e c t i o n moments must a l s o be e v a l u a t e d .
If t h e signs of M, and Ma a r e t h e same, t h e n Mr = 0 and Eq. ( 2 9 )
gives S
= QblM31/Zb.
To show t h a t Code 2 S
i s t h e same a s S
we
1P
2P
1P'
f i r s t n o t e t h a t , from s t a t i c e q u i l i b r i u m , M, = -(M, + h i a ) ; hence, lM,I 2
We t h e n i n t r o d u c e t h e p a r a m e t e r Z ' :
I M a l and l M 3 1 2 IM,l.

and n o t e t h a t Z ' i 1.0, because Z < Z and Qr i $. I f Z ' i 1, t h e n

b r
QrlMxI/Zb and Q r l M l / Z r w i l l be l e s s t h a n Q IM l / Z and Eq. ( 3 0 ) w i l l
a
b 3
b
give s
=
= s
A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e nonequival ence between
ZP
1P'
Codes 1 and 2 o c c u r s onZy i f t h e s i g n s of M, and M, a r e d i f f e r e n t .
Then M
For M, and Ma w i t h d i f f e r e n t signs. we t a k e I M a l 2 IM,l.
r
I M l l and l M 3 1 = l M x + M a l .
E q u a t i o n (30) becomes:

Q,,IM)I/z~

ZP

= maximum of

QblM3 I /Zb o r Qr IM a I /Zr

(32)

27

The r a t i o of S

/S

S
ZP

ap

If M' = M,/M,,

fS

1P

aP

can t h e n be c a l c u l a t e d by:

= l e s s e r of

t h e n M'

A = (M' + l ) / Z '

(A

- M')/A

or A -

M'

i s n e g a t i v e and v a r i e s between 0 and -1, and

For any M' between 0 and -1, t h e r e i s a maximum i n S

(S

(33)

g i v e n by
/S
XP zp

/S
= l - M ' a t Z ' = l + W ' .
i p ap mar

(34)

N o t i n g t h a t M' a p p r o a c h e s -1 a s Z ' - 0 f o r a small b r a n c h i n a l a r g e r u n ,

Eq. ( 3 4 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e nonequivalence between Codes 1 and 2 c a n be
a s much a s a f a c t o r of 2 w i t h Code 1 always b e i n g more c o n s e r v a t i v e t h a n
Code 2 .
Which i s more a c c u r a t e , Code 1 o r Code 2 ? In a p h y s i c a l s e n s e , Code
1 i m p l i e s t h a t t h e s t r e s s caused by M,, r e a c t e d by e i t h e r M, o r M,, adds
T h i s i s p r o b a b l y t o o consert o t h e s t r e s s c a u s e d by Mi r e a c t e d by M,.
v a t i v e ; i t i m p l i e s t h a t t h e maximum s t r e s s c a u s e d by t h e two s o u r c e s a r e
a t t h e same p o i n t and i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n .
Code 2 , on t h e o t h e r hand,
i m p l i e s t h a t t h e s t r e s s e s c a u s e d by t h e t w o s o u r c e s do n o t add t o e a c h
other a t a l l .
The p r e c e d i n g d i s c u s s i o n , i n which i t was shown t h a t Code 1 might be
more c o n s e r v a t i v e t h a n Code 2 by a s much a s a f a c t o r of 2 , was b a s e d on
t h e e q u i v a l e n c e s Q = K Cab = 2 i ( t / T ) and Qr = K z r C 2 = 2 i . However,
b
t h i s e q u i v a l e n c e d o e s nbk e x i s t f o r r u n moments on f a g r i c a t e d t e e s .
The
d i f f e r e n c e i s i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g example.
Consider a 24-in.-OD
by 0.375-in.
nominal w a l l r u n p i p e w i t h a
1.315-in.-OD
by 0.133-in. nominal w a l l d r a i n c o n n e c t i o n . There a r e no
moments on t h e d r a i n ; hence, S w i l l be c o n t r o l l e d by i l l / Z r = i M / Z
2
rl
rz r
The v a l u e of i i s 0.9 ( R / T ) ' l 3 = 8 . 9 8 . For Code 1, because M
and Mra
ri
The
v
a
l
u
e
of Car
have t h e same s i g n s , Si = C K M /Zr = C z r I(a r M ra / Z r
a r a r ri
i s 1.15 [ ( R / T ) ( r / R ) / ( t / ~ ) ] " '
= 1.67; t h e v a l u e of K a r i s 1 75, g i v i n g
K a r C 2r = 2.92. In t h i s example, 2 i i s e q u a l t o 6.15 C zrK 2r hence, Code 2
i s f a r more c o n s e r v a t i v e t h a n Code 1.

7.

CODE 2 COVERAGE OF LOADINGS OIHFB IHAN MOMENTS

A s n o t e d i n Chap. 1 and s e v e r a l o t h e r p l a c e s i n t h e p r e c e d i n g t e x t ,
However, a s a l s o n o t e d i n Chap. 1, no
Code 2 c o v e r s o n l y moment l o a d i n g .
f a t i g u e a n a l y s i s i s r e q u i r e d f o r C l a s s 2 o r 3 v e s s e l s , pumps, o r v a l v e s ,
and i n t h i s s e n s e , Code 2 i s more complete t h a n r e q u i r e d f o r o t h e r C l a s s
2 o r 3 components. D e s p i t e t h e p r e c e d i n g s e n t e n c e , which might be t a k e n
a s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t Code 2 i s s u f f i c i e n t l y complete, i n t h i s c h a p t e r we
d i s c u s s t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e p r e s e n t r u l e s cover c y c l i c p r e s s u r e and t h e r mal g r a d i e n t s and p r o c e e d w i t h an e x p l o r a t o r y d i s c u s s i o n of how Code 2
might be e x t e n d e d t o more e x p l i c i t l y c o v e r l o a d i n g s o t h e r t h a n moment
1o a d i ngs.
The s i g n i f i c a n c e of S s i n Eq. (6) was d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t . 4.6, where
i t was concluded t h a t S i n a f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n d o e s n o t make much s e n s e
S
a s a mean s t r e s s . R a t h e r , S a p p e a r s t o s e r v e a s a n a l l o w a n c e f o r c y c l i c
S
l o a d i n g s o t h e r t h a n c y c l i c moments.

7.1

Allowance f o r C y c l i c P r e s s u r e

The e q u a t i o n f o r S e x p l i c i t l y i n c l u d e s p r e s s u r e l o a d i n g i n t h e form
S
- d z ) , where
p = i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e , d = p i p e I D , and D =
SP
p i p e OD.
Considering t h e crude approximations involved i n i t s use,
might w e l l be c a l c u l a t e d by t h e s i m p l e r form used i n Eq. (141, Ssp = SP
pDo/4T, where Do = o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r of p i p e and T = nominal w a l l t h i c k n e s s of p i p e .
However, t h e s i g n i f i c a n t a s p e c t h e r e i s t h a t S i n c l u d e s
S
t h e a x i a l s t r e s s c a u s e d by i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e i n ( c a p p e d ) s t r a i g h t p i p e .
A s a bound, we w i l l examine t h e q u e s t i o n : I s S A S s u f f i c i e n t t o guard
h
S
a g a i n s t f a t i g u e f a i l u r e c a u s e d by c y c l i c p r e s s u r e ?
The most s e n s i t i v e p i p i n g p r o d u c t t o c y c l i c p r e s s u r e is u s u a l l y
branch c o n n e c t i o n s o r t e e s .
Code 1 g i v e s C, and K, s t r e s s i n d e x e s such
t h a t t h e C,Kl p r o d u c t i s u n l i k e l y t o exceed 6. T h i s means t h a t t h e maximum peak s t r e s s S i s n o t l i k e l y t o exceed 12 t i m e s pD /4T. I f Sh = 15
P
0
k s i (SA106 Grade B up t o 65O0F) and p i s such t h a t pD /4T = 7.5 k s i cor0
r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e maximum a l l o w a b l e hoop s t r e s s of 15 k s i f o r p r e s s u r e
d e s i g n , t h e n S = 12 x 7.5 = 90 k s i range. From Eq. (24). i t can be seen
P
t h a t a peak s t r e s s r a n g e of 90 k s i c o r r e s p o n d s t o an a l l o w a b l e N of -5000
cycles.
Accordingly, i t appears t h e S = S c o n t a i n s a n allowance f o r
s
h
c y c l i c p r e s s u r e l o a d i n g of -5000 c y c l e s from z e r o t o t h e maximum permiss i b l e d e s i g n p r e s s u r e and back t o z e r o .
If S includes significant
S
w e i g h t s t r e s s e s and t h e w e i g h t ( f l u i d c o n t e n t s ) i s c o n s t a n t , t h e n an add i t i o n a l margin i s p r o v i d e d f o r c y c l i c p r e s s u r e s .
For o t h e r m a t e r i a l and t e m p e r a t u r e s , t h e allowance f o r c y c l i c p r e s s u r e would v a r y w i t h t h e v a l u e of Sh; f o r example, f o r SA106 Grade C up
= pd/(DZ

t o 650F, Sh = 17.5 k s i , S = 6 x 17.5 = 105 k s i , and N [by Eq. (24)l i s

P
(490/105) = 2200 c y c l e s from z e r o t o t h e maximum d e s i g n p r e s s u r e and
back t o z e r o .

29
7.2

Allowance f o r Thermal G r a d i e n t s

The e q u a t i o n f o r Ss d o e s n o t i n c l u d e thermal g r a d i e n t s a n a l o g o u s t o
t h e l a s t t h r e e t e r m s i n Eq. ( 2 ) . However, a s i n d i c a t e d i n Fig. 3 , t h e r e
i s a margin f o r thermal g r a d i e n t s up t o N of about 7000. For example, a t
N = 100 of b o t h moment and p r e s s u r e c y c l e s , t h e margin between Eq. ( 2 4 )
and t h e l i n e i d e n t i f i e d a s S = 0 i s 490/100'2 - 1 . 2 5 ( 1 5 + 1 5 ) = 1 5 8
S
ksi.
T h i s margin, f o r example, would p r o v i d e an a l l o w a n c e f o r t h e ATz
thermal g r a d i e n t term of Eq. ( 2 1 , o c c u r r i n g 100 t i m e s , o f :

AT

= 158,000 x (0.7/180)

= 6140F

where (1 - v) = 0.7 and Ea = 180 psi1OF. Of c o u r s e , f o r l a r g e r numbers

of c y c l e s ( e i t h e r of moment, p r e s s u r e , and thermal g r a d i e n t s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y o r i n d e p e n d e n t l y ) , t h e a v a i l a b l e margin f o r thermal g r a d i e n t s becomes s m a l l e r and e s s e n t i a l l y v a n i s h e s a t and above 7000 c y c l e s of moment
andlor pressure cycles.

7.3

Use of Ea. ( 2 ) f o r Combined Loadings

T h i s s e c t i o n , and t h e f o l l o w i n g S e c t . 7.4, c o n t a i n s an e x p l o r a t o r y
d i s c u s s i o n of how Code 2 f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n c o u l d be improved i n comp l e t e n e s s and c o n s i s t e n c y . Firm recommendations would r e q u i r e f u r t h e r
s t u d y of such a s p e c t s a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e between Codes 1 and 2 i n t h e
and t h e v a l i d i t y of assumpe v a l u a t i o n of t e e s , a p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e s of S
e'
t i o n s involved i n the following discussion.
Code 2 f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n c o u l d be improved i n c o m p l e t e n e s s and cons i s t e n c y by (1) c a l c u l a t i n g S by &. ( 2 ) and ( 2 ) l i m i t i n g SE by Eq. ( 2 4 ) .
E
T h i s , i n e f f e c t , assumes t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p 2 i = C2Kz i s more genera l l y v a l i d ( i . e . , 2 i = CIKl = C,K2 = C3K3). The a d v a n t a g e s of t h i s approach, a s compared w i t h a Code 1 f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n , a r e t h a t t h e r e i s
no need t o c a l c u l a t e S s e p a r a t e l y and t h e K a d j u s t m e n t i s n o t needed.
n
e
There a r e t e s t d a t a on p i p i n g p r o d u c t s t h a t c o u l d be u s e d t o examine
t h e v a l i d i t y of 2 i = C,Kl f o r p r e s s u r e l o a d i n g .
However, t e s t d a t a on
p i p i n g p r o d u c t s a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r examining t h e v a l i d i t y of 2 i = C 3 K 3
f o r thermal g r a d i e n t l o a d i n g .
Also, no t e s t d a t a on p i p i n g p r o d u c t s a r e
a v a i l a b l e i n which t h e r e were c o m b i n a t i o n s of c y c l i c moments, p r e s s u r e ,
o r thermal g r a d i e n t s .
E q u a t i o n ( 2 ) i n v o l v e s t h e i m p l i e d a s s u m p t i o n t h a t maximum s t r e s s e s
c a u s e d by p r e s s u r e , moments, and thermal g r a d i e n t s o c c u r a t t h e same l o c a t i o n i n a p i p i n g p r o d u c t , and i n a d i r e c t i o n so t h a t t h e y add t o e a c h
o t h e r t o form t h e t o t a l s t r e s s . In S e c t s . 7.1 and 7.2, t h a t t a c i t assumption was a l s o made.
In t h e c a s e of combined p r e s s u r e and moment l o a d i n g on b r a n c h conn e c t i o n s o r t e e s , u s u a l l y t h e s t r e s s c a u s e d by p r e s s u r e i s r e l a t i v e l y l o w
a t t h e l o c a t i o n of maximum s t r e s s c a u s e d by moment; and v i c e v e r s a .
Acc o r d i n g l y , t h e assumption of s t r e s s c o i n c i d e n c e may c o n t a i n s i g n i f i c a n t
c o n s e r v a t i s m . However, i n t h e c a s e of a g i r t h b u t t weld i n s t r a i g h t

30
p i p e , t h e a x i a l s t r e s s adds d i r e c t l y t o t h e moment s t r e s s .
Similarly,
thermal g r a d i e n t s t r e s s e s may o r may n o t be c o i n c i d e n t w i t h l o c a t i o n s of
masimum s t r e s s e s caused by p r e s s u r e a n d / o r moment.

7.4

Code 2 Cumulative Usage E q u a t i o n

The Code 2 c u m u l a t i v e damage r u l e i s d i s c u s s e d a t t h e end of Chap. 3

[ s e e Eq. (1311. I f Code 2 were changed a l o n g t h e l i n e s s u g g e s t e d i n
S e c t . 7.3, a c o r r e s p o n d i n g c u m u l a t i v e damage r u l e c o u l d be
i=k

N = N

(Si/Sr)

Ni

(35)

i=l

where

N = t o t a l number of a n t i c i p a t e d c y c l e s i n o p e r a t i o n , which
d e t e r m i n e s t h e v a l u e of t h e s t r e s s r a n g e r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r
f i n Eq. ( 6 ) ;
N = number of a n t i c i p a t e d c y c l e s of an a r b i t r a r i l y s e l e c t e d
p a r t i c u l a r l o a d c y c l e w i t h a c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s r a n g e Sr;
= number of a n t i c i p a t e d c y c l e s w i t h t h e s t r e s s r a n g e S
i
Ni

o r N. may be t a k e n a s z e r o .
1
For f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n a c c e p t a b i l i t y , &. (36) must be s a t i s f i e d :

If Sr o r Si i s l e s s t h a n t w i c e S e J t h e n N

(49O/Sr),

w i t h Sr i n k s i

(36)

V a l u e s of S would have t o be i n c l u d e d in Code 2. S and S i would

r
be c a l c u l a t e d bye&. (2).
The f o l l o w i n g example i l l u s t r a t e s t h e p r o c e d u r e . Assume S = 14
k s i , Sr = 50 k s i , Nr = 200, and t h e f o l l o w i n g v a l u e s f o r S andeNi:
i
Cycle
t Y Pe
-

i
_

Ni

1
2
3

130
90

13

40

100
40 0
6000
109

For t h i s esample,

N = 200 + (130/50)s x 100 + ( 9 0 / 5 0 I s x 400 + (40/50)

x 6000 + (13/50) x 0,

N = 200

+ 11881 + 7558 + 1966 + 0

= 21605.

31
From Eq. (361, ( 4 9 0 / 5 0 I s = 90390, and because 21605 < 90390, t h e p a r t i c u l a r p i p i n g p r o d u c t i n v o l v e d i n t h i s example would be a c c e p t a b l e from a
f a t i g u e evaluation standpoint.

7.5

Primary S t r e s s P r o t e c t i o n , Hiah TernDeratures

Throughout t h i s r e p o r t , and p a r t i c u l a r l y i n S e c t s . 7.3 and 7.4, t h e

Note t h a t Code 2 , NC/ND-3640,
f o c u s h a s been on f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n s .
c o n t a i n s r u l e s f o r p r e s s u r e d e s i g n and n o t h i n g i n t h i s r e p o r t i s i n t e n d e d
t o s u g g e s t any changes i n NC/ND-3640.
Code 2 (Winter 1981 Addenda) Eqs.
( 8 ) and ( 9 ) f u n c t i o n t o a v o i d g r o s s p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n s under combined
p r e s s u r e and moment l o a d s , u s i n g t h e B, and B, i n d e x e s . No change i n
t h e s e Code 2 e q u a t i o n s i s i n t e n d e d by t h i s r e p o r t .
Indeed, w i t h t h e pot e n t i a l changes d i s c u s s e d i n 7.3, Code 2 Eqs. ( 8 ) and ( 9 ) become even
more s i g n i f i c a n t and may o f t e n be t h e c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r r a t h e r t h a n t h e
f a t i g u e evaluation.
I n d u s t r i a l p i p i n g codes ( e . g . , ANSI B31.1 and B31.3) cover temperat u r e s h i g h e r t h a n 700F f o r f e r r i t i c s t e e l s and 8000F f o r a u s t e n i t i c
s t e e l s and o t h e r h i g h a l l o y s .
The s u g g e s t i o n i n S e c t . 7.3 i n v o l v e s t h e
i m p l i c i t assumption t h a t Eq. ( 2 4 ) i s v a l i d f o r a l l m a t e r i a l s and temperat u r e s up t o 700 o r 800F f o r s t r e s s e s down t o Se. T h i s assumption i s n o t
Val i d f o r h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s , hence i n d u s t r i a l p i p i n g codes s h o u l d not
f o l l o w t h e s u g g e s t i o n i n S e c t . 7.3 f o r a l l of t h e i r t e m p e r a t u r e s .
Also,
i n d u s t r i a l p i p i n g codes would have t o make s u r e t h e y have a d e q u a t e prot e c t i o n a g a i n s t g r o s s p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n s e q u i v a l e n t t o Code 2 Eqs. ( 8 )
and ( 9 ) .

32
8.
8.1

ChaDter

SUMMARY

2-4. F t i a u e E v a l u a t i

UP

106 C v c l e s

C o n s i d e r i n g t h e e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t approaches used i n Codes 1 and 2,

t h e agreement between t h e two approaches i s g r a t i f y i n g l y good.
The K
e
f a c t o r i s mainly r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h i s r e l a t i v e l y good agreement. Howe v e r , Code 2 a p p e a r s t o be p o t e n t i a l l y u n c o n s e r v a t i v e f o r h i g h - s t r e n g t h
m a t e r i a l s 1i k e SA672-J100. Code 1 a p p e a r s t o be p o t e n t i a l l y m c o n s e r v a t i v e f o r type 304 m a t e r i a l f o r M 2 l o 4 , K2 = 2 , and f o r N 2 105, K2 = 1.

8.2

ChaDter 5 , Hiah-Cycle F a t i g u e

Both Code 1 ( u s i n g Sa a t l o 6 c y c l e s a s a n endurance l i m i t a m p l i t u d e )

and Code 2 ( u s i n g SE w i t h f = 0 . 5 ) a p p e a r t o be p o t e n t i a l l y unconservat i v e f o r e v a l u a t i o n of accumulated c y c l e s of about 10' o r more.
Table 3
shows our e s t i m a t e d v a l u e of S (endurance l i m i t r a n g e ) f o r an e f f e c e
t i v e l y i n f i n i t e number of c y c l e s .

8.3

C h a p t e r 6. Tees

S t r e s s e s i n t e e s a r e e v a l u a t e d d i f f e r e n t l y i n Codes 1 and 2 . Under

c e r t a i n combinations of moments, Code 1 c a n be more c o n s e r v a t i v e t h a n
Code 2 by a f a c t o r of up t o 2. However, f o r e v a l u a t i n g s t r e s s e s caused
by run moments, Code 2 c a n be much more c o n s e r v a t i v e t h a n Code 1.

8.4

Chapter 7. Loadinns Other t h a n Moments

C h a p t e r s 2 6 a r e concerned w i t h c o r r e l a t i o n s between f a t i g u e evaluat i o n f o r moment l o a d i n g s , because Code 2 e x p l i c i t l y c o v e r s o n l y moment

It a p p e a r s t h a t Code 2 r u l e s , a s p r e s e n t l y w r i t t e n , have a
loadings,
s u b s t a n t i a l allowance f o r c y c l i c p r e s s u r e and, f o r a l o w number of des i g n c y c l e s (e.g. , 100), a s u b s t a n t i a l allowance f o r thermal g r a d i e n t s .
I n S e c t s . 7.3 and 7.4, e x p l o r a t o r y comments and s u g g e s t i o n s a r e
g i v e n c o n c e r n i n g Code 2 m o d i f i c a t i o n s t h a t would e x p l i c i t l y cover p r e s s u r e and thermal g r a d i e n t s a s w e l l a s moments.
The major a d d i t i o n a l work
i n v o l v e d i n r o u t i n e f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n s would c o n s i s t of t h e determinaIn S e c t . 7.5, n o t e
t i o n of t h e thermal g r a d i e n t s , AT,, AT2, Tal and T
b'
i s made t h a t t h i s r e p o r t i s concerned w i t h f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n and t h a t
Code r u l e s f o r p r e s s u r e d e s i g n and Code e q u a t i o n s f o r p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t
g r o s s p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n must be observed a s w e l l .

33
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1.

A. R. C. Markl, " F a t i g u e T e s t s of Welding Elbows and Comparable

Double-Miter Bends," Trans. ASME 69, 869-79 (1947).

2.

A. R. C. Markl and E. H. George, " F a t i g u e T e s t s on Flanged Assemb l i e s , " Trans. ASME 72, 77-87 (1950).

3.

A. R. C. Markl, " F a t i g u e T e s t s of P i p i n g Components," Trans. ASME

74, 287-303 (1952).

4.

S. W. T a g a r t , " B a s i s f o r P a r a g r a p h NB-3228.3 of ASME S e c t i o n I11

S i m p l i f i e d E l a s t i c - P l a s t i c A n a l y s i s , " A p r i l 16, 1976.

5.

A. It. C. Markl, " P i p i n g F l e x i b i l i t y A n a l y s i s , " Trans. ASME 77,

419-41 (1955).

6.

R. P. Newman, "The I n f l u e n c e of Weld F a u l t s on F a t i g u e S t r e n g t h w i t h

R e f e r e n c e t o B u t t J o i n t s i n P i p e L i n e s , " Trans. I n s t . Mar. Eng. 168,
153 (1956).

7.

W. G. O'Toole and E. C. Rodabaugh, Fatigue T e s t s on 4" S t d . W t .

Carbon and S t a i n l e s s S t e e l Pipe and Circumferential Butt Weld
J o i n t s , Tube Turns, L o u i s v i l l e , Ky. , Report No. 8.031 ( O c t o b e r
1961).

8.

R. P. M e i s t e r e t a l . , E f f e c t s of Weld-Joint Imperfections on Piping

Performance, B a t t e l l e Memorial I n s t i t u t e ( J u l y 31, 1964).

9.

M. G. Dawes, " F a t i g u e S t r e n g t h of Tubes B u t t Welded Using a Ceramic

Coated Backing Member," B r . WeZd. J. 14, 304-12 (1967).

10.

D. E. Aardenbergh, S. Y. Zamrick, and A. J. Edmondson, " E x p e r i m e n t a l

I n v e s t i g a t i o n of S t r e s s e s i n N o z z l e s i n C y l i n d r i c a l P r e s s u r e
V e s s e l s , ' ' Weld. Res. Come. BUZZ. 89 ( J u l y 1963).

11.

A. G. P i c k e t t e t a l . , Low CycZe Fatigue of One-Half Scale Mode2

Pressure Ve8se18, P r o g r e s s R e p o r t s Nos. 9-12, Southwest R e s e a r c h
I n s t i t u t e , San Antonio, Tex. ( J u l y 1964-January 1965).

12.

T. F o r t e and C. E. J a s k e , Fatigue Evaluation of 14x6 I n s e r t WeZdolet

Branch Connections i n Carbon S t e e l Pipe, Battelle-Columbus R e p o r t
t o Bonney Forge, Allentown, Pa., A p r i l 30, 1981.

13.

R. A. Weed and N. E. Johnson, Experimental S t r e s s Analysis and

Fatigue Test of ANSI Standard B16.9 Tees, ORNL-Sub-4356 ( u n d a t e d
draft).

14.

J. K. Hayes and B. R o b e r t s , "Experimental S t r e s s A n a l y s i s of 24-in

T e e s (T10) , ' I Trans. ASME, J . Eng. Ind., pp. 919-28 (November 1971).

34
15.

J. K. Hayes and S. E. Moore, "Experimental S t r e s s A n a l y s i s f o r Four

24-in ANSI S t a n d a r d B16.9 Tees (T11, T l 2 , T13 , T l 6 ) , I 1 Trans. ASME,
J. of Pressure VesseZ TechnoZogy, pp. 537-52 (November 1 9 7 7 ) .

16.

E. C. Rodabaugh and S . E . Moore, Comparisons of T e s t Data w i t h Code

Methods of Fatigue EvaZuation, ORNL/TM-3520 (November 1 9 7 1 ) .

17.

M. E. Mayfield, E. C. Rodabaugh, and R. J. E i b e r , ReZeoance of

Fatigue T e s t s t o CoZd Leg P i p i n g , NUREX;/CR-0325 (September 1 9 7 8 ) .

18.

J. D.

19.

E. Kiss, J. D. Heald, and D. A. Hale, Low-CycZe Fatigue of Protot y p e Piping, General E l e c t r i c (San J o s e ) R e p o r t GEAP.10135 ( J a n u a r y

Heald and E. Kiss, Low CycZe Fatigue of Prototype Pipe Compon e n t s , General E l e c t r i c (San J o s e ) R e p o r t GEAP-10763 ( J a n u a r y 1 9 7 3 ) .

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J. D. Reald and E. Kiss, "Low Cycle F a t i g u e of Nuclear P i p e Compon e n t s , " Trans. ASME, J. of Pressure Vessel TechnoZogy 9 6 ( 3 ) , 1 7 1 1 6
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21.

J. S. B l a i r , "Reinforcement of Branch P i e c e s , ' ' Engineering, London

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E. J. Mills, T. J. A t t e r b u r y , and G. M. McClure, AGA Project NG-11,

Study of E f f e c t s of CycZic Bending Loads on Performance of Branch
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23.

T. R. Gurney and S. J. Maddox, "A Re-Analysis of F a t i g u e Data f o r

Welded J o i n t s i n S t e e l ,I' WeZd. Res. I n t . 3 ( 4 ) , 1-54 ( 1 9 7 3 ) .

24.

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Data S h e e t No. 5 , Data S h e e t s on F a t i g u e P r o p e r t i e s f o r Butt-welded
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25.

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11

35

Appendix A

BACKGROUND OF THE Ke FACTOR

The purpose of t h e 3Sm l i m i t on t h e r a n g e of primary-plus-secondary

s t r e s s S is t o e n s u r e t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e S v a l u e used i n t h e f a t i g u e
n
C o n c e p t u a l l y , t h e l i m i t i s t h e thakedown l i m i t of 2 s beevaluation.
Y
A c t u a l l y , f o r most m a t e r i a l s and temcause Sm = ( 2 / 3 ) S y and 3Sm = 2 s y
p e r a t u r e s , t h e v a l u e of Sm i s n o t ( 2 / 3 ) S
where S
i s t h e Code-tabuYC,
YC
l a t e d o r e x p e c t e d ( a t t e m p e r a t u r e s above room t e m p e r a t u r e ) minimum y i e l d
=
Examples a r e (1) Sm f o r SA106 Grade B a t 100F = 20 k s i , S
strength.
YC
3 5 k s i , Sm = 0.57 S * and ( 2 ) Sm f o r SA312 type 304 a t 5000F = 17.5 k s i ,
YC'
S
= 19.4 k s i , S = 0.90 S
m
YC'
YC
The shakedown c r i t e r i a of S < 2s a r e b a s e d on an i d e a l i z e d , e l a s n t i c p e r f e c t l y p l a s t i c m a t e r i a l ; most p i p i n g m a t e r i a l s a r e n o t r e a l l y
such i d e a l i z e d m a t e r i a l s . Furthermore, S
i s a minimum; t y p i c a l y i e l d
YC
Therefore, it i s apparent t h a t
s t r e n g t h s a r e about 20% h i g h e r t h a n S
YC
t h e 3 s l i m i t i s o n l y a rough a p p r o x i m a t i o n of t h e shakedown l i m i t .
P F i o r t o t h e s t a r t of work on C l a s s 1 p i p i n g f o r ANSI B31.7, a s i m p l e p r o c e d u r e f o r f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n when S > 3 s d i d n o t e x i s t . Writm
e r s of ANSI B31.7, a t t h a t time, n o t e d t h a t n

1.

2.

S t r e s s e s caused by a 1i n e a r through-the-wall t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t AT,

s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d t o be p a r t of Sn. Indeed, i n t h e B r e e l shakedown e v a l u a t i o n , AT, is t h e s o u r c e of bending s t r e s s e s t h a t , i n comb i n a t i o n w i t h a membrane s t r e s s ( e . g . , from p r e s s u r e ) , can cause
cyclic plasticity or ratchetting.
T e s t d a t a on p i p i n g p r o d u c t s were a v a i l a b l e ( e . g . , M a r k l a ) t o c l e a r l y
show t h a t , even f o r S > 3Sm, t h e p r o d u c t could w i t h s t a n d a s i g n i f i n
c a n t number of c y c l e s w i t h o u t f a i l u r e . E q u a t i o n ( 2 4 ) of t h e t e x t a s
a p p l i e d t o an elbow i l l u s t r a t e s t h i s . For an elbow, Ka = 1; hence,
2 i S i s e q u i v a l e n t t o Sn. With 2 i S d = S = 6Sm = 180 k s i , Eq. ( 2 4 )
d
n
g i v e s N of 150 c y c l e s ; N f = 32 x 150 = 4800 c y c l e s .

Making AT, s t r e s s e s p a r t of S i n c r e a s e d t h e f r e q u e n c y of S > 3 s

n
n
m
i n d e s i g n e d p i p i n g systems. R e c o g n i t i o n t h a t , even i f S > 3Sm, s i g n
n i f i c a n t f a t i g u e c y c l e s c o u l d be w i t h s t o o d m o t i v a t e d t h e development and
a c c e p t a n c e of a I 1 simp1 i f i e d e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c " e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e d u r e f o r
sn > 3sm.
ANSI B31.7-1969 f o r Sn > 3Sm r e q u i r e d t h a t :

where M. was t h e r e s u l t a n t moment range caused by r e s t r a i n t of thermal

1

36
I f Eq. ( A . 1 )

expansion.

'a1 t

= (1/2)[S

was met, t h e n :

+ A(S

- Sn)l(Sn/3Sm)

(A. 2 1

where Salt was t h e c a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s a m p l i t u d e t o be used t o e n t e r t h e

The v a l u e of A was o b t a i n e d from ANSI B31.7
Code d e s i g n f a t i g u e c u r v e s .
The use of Eq. (A.2) was reFig. D-201, i n c l u d e d h e r e a s Fig. A . l .
s t r i c t e d t o <250 c y c l e s of Sn ) 3Sm. T a g a r t ' d i s c u s s e s t h e development

ORNL-DWG 83-4601 ETD

(a)
CARBON STEEL
P-NUMBER 1
ASME Tx

(6)
2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo S T E E L
P-NUMBER 5
ASME IX

0.8

A = 0.7
(C)

0.4
0

304 STAINLESS STEEL

P-NUMBER 8
ASME SX

Fig. A . l .
A-factors f o r use i n Eq. (A.2).
Source: American S o c i e t y
of Mechanical E n g i n e e r s , Nudear Power Piping, USAS B31.7-1969.

37

of Eq. (A.2) and t h e 250-cycle l i m i t .

The b a s i s f o r Eq. ( A . 1 ) i s more
nebulous; i t came i n l a r g e p a r t from t h e d e s i r e t o l i m i t e x p a n s i o n
s t r e s s e s t o t h e same " b a l l park" a s t h o s e p e r m i t t e d i n i n d u s t r i a l p i p i n g
code 8 .
Code Case 1441, "Waiving of 3Sm L i m i t f o r S e c t i o n I11 C o n s t r u c t i o n , "
was p u b l i s h e d i n 1970. It gave r u l e s t h a t a r e almost t h e same a s t h o s e
(1) t h e
now i n Code 1 ( s e e Chap. 2 of t h e t e x t ) . Tho e x c e p t i o n s were:
number of c y c l e s w i t h S ) 3 s was l i m i t e d t o 1000, ( 2 ) t h e v a l u e of n,
n
m
f o r a u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s , was 0.5 r a t h e r t h a n t h e p r e s e n t n = 0.3.
T a b l e A.l shows comparisons between Code Case 1441 (1970) and Code 1
(1980) f o r s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s ; Case 1441 u s e s n = 0.5 r a t h e r t h a n t h e p r e s e n t n = 0.3. It c a n be s e e n t h a t use of n = 0 . 5 g i v e s v e r y h i g h allowa b l e f a t i g u e d e s i g n s t r e s s e s f o r low c y c l e s ; t h e n = 0.5 was soon (1971)
changed t o i t s p r e s e n t v a l u e of 0.3.
T a b l e A.2 shows comparisons between ANSI B31.7-1969 and Code 1.
C o n s i d e r i n g t h e o r d e r of accuracy i n v o l v e d , t h e method used i n ANSI B31.71969 f o r f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n f o r S ) 3s i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e K f a c t o r
n
m
e
used i n Code 1.
T a g a r t * h a s p r e p a r e d a d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e b a s i s f o r t h e K f a c t o r .
e
Because, t o our knowledge, i t h a s n o t been p u b l i s h e d and because quest i o n s regarding the b a s i s f o r the K f a c t o r frequently a r i s e , T a g a r t ' s
e
d i s c u s s i o n is q u o t e d in f u l l i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s .
In a d d i t i o n

Comparisons of a l l o w a b l e v a l u e s
Table A.l.
of S ( k s i ) , Code Case 1441 and Code 1
P
.
I
-

--

SA312 type 304 a t lOOOF

Ka = 1

Case 1441

Ka = 2

--

Code 1

Case 1441

Code 1

~~~

10

650a

3 90'

6 SOa

3 90a

loa

240a

144a

240'

17 9

103

loga

87.1

155

140

llgb

118

104

80 .o

71.6

1 05

65.8

63.3

75 .O

106

52 .O

52 .O

52.0

a
S

I n d i c a t e s t h a t Sn

= 2nS
r

D I n d i c a t e s t h a t Sn
= 2sa.

75 .O

52 .O

3mSm, K

<

3Sm, Ke = 1 . 0 ,

= lln,

b
b

38
Comparisons of a l l o w a b l e v a l u e s of S (ksi),
P
ANSI B31.7-1969 and Code 1

Table A.2.

SA106 Grade B a t 1 0 0 F

IC2 = 1

B31.7

Code 1

SA312 type 304 a t lOOOF

K, = 2

K2

= 1

P
I
-

B31.7

Code 1

Code 1

B31.7

K2

-B31.7

--

= 2

Code 1

10

264

23 2'

288

2 96

27 9

3 90'

3 40

3 90'

102

157

127

181

190

170

144a

207

17 9

121

134

114

87.1

1 39

140

llsb

llgb

103

99.8

87.0

104

63.5

65.0

76.0

76.0

84.1

71.6

10

40 .O

40.0

40.0

40.0

67.1

106

25 .O

25.c

25.0

25.0

52.0

63.3
52.0"

b I n d i c a t e s t h a t Sn

>
<

3mSm, Ke = l l n , S

3Sm, Ke = 1 . 0 ,

75.0"
52.0 b

.---

y
_
I
I
I
_
I

I n d i c a t e s t h a t Sn

75.0b
52.0h

= 2nSa.

P
S = 2s

t o t h e r e f e r e n c e s c i t e d by T a g a r t , Refs. 5 and 6 c o n t a i n more e x t e n s i v e

and d i r e c t c o r r e l a t i o n s between f a t i g u e t e s t s on p i p i n g p r o d u c t s and t h e
Code 1 w i t h ICe method of f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n .
BASIS FOR PARAGRAPH NB 3228.3 OF
ASME SECTION I11 SIMPLIFIED ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANALYSIS*

The r u l e s c u r r e n t l y a p p e a r i n g i n t h e ASME S e c t i o n I11

Code c o n c e r n i n g s i m p l i f i e d e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c a n a l y s i s have t h e i r
o r i g i n i n t h e development of d e t a i l e d s t r e s s a n a l y s i s f o r nuc l e a r power p i p i n g components under t h e former USAS B31.7 Nuc l e a r Power P i p i n g Code.
In t h e p r o c e s s of d e v e l o p i n g t h a t
code, t h e f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r r i n g l a r g e primary p l u s secondary
s t r e s s e s which r e s u l t i n p i p i n g components gave need f o r a
s i m p l i f i e d procedure t o evaluate these e f f e c t s . A d e t a i l e d
p r o c e d u r e was implemented i n t o t h e B31.7 code and r e f e r e n c e d
by Paper 68-WP-3,
l i s t e d a s Reference 1 [Ref. 3 of t h i s Appendix].
T h i s development r e l i e d on t e s t s of notched b a r
specimens which measured t h e s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i n g e f f e c t when
Although i t was g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d
t h e 3s l i m i t was exceeded.

*O r i g i n a l

t e x t by S.

W. T a g a r t .

39
t h a t t h e recommended p r o c e d u r e s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s p a p e r were
s a f e and c o n s e r v a t i v e by t h o s e who r e v i e w e d them i n d e t a i l ,
f u r t h e r developments of simp1 i f i e d f o r m u l a s o c c u r r e d when t h e
p i p i n g code was combined i n t o ASME S e c t i o n 111. Due t o t h e
c o m p l e x i t y of t h e e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c b e h a v i o r , no s i m p l e f o r m u l a
c o u l d be d e v e l o p e d which would a c c u r a t e l y r e p r e s e n t e v e r y t h i n g
which g o e s on.
In s i m p l e terms, t h e s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n phenomena which
o c c u r s i s i l l u s t r a t e d by F i g u r e 1 [ F i g . A.2 of t h i s Appendix].
Here we s e e a p l o t of t h e peak s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r i n
e i t h e r a n o t c h e d member o r a member w i t h some o t h e r type of
s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n . The peak s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e m a i n s
c o n s t a n t from 0 t o A where t h e m a t e r i a l b e h a v i o r i s p e r f e c t l y
e l a s t i c . A t P o i n t A, t h e s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n b e g i n s t o exceed t h e e l a s t i c s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n , ICt, and c o n t i n u e s t o
r i s e anti1 some P o i n t B i s r e a c h e d a t which a maximum s t r a i n
c o n c e n t r a t i o n occurs.
If d e f l e c t i o n i s c o n t i n u e d , t h e s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n beg i n s t o d r o p o f f a s shown by P o i n t C. Langer, i n R e f e r e n c e 2
[Ref. 7 of t h i s Appendix], h a s e s t i m a t e d t h e g e n e r a l i z e d maximum s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n which c a n o c c u r a t a p o i n t such as B.
Ee i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t t h e s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r K i s apE
p r o x i m a t e l y l / n , where n i s t h e s t r a i n h a r d e n i n g exponent of
the material.
T h i s maximum v a l u e of s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s
t h e b a s i s f o r t h e assumed shape of t h e gE c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r
which a p p e a r s i n t h e Code. The s p e c i f i c Code f o r m u l a shown
h e r e a s e q u a t i o n 1 which q u a n t i t a t i v e l y e x p r e s s e s t h i s s t r a i n
c o n c e n t r a t i o n , c o n t a i n s two m a t e r i a l t e r m s , n and m.
The m
term was i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e f o r m u l a i n o r d e r t o produce any

ORNL-DWG 83-4602 ETD

DE F LECT I ON

F i g . A.2.
Schematic i l l u s t r a t i o n of p e a k - s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n in a
notched beam a s a f u n c t i o n of d e f l e c t i o n . Source: Ref. 4 .

40

d e s i r e d s l o p e on t h e
f a c t o r i n r e g i o n A of F i g u r e 2 [Fig.
A.3 of t h i s Appendix].
Thus, t h e form of e q u a t i o n 1 was sel e c t e d i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e two f e a t u r e s : 1) a maximum c o r r e c t i o n f o r t h e s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n of l / n and 2 ) any e x p e r i m e n t a l l y o b s e r v e d s l o p e of t h e
c o r r e c t i o n i n r e g i o n A.
While t h e s t r a i n h a r d e n i n g exponent n i s e a s i l y o b t a i n e d f o r
t h e s t a t i c c a s e by measuring t h e uniform e l o n g a t i o n a t maximum
l o a d d u r i n g t h e t e n s i l e t e s t , such v a l u e s of n may n o t r e f l e c t
a c c u r a t e l y t h e b e h a v i o r which o c c u r s i n a f a t i g u e s i t u a t i o n .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e v a l u e s of n which appear i n t h e code f o r t h i s
p r o c e d u r e a r e only approximate v a l u e s of t h e s t r a i n h a r d e n i n g
exponent a s compared w i t h t h o s e from a t e n s i l e t e s t .
There i s
no s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d method f o r measuring m w i t h o u t u s i n g t h e res u l t s of f a t i g u e t e s t s . The method which was used t o e s t a b l i s h t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r KE s u p p l i e d by
e q u a t i o n 1 f o r s p e c i f i c m and n v a l u e s was through comparison
w i t h f a t i g u e t e s t r e s u l t s . Other methods a r e p o s s i b l e , b u t a
s t a n d a r d method h a s n o t been developed a t t h e p r e s e n t time.
Nmnerous f a t i g u e t e s t s have been r u n and t h e r e s u l t s of t h e s e
t e s t s have been p u b l i s h e d and have demonstrated t h a t t h e corr e c t i o n p r e d i c t e d i s c o n s e r v a t i v e f o r use w i t h t h e Code.
R e f e r e n c e s 3 through 8 [Refs. 7-13 of t h i s Appendix] ill u s t r a t e some of t h e s o u r c e s of v e r i f y i n g t h e c u r r e n t e l a s t i c p l a s t i c d e s i g n f o r m u l a s . For example, F i g u r e 1 5 of Reference
8 [Ref. 1 3 of t h i s Appendix] shows a d i r e c t comparison between

ORNL-DWG 83-4603 ETD

< 3Sm)
(3Sm < s, < 3 , S , )

K, = 1.0

(S,

(1)

K, = l / n

KE
4

1/n
1 .o

Schematic i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h e v a r i a t i o n of Ke a s a
Fig. A.3.
f u n c t i o n of primary-plus-secondary
s t r e s s . Source: Ref. 4 .

41
t h e s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r s used i n t h e Code and t h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d from t e s t s on type 304 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l .
In the
o r i g i n a l concept of t h e e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c c o r r e c t i o n a s pres e n t e d i n Reference 1 [Ref. 3 of t h i s Appendix], a l i m i t of
250 c y c l e s i s s u g g e s t e d below which no s p e c i f i c account was
r e q u i r e d t o a s s u r e t h a t r a t c h e t i n g would be n e g l i g i b l e . The
c u r r e n t r u l e s of ASME S e c t i o n I11 have no such l i m i t a t i o n s ;
however, i t should be noted t h a t i n NB3223.3, P a r a g r a p h ( a ) , a
range of primary p l u s secondary membrane bending s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y e x c l u d i n g thermal bending s t r e s s e s must always be l e s s
t h a n 3Sm.
Paragraph ( d ) r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e through w a l l thermal
g r a d i e n t e f f e c t s meet t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of NB 3222.5 f o r r a t c h e t i n g due t o p r e s s u r e and thermal e f f e c t s .
In a d d i t i o n , t h e
c o n s e r v a t i v e v a l u e s of t h e K f a c t o r d r a s t i c a l l y r e d u c e s t h e
E
S a t i s f y i n g these requirements
a l l o w a b l e f a t i g u e 1i f e c y c l e s .
p r o v i d e s a s s u r a n c e t h a t a n e g l i g i b l e amount of r a t c b e t i n g can
o c c u r , t h e r e f o r e , no a d d i t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t f o r 1i m i t i n g .cyc l e s due t o r a t c h e t i n g i s n e c e s s a r y .
References

1.

J. Bree, " E l a s t i c - P l a s t i c Behavior of Thin Tubes S u b j e c t e d t o I n t e r n a l P r e s s u r e and I n t e r m i t t e n t High-Heat F l u x e s w i t h A p p l i c a t i o n t o

Fast-Nuclear Fuel Elements," J. S t r o i n AnaZ. 2(3), 226-238 (1967).

2.

A. R. C. Markl, " F a t i g u e T e s t s of P i p i n g Components," Trans. ASME 74,

287-303 (1952).

3.

S. W. T a g a r t , " P l a s t i c F a t i g u e A n a l y s i s of P r e s s u r e Components," ASME

Paper No. 68-PVP-3, pp. 209326 i n Vol. 1 of ASME A ~ c o m r cVesseZs
and Piping: Design and AnaZysis, A Decade of Progress, New York,
1972.

4.

S. W. T a g a r t , " B a s i s f o r Paragraph NB-3228.3 of ASME S e c t i o n I11 Simp l i f i e d E l a s t i c - P l a s t i c A n a l y s i s , " A p r i l 16, 1976.

5.

E. C. Rodabaugh and S . E. Moore, Comparisons of T e s t Data w i t h Code

Methods of Fatigue EuaZuution, ORNLlTM-3520 (November 1971).

6.

M. E. Mayfield, E. C. Rodabaugh, and R. J. E i b e r , ReZevance of Fat i g u e T e s t s t o CoZd Leg Piping, NUREx;/CR-0325 (September 1978).

7.

B. F. Langer, "Design-Stress B a s i s f o r P r e s s u r e V e s s e l s , "

84(3), 389-402 ( J a n u a r y 1971).

8.

E. Kiss, J. D. Beald, and D. A. Bale, "Low-Cycle F a t i g u e of Proto-

EX^.

Mech.

type P i p i n g , " General E l e c t r i c (San J o s e ) Report GEAP-10135 ( J a n u a r y

1970).

42

9.

J. D. Heald and E. Kiss, "Low Cycle F a t i g u e of N u c l e a r P i p e Comp o n e n t s , " Trans. ASME J. of Pressure VesseZ TechnoZogy 96(3), 171-176
(August 1974).

10.

E. C. Rodabaugh, Phase R e p o r t No. 115-2 ( F e b r u a r y 1969).

11.

T. L. G e r b e r , " E f f e c t of C o n s t r a i n t and Loading Mode on Lm-Cycle

Comparison w i t h Code Design R u l e s , " GEAPF a t i g u e Crack I n i t i a t i o n
20662 ( O c t o b e r 1974).

12.

T. Udoguchi and Y. Asada, " I n i t i a t i o n of Low Cycle F a t i g u e S t r e n g t h

of P i p i n g Components, p a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t Second I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conf e r e n c e on P r e s s u r e V e s s e l Technology, San Antonio, Texas, October

1973.

13.

Y. Ando e t a l . , "Low Q c l e F a t i g u e S t r e n g t h of P i p i n g Components,"

p a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t Second I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on P r e s s u r e V e s s e l
Technology, San Antonio, Texas, October 1973.

43
Appendix B
BASIS OF CODE 1 FATIGUE DESIGN CURVES

B a s i c T e s t Data. Carbon and Low-Allov

F i g u r e B . l shows t h e
curve i n Code Fig. 1-9.1,
and 1 0 of t h e C r i t e r i a . =
z e r o mean s t r a i n , f a t i g u e
An e q u a t i o n of
perature.

S = IE/(4f)l

Steels

b a s i c data used t o e s t a b l i s h the design f a t i g u e

F i g u r e B . l c o n s i s t s of F i g s . 9
80 k s i .
The d a t a i n Fig. R.l a r e from s t r a i n - c o n t r o l l e d ,
t e s t s of p o l i s h e d b a r s a t ( p r o b a b l y ) room temt h e form

UTS

- A)]

In IlOO/(lOO

+ B

(B.1)

ORNL-DWG 83-4604 ETD

1o7

106

"BEST FIT" CURVE A = 88.5%,

1o5

ADJUSTED FOR MEAN STRESS

It

Fig. B . l .
Basic t e s t data:
SouPce: Ref. 3 3 .

(a) c a r b o n and ( b ) low-alloy s t e e l s .

44

was f i t t e d t o t h e average of t h e t e s t d a t a by s e l e c t i o n of A and B.

The
p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n i n a r e a i s sometimes used f o r A, b u t i n g e n e r a l , A i s
simply a c u r v e f i t t i n g p a r a m e t e r . The v a l u e of B is a n endurance
s t r e n g t h , t h a t i s , a v a l u e of S below which f a t i g u e f a i l u r e w i l l n o t ocThe d e s i g n
c u r in a p o l i s h e d b a r i n dry a i r o r e q u i v a l e n t environment.
f a t i g u e c u r v e i s o b t a i n e d from Eq. ( B . 1 ) by:
(1) a p p l y i n g a n a d j u s t m e n t
f o r mean s t r e s s e f f e c t , and ( 2 ) a p p l y i n g a f a c t o r of s a f e t y of 2 on
s t r e s s o r 20 on c y c l e s , whichever g i v e s t h e lower f a t i g u e d e s i g n s t r e s s .

Mean S t r e s s Adiustment
Because of r e s i d u a l s t r e s s e s a t welds and o t h e r p o s s i b l e s o u r c e s of
mean s t r e s s such a s i n s t a l l a t i o n misalignment i n p i p i n g , t h e Code h a s
t a k e n t h e approach of a d j u s t i n g t h e t e s t r e s u l t s f o r t h e maximum p o s s i b l e
e f f e c t of mean s t r e s s . The a d j u s t m e n t procedure i s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e C r i teria.'
The procedure i s based on t h e Goodman diagram and t h e concept
t h a t t h e sum of t h e mean s t r e s s and r e v e r s e d s t r e s s amplitude cannot exThe e q u i v a l e n t c o m p l e t e l y
ceed t h e y i e l d s t r e n g t h of t h e m a t e r i a l .
r e v e r s e d s t r e s s S' is o b t a i n e d by:
S' = S[(Su

S ' = S ,

f o r S > S ;
Y

Sy)/(Su

SI1 ,

for S

<

(B.2)

and

(B.3)

where
S' = e q u i v a l e n t c o m p l e t e l y r e v e r s e d s t r e s s a m p l i t u d e ,
S = r e v e r s e d s t r e s s amplitude [Eq. ( B . 1 1 1 ,
S = u l t i m a t e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of m a t e r i a l ,
Su = y i e l d s t r e n g t h of m a t e r i a l .
Y

To make t h e a d j u s t m e n t i n d i c a t e d by Eq. ( B . 2 1 , v a l u e s

f Su and S

Y
must be s e l e c t e d .
These a r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h e minimum s p e c i f i e d
s t r e n g t h s , and a judgment must be made a s t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e s . The
C r i t e r i a does n o t i d e n t i f y t h e v a l u e s of S and S used t o o b t a i n t h e
U
Y
a d j u s t m e n t s ( d a s h e d l i n e s i n Fig. B.11, b u t working backward, i t a p p e a r s
t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g v a l u e s were used.

Carbon s t e e l s
Low-alloy s t e e l s

80 k s i
100 k s i

40 k s i
70 k s i

Having made t h e a d j u s t m e n t f o r mean s t r e s s , t h e d e s i g n f a t i g u e curve S

45
v s N i s o b t a i n e d by a p p l y i n g t h e f a c t o r of s a f e t y of 2 on s t r e s s o r 20
on c y c l e s .
The p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g p a r a g r a p h s i s i l l u s t r a t e d
The v a l u e of t h e modulus of e l a s t i c i t y E was t a k e n a s 3 x
i n Table B . l .
l o 7 p s i ; t h i s i s t h e v a l u e shown i n Code F i g . 1-9.1. The v a l u e of E i s
s i g n i f i c a n t i n t h a t s t r e s s e s a r e equal t o Ee, where e i s t h e c o n t r o l l e d
s t r a i n . In p r i n c i p l e , t h e v a l u e of E used i n t h e a n a l y s i s l e . g . , t o determine M. i n Eq. (1) of t h e t e x t 1 s h o u l d be t h e same a s E used t o del
velop the design f a t i g u e curve. A l t e r n a t i v e l y , the design f a t i g u e curves
can be m o d i f i e d by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e s t r e s s e s i n t h e curve by E'/E, where
E' is t h e modulus used i n t h e a n a l y s i s . However, q u i t e o f t e n t h e c y c l e s
o c c u r over a range of t e m p e r a t u r e s , and p a r t of a p i p i n g system may be a t
a d i f f e r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e t h a n a n o t h e r p a r t of t h e same system. AccordFortui n g l y , an a p p r o x i m a t i o n of an a p p r o p r i a t e E i s o f t e n n e c e s s a r y .
n a t e l y , t h e v a r i a t i o n of E w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e over t h e range of t e m p e r a t u r e
covered i s r e l a t i v e l y small and t h e r e f o r e i s n o t a major s o u r c e of uncert a i n t y i n a fatigue analysis.
It may be observed i n T a b l e B . l t h a t t h e Code-tabulated v a l u e s of
f a t i g u e d e s i g n s t r e s s e s a g r e e r e a s o n a b l y w e l l w i t h t h e average of t h e two
The C r i t e r i a s t a t e s , "A s i n g l e d e s i g n curve i s used f o r cars e t s of S
bon and l & - a l l o y s t e e l below 80,000 p s i u l t i m a t e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h bet h e a d j u s t e d c u r v e s f o r t h e s e c l a s s e s of m a t e r i a l were n e a r l y
cause
i d e n t i c a l 'I1

. ...

High-Alloy M a t e r i a l s
The C r i t e r i a 1 i n c l u d e s d a t a f o r 18-8 s t a i n l e s s - s t e e l s w i t h an
a v e r a g e - f i t e q u a t i o n i n t h e form of l?q. ( B . 1 ) :

where E = 2.6 x l o 7 p s i ( t h e v a l u e shown on Fig. 1-9.2).

The correspondence between t h e C r i t e r i a e q u a t i o n and Code-tabulated v a l u e s i s shown i n
T a b l e B.2.
Because S a t lo' c y c l e s i s 51,915 p s i , which was assumed t o
be g r e a t e r t h a n S
t h e r e i s no mean s t r e s s c o r r e c t i o n i n Code Fig. 1-9.2.
Y*
As can be seen i n T a b l e B.2, t h e v a l u e s of S d e r i v e d from Eq. (B.4) a r e
a
i n r e a s o n a b l e agreement w i t h t h e Code-tabulated v a l u e s .
Although t h e C r i t e r i a 1 g i v e s d a t a only f o r 18-8 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s ,
t h e Code i n i t s f i r s t (1963) e d i t i o n i n d i c a t e d t h a t F i g . 1-9.2 was app l i c a b l e t o nickel-chrome-iron a l l o y s .
The p r e s e n t (1980) Code i n d i c a t e s
t h a t Fig. 1-9.2 i s a p p l i c a b l e t o a u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s , n i c k e l SB167 Alloy 600), nickel-iron-chrome a l l o y
chrome-iron a l l o y ( e . g .
( e . $ . , SB407 Alloy 8 0 0 ) , and nickel-copper a l l o y ( e . g . , SB165 Alloy 4 0 0 ) .
The b a s i s f o r i n c l u d i n g t h e o t h e r - t h a n - a u s t e n i t i c s t e e l s i n F i g . 1-9.2 i s
n o t av a i 1ab1 e .
About 1975, t h e need a r o s e t o e x t e n d t h e Code d e s i g n f a t i g u e c u r v e 5
t o h i g h e r t h a n l o 6 c y c l e s . J a s k e and O'DonnellZ p u b l i s h e d t h e r e s u l t s of
t h e i r review of f a t i g u e t e s t d a t a on 300 s e r i e s a u s t e n i t i c s t e e l s , n i c k e l -

46
T a b l e B.l.
I l l u s t r a t i o n of method of d e v e l o p i n g d e s i g n f a t i g u e c u r v e s
from c o m p l e t e l y r e v e r s e d f a t i g u e t e s t d a t a ( s t r e s s e s i n k s i )

Se

S2 0

Slf

d
Sa

Code'

10
20
50

2761
1959
1247

634
455
296

634
455
296

2296
1635
1048

543
3 95
264

543
3 95
264

5 80
41 0
27 5

100
200
500

888
634
409

21 5
159
108

21 5
159
108

752
543
3 58

198
151
110

198
151
110

20 5
155
105

1000
2000
5000

296
21 5
144

82.9
65 .O
49.0

82.9
65 .O
49.0

264
198
13 9

89.0
74.2
61.1

89 .o
74.2
61.1

83
64
48

1 x 104
2 x 104
5 x 104

108
82.9
60.4

41 .O
35.3
30.3

110
89 .O
70.4

54.5
49.8
45.6

49 .O
41 .O
33.9

27.8
26 .O
24.4

29.4

61.1
54.5
48.6

43.5
42.1
40.8

47.1
36.0
28.4

1 x 106
1 x 10'
1 x 108

30.3
24.4
22.5

23.6
22.3
21.8

24.4
17.5
15.7

45.6

40.1

25.2

54. 5h
44 .5h
35.2
h
23 .5h
17.9
14.2
h
12.6

38
31
23

1 x 105
2 x 105
5 x 105

1 x 109
1 x 1010
1 x 1011

21.9
21.7
21.7

21.7
21.7
21.7

15.1
14.9
14.9

41 .O
35.3h
30.2
h
24.5h
20 .5h
14.7
h
12.2 h
8.77h
7.83
h
7 .55h
7.46,,
7.43

__

20
16.5
13.5

12.5

aE q u a t i o n (B.l) w i t h E = 3 x 10' p s i , A = 68.5, B = 21,645 p s i ; S =

8,664Ifi + 21.645 k s i .
b
S,, = s t r e s s f o r N = 20 t i m e s v a l u e shown; t h a t i s , f a c t o r of s a f e t y
of 20 on c y c l e s .
C

E q u a t i o n (3.2) w i t h Su = 80 k s i , S
Y

d~

= l e s s e r of

SI^,

sz0,

40 k s i .

or ~ 1 1 2 .

Equation (E.1) with E = 3 x

7,139Ifi + 38.5 k s i .

lo7

p s i , A = 61.4, B = 38,500 p s i ; S =

f E q u a t i o n (B.2) w i t h SII = 100 k s i , S = 70 k s i .

Y
'Value

of Sa t a b u l a t e d i n Code 1, T a b l e 1-9.1

ksi.

F a c t o r of s a f e t y of 2 on s t r e s s c o n t r o l s .

f o r F i g . 1-9.1, UTS

80

47

Table B.2.

Comparisons of f a t i g u e d e s i g n s t r e s s e s f o r
18-8 a u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s ( s t r e s s e s i n k s i )
-

Sa

Sa o

10
20
50

2705
1925
1234

63 9
464
310

639
464
310

6 50
47 0
3 17

100
200
500

885
63 9
420

23 2
177
128

23 2
177
128

240
185
1 36

1000
2000
5000

31 0
23 2
163

103
85.6
70.1

103
85.6
70.1

109
89
70

1 8 104
2 x 104
5 x 104

128
103
81.1

62.3
56.8
51.9

62.3
51.5$
40 .6'

59
51
42.5

1 x 105
2 x 105
5 8 105

70.1
62.3
55.4

49.5
47.7
46.2

35.1'
3 1 .2'
21.79

37.5
33 .o
28.5

1 x 106
2 x 106
5 x 106

51.9

45.4

26 'O.

26.0

sac

Code

Proposed
c u r v e Af

28.3'
26.9'
25.7'

28.3
26.9
25.7

1 x 107
2 x 107
5 s 107

25.1'
24.7'
24.3'

25.1
24.7
24.3

1 x 10'
1 x 109
1 x 1010
1 x 10x1

24.1f
23.8'
23.7'
23.7'

24.1
23.8
23.7
23.7

a
Q u a t i o n (B.1) w i t h E = 2.6 x 107, A = 72.6, B =
43,500 p s i ; S = 8 , 4 1 5 1 f i + 43.5 k s i .
b
S,, = s t r e s s f o r N = 20 t i m e s v a l u e shown; t h a t i s ,
f a c t o r of s a f e t y of 20 on c y c l e s .
C

Sa l e s s e r of SI2 o r S z o .

dValue of S

1-9.2.
e

aa

is S

t a b u l a t e d i n Code T a b l e 1-9.1

a d j u s t e d f o r E = 2.83 x 107 p s i .

fProposed c u r v e A ( s e e t e x t ) .

actor

of s a f e t y of 2 on s t r e s s c o n t r o l s .

f o r Fig.

48
iron-chrome A l l o y 800, nickel-chrome-iron A l l o y 600, and nickel-chrome
A l l o y 718. One d a t a p o i n t a t 108 c y c l e s was i n c l u d e d . The h i g h - s t r e s s
d a t a p o i n t s were s t r a i n c o n t r o l l e d ; some of t h e l o w - s t r e s s d a t a p o i n t s
were l o a d c o n t r o l l e d .
T e s t s were r u n a t v a r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e s up t o
8000F. According t o L a n g e r D 3 t h e C r i t e r i a d a t a on 18-8 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l
i n c l u d e d t e s t s a t t e m p e r a t u r e s up t o 660OF.
The J a s k e and O'Donnell p a p e r g i v e s s e p a r a t e c u r v e s i n t h e form of
Eq. ( B . 1 ) f o r t h e 300 s e r i e s s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s , A l l o y 800, A l l o y 600, and
A l l o y 718. They found t h a t t h e 300 s e r i e s s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s , A l l o y 800,
and A l l o y 600 c o u l d be grouped t o g e t h e r f o r t h e purpose of d e s i g n guidance.
They t h e n a p p l i e d mean s t r e s s a d j u s t m e n t i n t h e form of Eq. ( B . 2 )
w i t h S = 94 k s i and S = 44 k s i . They u s e d E = 2.83 x 107 p s i r a t h e r
Numerical comparisons
t h a n Eu= 2.6 x l o 7 psiy,, used i n Code F i g . 1-9.2.
f o r t h e t h r e e m a t e r i a l s and t h e combined t h r e e m a t e r i a l s a r e shown i n
T a b l e B.3.
For N
l o 6 c y c l e s ( p r e s e n t Code c o v e r a g e ) , i t c a n be s e e n i n T a b l e
B.3 t h a t t h e J a s k e and O'Donnell d e s i g n f a t i g u e s t r e s s e s a r e g e n e r a l l y
lower t h a n t h e p r e s e n t Code ( a d j u s t e d f o r E. = 2.83 x l o 7 i n s t e a d of E =
2.6 x 1 0 7 ) . A s an e x t r e m e example, f o r 300 s e r i e s s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s a t
N = 2 x l o 5 c y c l e s , t h e Code a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s i s 1.39 t i m e s t h e J a s k e and
O'Donnell b e s t - f i t c u r v e . However, c o n s i d e r i n g t h e c o n s e r v a t i s m s t h a t
u s u a l l y e x i s t i n e s t i m a t i n g t h e o p e r a t i n g h i s t o r y and i n c a l c u l a t i o n of
s t r e s s e s , t h i s p o s s i b l e unconservatism i s r e l a t i v e l y small.
A t p r e s e n t ( J u l y 19821, a p r o p o s e d m o d i f i c a t i o n t o Code F i g . 1-9.2
i s under c o n s i d e r a t i o n by t h e ASME B o i l e r and P r e s s u r e V e s s e l Committee.
T h i s p r o p o s a l * m a i n t a i n s t h e p r e s e n t Code c u r v e f o r N A l o 6 c y c l e s .
Above N = lo', t h r e e c u r v e s , i d e n t i f i e d a s A, B, and C a r e proposed.
The A c u r v e i s simply an e x t r a p o l a t i o n of t h e p r e s e n t Code u s i n g t h e
equation
S = (84151%

+ 4 3 . 5 ) x (2.8312.60)

V a l u e s a r e shown i n T a b l e B.2 on t h e two r i g h t columns f o r N 2 l o 6 .

The B c u r v e i s f a i r e d - i n between t h e p r e s e n t Code s t r e s s a t N = l o 6
and J a s k e and O'Donnell "combined" c u r v e , w i t h o u t any a d j u s t m e n t f o r mean
stress.
The C c u r v e i s f a i r e d - i n between t h e p r e s e n t Code s t r e s s a t N = 106
and t h e J a s k e and O'Donnell "combined" c u r v e , w i t h a d j u s t m e n t f o r t h e
maximum e f f e c t of mean s t r e s s . A comparison i s shown i n T a b l e B.3 on t h e
two r i g h t columns f o r N 2 l o 6 .
The q u e s t i o n a r i s e s a s t o which of t h e t h r e e p r o p o s e d c u r v e s i s most
a p p r o p r i a t e f o r p i p i n g e v a l u a t i o n i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h Eqs. (1) and ( 2 ) of
the text.
The q u e s t i o n i s n o t t r i v i a l because f o r N = 1 0 8 , t h e C c u r v e
g i v e s s t r e s s e s t h a t a r e -60% of t h o s e from t h e A c u r v e . O p e r a t i o n a l cyc l e s t h a t add up t o 10' o r more do n o t come from t h e k i n d s of t r a n s i e n t s
n o r m a l l y c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n of p i p i n g .
However, when v i b r a t i o n
o c c u r s , t h e number of c y c l e s c a n e a s i l y add up t o > l o 8 .
-----.-

*The p r o p o s a l i n c l u d e s t h e f o r m a l i s t i c s t e p of changing E from

2.6 x l o 7 t o 2.83 x l o 7 p s i ; hence p r e s e n t Code-tabulated s t r e s s e s f o r
F i g . 1-9.2 would be m u l t i p l i e d by 2.8312.60.

49
Table B.3.
Jaske and O'Donnell d e s i g n f a t i g u e s t r e s s e s
f o r high-alloy s t e e l s ( s t r e s s e s i n k s i )

300 Serie;
st a i n l e s s

Saf

lo

S a' 9

A l l o y 800

A l l o y 600'

d
Combined
Code

'a

S a' 9

saf

s;g

saf

S;g

20

so

647
4 86
31 9

644
466
3 09

774
559
3 68

674
4 86
3 19

708
512
345

100
200
500

23 5
17 5
122

23 0
174
124

27 2
204
143

23 6
17 6
124

261
201
148

1000
2000
5000

95.8
77 .o
63.7

99.0
81.3
65.5

1 x 104
2
104
5
104

51.9
45 .gh
38.5
30.2hh

57 .6h
49.5h
38.4
32.8hh

25 .gh
22.2
h
20.3h
19.0h
17.8
h
17.2h
16.8,,
16.4
h
16.2h
35.9
h
15.gh
15.8

28.8,,
25.3
h
23 .Sh
22.3h
21.2
h
20.6h
20.2h
19.9
h
19.7h
19.4h
19.3h
19.3

1 x 105
2 x 105
5
105

1 x 106
2 x 106
5 x 106
1 x 107
2 x 107
5 x 107
1
1
1
1

x 10'
x 109
x 1010
x 1011
a

19.1
17.0
15.3
14.5
13.9
13.4
13.2
12.8
12.7
12.7

113
91.2
72.1

64.2
55.5
46.3

53.3
47.4
36.8
30.8hh

40.8
35.9
31.0

26 .7h
22.9

19.5
18.9
18.3

23 .3h
21.9
h
21.2h
20.8h
20.3

20.6
19.8
19.1

18.0
17.5
17.4
17.4

20.1h
19.gh
h
19.7h
19.6

18.7
18.1
18.0
17.9

20.5

119
96.9
76.2.

97.1
78.3
61.7

62.4
55.6h
42.8
h
36 .Oh
31.2h
26.9
24.8hh
21.9

21.1h
h
19.7h
18.6
h
18.0h
17.5h
17.2
h
17.0h
16.7
h
16.6h
16.5

20.3
18.1
16.3

28.3
22.8
18.4

15.5
14.9
14.4

16.4
15.2
14.3

14.1
13.7
13.6
13.6

14.1
13 . 9
13.7
13.6

S = 9,081/l% + 31.59 ksi.

b S = 8 , 5 5 7 1 f i + 38.50 k s i .
C

S = 1 0 , 3 9 3 1 G + 39.2 k s i .

d S = 9,058/l% + 33.05 ksi.

e

From Table 1-9.1 f o r F i g . 1-9.2, m u l t i p l i e d by 28.3126.0

change. For N > l o 6 , from proposed C c u r v e .
f L e s s e r of SI^ or

for E

s~,,.
= 94 k s i ,

9Adjusted f o r mean s t r e s s , Eq. ( B . 2 ) w i t h S

U

hFactor of s a f e t y of 2 on s t r e s s c o n t r o l s .

S = 44 k s i .
Y

Because J a s k e and O'Donnell i n c l u d e c o n s i d e r a b l e d a t a i n t h e r a n g e

of l o c t o 108 c y c l e s and use a more complete s e t of d a t a t h a n t h e o r i g i n a l C r i t e r i a , t h e use of t h e proposed A c u r v e a p p e a r s q u e s t i o n a b l e .
The c h o i c e between t h e B and C c u r v e s depends o n w h e t h e r mean s t r e s s e s
w i l l e x i s t . Welds t h a t a r e n o t a n n e a l e d a f t e r w e l d i n g w i l l have y i e l d s t r e n g t h l e v e l s of r e s i d u a l s t r e s s . Futhermore, because of i n s t a l l a t i o n
m i s a l i g n m e n t s , i t would be d i f f i c u l t t o e s t a b l i s h t h a t any p a r t of a pipIt
i n g system i s f r e e of mean s t r e s s a s i n s t a l l e d . " A c c o r d i n g l y , i t a p p e a r s
t h a t t h e C c u r v e s h o u l d be u s e d i n p i p i n g system f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n ( e . g . ,
f o r e v a l u a t i o n of p r e o p e r a t i o n a l t e s t i n g ) .

Temperature Dependence
The C r i t e r i a 1 does n o t i n d i c a t e what t e m p e r a t u r e s were i n v o l v e d i n
t h e f a t i g u e t e s t s . However, Langer3 i n d i c a t e s t h a t t e s t s a t temperat u r e s up t o 6500F were i n c l u d e d f o r 18-8 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s . J a s k e and
O'Donnell' i n c l u d e t e s t s a t t e m p e r a t u r e s up t o 800OF. Tbey c o n v e r t e d
s t r a i n s t o s t r e s s e s by u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g room t e m p e r a t u r e moduli:

300 s e r i e s s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s
Alloy 800
A l l o y 600

28.3 x lo6 p s i
27.6 x lo6 p s i
31.7 x lo6 p s i

I n p r i n c i p l e , the
They used E = 2.83 x l o 7 p s i i n t h e i r combined c u r v e .
d e s i g n f a t i g u e c u r v e s a r e t e m p e r a t u r e dependent because E i s t e m p e r a t u r e
de pendent.
J a s k e 4 p r e s e n t s p o l i s h e d b a r , f a t i g u e t e s t d a t a on c a r b o n s t e e l
[American I r o n and S t e e l I n s t i t u t e (AIS11 10101, which s u g g e s t t h a t f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h i n c r e a s e s s l i g h t l y between 70 and 400F, t h e n d e c r e a s e s
between 400 and 7000F.
However, c o n s i d e r i n g t h e g e n e r a l o r d e r of accur a c y i n v o l v e d i n t h e f a t i g u e e v a l u a t i o n s , i t a p p e a r s a p p r o p r i a t e t o cons i d e r d e s i g n f a t i g u e s t r e s s e s f o r c a r b o n s t e e l s t o be independent of t e m p e r a t u r e up t o 7000F e x c e p t a s m o d i f i e d by E.
References

1.

American S o c i e t y of Mechanical E n g i n e e r s , " C r i t e r i a of t h e ASME

B o i l e r and P r e s s u r e V e s s e l Code f o r Design by A n a l y s i s i n S e c t i o n s
I11 and V I I I , D i v i s i o n 2," New York, 1969.

2.

C. E. J a s k e and W. J. O'Donnell, " F a t i g u e Design P r o c e d u r e f o r Press u r e V e s s e l A l l o y s , " Trans. ASME, J . of Pressure VesseZ Technotogy
99(4) , 5%-f'S?
(November 1977).

3.

B. F. Langer, "Design of P r e s s u r e V e s s e l s f o r Low-Cycle F a t i g u e , "

ASME T r a n s , J. Basic Eng. 84(3), 389-402 (1962).

4,

E. J a s k e , "Low-Cycle F a t i g u e of AIS1 1010 S t e e l a t Temperatures

It
up t o 1200F (649C1, Trans. ASME, J . of Pressure VesseZ Technology
99(3) , 432-443 (August 1977).
C.

51
Appendix C
COMPARISONS OF CARBON STEEL. AND AUSTENITIC STAINLESS
STEEL PIPING PRODUCT MOMENT FATIGUE TESTS

R e f e r e n c e s 1-3 g i v e r e s u l t s of moment f a t i g u e t e s t s on p i p i n g produ c t s made of carbon s t e e l and t y p e 304 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l . The t e s t s were

s i m i l a r t o Markls t e s t s 4 i n t h a t d i s p l a c e m e n t s were c o n t r o l l e d .
All
t e s t s were r u n on 6-in. nominal s i z e p r o d u c t s . R e s u l t s of t h e s e t e s t s
a r e summarized i n T a b l e C . l .
T a b l e C . l c o n t a i n s s i x s e t s of comparable r e s u l t s . Because t h e t e s t s
were r u n a t d i f f e r e n t nominal s t r e s s l e v e l s , t h e y have b e e n n o r m a l i z e d
The f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h , of
by t h e urse of Eq. ( 9 ) t o o b t a i n i - f a c t o r s .
The l a s t column shows
course, i s inversely proportional t o the i-factors.
I f t h i s r a t i o i s <1.00, i t means t h a t c a r b o n s t e e l
average r a t i o s , i / i
c s
I t can
p r o d u c t s were s t r o n g e r t h a n t y p e 304 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l p r o d u c t s .
be s e e n i n T a b l e C . l t h a t i c / i i s <1.00 f o r a l l s i x s e t s of d a t a .
S
T a b l e C.2 shows Code 1 c a r b o n s t e e l t o s t a i n l e s s s t e e l r a t i o s of fat i g u e d e s i g n s t r e s s e s and t h e r a t i o s i m p l i e d by t h e d a t a i n T a b l e C . l .
In
t h e r e g i o n of 10 t o l o 4 d e s i g n c y c l e s , t h e K f a c t o r a d j u s t s t h e b a s i c
e
We have shown t h e
r a t i o s so a s t o be i n b e t t e r agreement w i t h T a b l e C . l .
r a t i o s from T a b l e C . l a s a p p l y i n g t o N = l o 3 and l o 4 . Noting t h a t T a b l e
C.l i s related t o f a i l u r e cycles N
whereas Code 1 d a t a a r e d e s i g n c y c l e s

N, t h e r a t i o s from T a b l e C . l might f more

a p p r o p r i a t e l y be t a k e n a s applyi n g t o N = 10 and 10.
Also, t h e J a s k e and ODonnel15 b a s e d a t a f o r
s t a i n l e s s s t e e l indicate carbon t o s t a i n l e s s r a t i o s closer t o unity ( s e e
However, t h e anomaly s t i l l e x i s t s : t e s t d a t a on p i p i n g
Appendix B).
p r o d u c t s i n d i c a t e c a r b o n s t e e l i s s t r o n g e r t h a n s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , whereas
Code 1, even w i t h t h e K a d j u s t m e n t , g e n e r a l l y i n d i c a t e s t h e o p p o s i t e .
e
While t h e p r e c e d i n g c o n s t i t u t e s t h e main r e a s o n f o r i n c l u d i n g t h i s
Appendix, t h e f o l l o w i n g i s a more d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n of T a b l e C . l .

G i r t h B u t t Welds
11
by
Markls t e s t s were on t y p i c a l g i r t h b u t t w e l d s i n 4.5-in.-OD
0.237-in.-wall
p i p e . T a b l e C . l t e s t s were on g i r t h b u t t w e l d s i n 6.625in.-OD p i p e w i t h 0.280-, 0.432-, o r 0.718-in.-wall
p i p e . D e t a i l s of t h e
welds a r e not a v a i l a b l e . That the i - f a c t o r s a r e c l o s e t o u n i t y i n d i c a t e s
t h a t Markls i = 1.0 i s r a t h e r b r o a d l y a p p l i c a b l e .

Elbows
The Code 2 i - f a c t o r
r a d i u s elbows i s

i = 0.9(r2/tR)/

f o r 6.625-in.-OC

= 0.9(3.17252/0.280

by 0.280-in.-wall

x 6)

= 2.97

by 6-in.-bend

(C.1)

52
Table C.l.
Comparisons of c a r b o n s t e e l w i t h a u s t e n i t i c
s t a i n l e s s s t e e l p i p i n g p r o d u c t c y c l i c moment f a t i g u e
t e s t s ( d a t a from Refs. 1-3)

Product

4 0 Weld

Test b
identity

Material

Nfe

if

i c / i s9

HW-1
Hw-3 A

C
S

58.2
61.1

35,740
6,950

1.03
1.37

0.75

1 6 0 We1 d
p = 1050 p s i

CC-160-1
CS-160-1

C
S

101.6
95.8

7,456
7,724

0.81
0.85

0.95

80 Weld
5500F

Hw-15
HW-14
HW-12
Hw-11
Hw-10

C
C
S
S
S

117.6
97.3
93.8
64.2
79 .O

3,209
7,278
2,894
14,858
9 ,200

0.83
0.95
1.06
1.12
1.oo

0.84

CCLS-1
CCL s- 2
CSLS-1
CSL s- 2

43.6
42.6
42.2
44.2

1,176
7,899
6,838
907

2.73
1.91
1.99
2.84

0.96

HCL S- 1
HCLS-2
HSLS-1
HSLS-2

C
C
S
S

43.5
43.1
28 .O
42.2

7 60
26,100
2,200
1,870

2.99
1.49
3.75
2.57

0.71

cas-1

C
C
S
S
S

68.2
70.6
68.7
67.8
72.7

21,079
9,367
4,575
3.3 1 0
3,675

0.98
1.11
1.32
1.43
1.30

40 SR Elbow
p = 1050 p s i

40 SR Elbow
550F

40 6 x 6 Tee

cas-2
CSTS-1
CSTS-2
CSTS-3

S
S

0.77

a40 Weld:

g i r t h b u t t w e l d i n sched.-40 p i p e ; 160 weld: g i r t h

b u t t w e l d i n sched.-160 p i p e ; 80 Weld: g i r t h b u t t weld i n sched.-80
p i p e ; 40 SR elbow: sched.-4O s h o r t r a d i u s ( R 6 in.) elbow, 6-in.
nominal s i z e ; 40 6 x 6 t e e : sched.-40 ANSI B19.9 t e e , moment t h r o u g h
b r a n c h . U n l e s s o t h e r w i s e i n d i c a t e d , t e s t s were r u n a t room t e m p e r a t u r e
with zero internal pressure.
Moments were "in-plane" f o r b o t h elbows
and t e e s .
b I d e n t i f i c a t i o n s used i n R e f s . 1-3.
C

C:
c a r b o n s t e e l , SA106 Grade B; S :
t y p e 304.
dSf = M/Z,
e

M = moment r a n g e ( c o m p l e t e l y r e v e r s e d ) .

Nf = c y c l e s t o f a i l u r e (through-wall

f i = 490/(S

s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , SA312

crack).

Sf i n ksi [ s e e Eq. ( 9 1 1 .
f f
g i = a v e r a g e of i s f o r c a r b o n s t e e l ; i = a v e r a g e of i s f ' o r
S
s t a i n l e Cs s s t e e l .

53

T a b l e C.2.
Code 1 r a t i o s of f a t i g u e
design s t r e s s e s f o r carbon s t e e l
and a u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s s t e e l

Ratios
With Ke a d j u s t m e n t
Basic
a
curves

ICz = 1

Kz = 2

10

0.89

0.60'

0.76'

lo2

0.85

0.88'

1.05

103

0.76

1.oo

0.96

0.64

104

0.91

0.64

10s

0.53

0.64

0.53

106

0.48

0.48

0.48

b
From
Table C . l

1.04 t o 1.41

1.04 t o 1 . 4 1

d
d

a
R a t i o s o b t a i n e d from Code 1 T a b l e 1-9.1;
Fig. 1-9.1, UTS
80 k s i f o r c a r b o n s t e e l ;
Fig. 1-9.2 f o r a u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s s t e e l .

bRatioa a r e s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r SA106 Grade B a t

l O O O F t o SA312 type 304 a t 10O0F.
C

dS

n
n

>

3mS f o r one o r b o t h m a t e r i a l s .
m

<

3Sm f o r one or b o t h m a t e r i a l s .

Table C . l i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e of i i s 2.53, about 85% of

t h e v a l u e given by Eq. ( C . 1 ) .
T h i s i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same a s M a r k l ' s
by 0.072- or 0.241-in.-wall,
in-plane moment r e s u l t s f o r 4.5-in.-OD
cl-in.-bend
r a d i u s elbows; t h a t i s , t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l i was a b o u t 0.85
T h i s s l i g h t r e d u c t i o n from " t h e o r e t i c a l "
t i m e s t h e i g i v e n by Eq. ( C . 1 ) .
i s deemed t o be m a i n l y caused by end e f f e c t s of t h e p i p e s welded t o t h e
elbows.

Tees
The Code 2 i - f a c t o r
ANSI B16.9 t e e i s
i = 0.9(r/4.4t)z'3

f o r 6.625-in.-OD

= 0.9(3.1725/4.4

by 0.280-in.-wall,

x 0 . 2 8 0 ) 2 ' 3 = 1.69

f u l l outlet

((2.2)

54
T a b l e C.l i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e of i is 1.23, about 73% of t h e
v a l u e g i v e n by Eq. (C.2).
M a r k l ' s r e s u l t s gave i - f a c t o r s f o r in-plane
moments r a n g i n g from 78 t o 103% of i g i v e n by Eq. (C.2), t h e r a t i o depending on d e t a i l s such a s t h e t r a n s i t i o n r a d i i and w a l l t h i c k n e s s e s of
the tees.
References

1.

J. D. Heald and E. Kiss, "Low Cycle F a t i g u e of P r o t o t y p e Pipe Comp o n e n t s , " General E . l e c t r i c (San J o s e ) R e p o r t GEAP-10763 ( J a n u a r y

1973).

2.

E. Kiss, J. D. Heald, and D. A. Hale, "Low-Cycle F a t i g u e of P r o t o t y p e

P i p i n g , " General E l e c t r i c (San J o s e ) R e p o r t GEAP-10135 ( J a n u a r y 1970).

3.

J. D. Reald and E. Kiss, "Low Cycle F a t i g u e of N u c l e a r Pipe Compon e n t s , " Trans. ASME, J. of Pressure Vessel Technology 96(3), 171-176
(August 1974).

4.

A. R. C. Markl, " F a t i g u e T e s t s of P i p i n g Components," Trans. ASME 7 4 .

287-303 (1952).

5.

C. E. J a s k e and W. J. O'Donnell, " F a t i g u e Design P r o c e d u r e f o r Press u r e V e s s e l A l l o y s , " Trans. ASME, J. of Pressure Vessel Technology
99(4), 584-592 (November 1977).

55
NUREG / CR-3 243
O W /Sub/82-22252/1
D i s t . Category AN
Internal Distribution

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

C.
J.
J.
D.

R. B r i n h a n
A. C1 h a r d
M. Cor um
S. G r i f f i t h
C. Gwal t n e y

R.
F. J. Homan
R. L. Huddl e st on
Y. L. L i n

A. I,. L o t t s

s. s. Manson ( C o n s u l t a n t 1
W. J. McAf e e
S. E. Moor e

13.
14.
15.
16-20.
21-24.

25.
26.
27.
28-29.
30.

C. E. Pugh

E. E. Trammel1
G. D. Whitman
G. T. Yahr
S t r u c t u r a l Design C r i t e r i a ,
9204-1, MS 11
ORNL P a t e n t O f f i c e
C e n t r a l Research L i b r a r y
Document R e f e r e n c e S e c t i o n
L a b o r a t o r y Records Department
L a b o r a t o r y Records (RC)

External Distribution

31.
32-33.
34-133.
134-233.

O f f i c e of A s s i s t a n t Manager for Energy R e s e a r c h and Development,

Department of Energy, ORO, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t e r , DOE, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
Given d i s t r i b u t i o n a s shown under c a t e g o r y AN (NTIS-10)
S p e c i a l ASME Code D i s t r i b u t i o n (by NRC)

NRC

335

I11 811

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET

NUREG/CR-3243
ORNL/Sub/82-2225211

T I T L E A N D S U B T I T L E (Add Volume NO.,1 f e ~ p r o p r t 8 r e /

[2

Comparisons of ASME Code Fatigue Evaluation Methods for

Nuclear Class 1 Piping with Class 2 or 3 Piping

7. A U T H O R 6 1

(Leave blank/

3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.

5. D A T E REPORT COMPLETED

E. C. Rodabaugh

MONTH

1. P E R F O R M I N G O R G A N I Z A T I O N N A M E A N D M A I L I N G ADDRESS (Include Z I P Code)

E.

II

1. REPORT NUMeEA /Asslgnedby DOC/

U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION

YEAR

March

1983

D A T E REPORT ISSUED

Rodabaugh Associates, Inc.

4625 Cemetery Road
Hilliard, Ohio 43026
C.

MONTH

YEAR

6 (Leave bldnkl
8 . (Leave b lank]

12. SPONSORING O R G A N I Z A T I O N N A M E A N D M A I L I N G ADDRESS (Include Z l p Codel

Division of Engineering Technology

Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Washington, DC 20555

10 P R O J E C T i T A S K l W O R K U N I T N O
1 1 . FIN

NO.

I
I

13. TYPE OF REPORT

PE R l O D C O V E R E D /Inclusive dares)

Topical
15 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14 (Leave o lank)

16. A B S T R A C T (200 words or less)

The fatigue evaluation procedure used in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code, Section 111, Nuclear Power Plant Components, for Class 1 piping is different
from the procedure used for Class 2 or 3 piping. The basis for each procedure is
described and correlations between the two procedures are presented. Conditions
under which either procedure, or both, may be unconservative are noted.
Potential changes in the Class 2 or 3 piping procedure t o explicitly cover all
loadings are discussed. However, the report is intended to be informatory and,
while the contents of the report may guide future Code changes, specific recommendations are not given herein.

I 7 K E Y WORDS A N D D O C U M E N T A N A L Y S I S

1711

1 7 a DESCRIPTORS

I D E N T I F I E R S OPEN E N D E D TERMS

8 A V A l L A B I Ll TY S T A T E M E N T

Unlimited

I9 SECURITY CLASS (ThtsrepOrrl

2 1 N O OF P A G E S

Unclassified
20 SECURITY CLi\ S /Th,sDaye/

Unc lassi?ied

22 PRICE