][NClLUDES TJHIE 1-1/2

x 3 LN2 TRANSFER L][NE

ANALYSIS RESULTS

D-ZERO Engineering Note: 3740.S10-EN-162

Jeff Wendlandt

(Revised by C.H. Kurita)

May 31,1988

APproved:H/~

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

PAGE 2

INTRODUCTION
The analysis of pipe stress due to thermal contraction and expansion
can be accomplished in numerous ways. This report examines the analysis
methods available to us and provides the reasons for the methods we chose
to use. It then describes the results of the 1-1/2 x 3 vacuum-jacketed LN2
transfer line. The LN2 line also serves as an example for an analysis using
the method chosen. A brief discussion of the 4 x 6 N2 exhaust line follows
these items.

METHOD COMPARISON AND SELECTION

,.-)

The methods compared include the Grinnell and Tube Turns Chart
methods, Grinnell Moment method, commercial software for PC's, and
ANSYS.
The chart methods have been used for many years with success but
are very tedious and time consuming. This type of analysis has limitations.
For instance, the particular geometry being analyzed might not fit into the
charts available in the handbook.
To analyze a given geometry,
assumptions are made which lead to uncertainties in the results. From the
past experience with chart methods, it was decided that a better approach
was needed.
Information on pipe stress software advertised in magazines was
acquired originally by Brian Fitzpatrick. The information received included
written material and demonstration disks.
Several demonstration disks
were working programs. One working program, AUTOPIPE, was available
for us to compare our results with the other analysis methods. AUTOPIPE
proved to be easy to use and provided a detailed analysis. The geometry is
quickly entered and conforms to various codes including B31.1 and B31.3.
Letter sized sheets can be printed out which reveal the results in an
organized manner.
The software packages have these stated advantages
but are expensive. The initial purchase prices range from $1500.00 to
$6000.00 with the average at $4500.00 (not including user fees).
At the same time, an analysis was performed on ANSYS. ANSYS offers
much more power and is less expensive than the software programs
because the pipe module is already available as a part of the existing
ANSYS package in use at the laboratory. The PC software, however, is
much easier to use than ANSYS even though ANSYS provides a pipe module

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

_\

PAGE 3

for easy geometry input. The LN2 transfer line was analyzed first by the
Grinnell chart method and later done on ANSYS. The ANSYS solution
provided much lower bending stress results. The values were lower by a
factor of two in some instances. We questioned whether or not the stress
intensification factor( SIF ) of the short radius elbows was included in the
ANSYS calculations because the SIF value of 2.6 is close to the factor the
ANSYS values differed from the chart values. After later investigation, the
SIF used in ANSYS was found to be 2.3 because the default radius for a
The actual radius of sr
short radius (sr) elbow is incorrectly 1 x 0.0.
elbows is 1 x NOM DIA. This radius is a term in the SIF calculations and
leads to the discrepancy. CODE B31.3 equations for the SIF calculations are
shown in TABLE 1. This flaw in ANSYS is easily corrected by inserting the
numerical elbow radius instead of "sr" ,
In order to compare the results of each analysis method, a simple 6' x
6' "L" shaped pipe run was examined. The 1-1/2 sch-l0s 304 SS pipe with
a short radius elbow was analyzed under the condition that it is rigidly
fixed at both ends and cooled down from 300K to 77K. The results are as
follows:

MEIHOD
Grinnell Moment
Grinnell Chart
Tube Turns Chart
ANSYS
AUTOPIPE

MAX BENDING STRESS

13,664 psi ( A. Parker)
20,075 psi
14,769 psi ( A. Parker)
12,737 psi
9,638 psi

From this comparison, several conclusions were drawn: The Grinnell

Chart method is too conservative and both chart methods are inefficient
AUTOPIPE and other PC programs are efficient but too
and limited.
expensive.
Therefore, ANSYS is our best alternative because it already
exists here and is inexpensive to operate.

11/Z" X 3" LNZ TRANSFER LINE ANALYSIS RESULTS

The analysis included in this report contains the maximum bending
stresses (which are located at the elbows), the forces at the anchor points,
and the displacements at the nodes.
The initial analysis began with a
dimensioned piping layout sketch. An acceptable solution was determined

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

""':1

PAGE 4

by locating vacuum break placements. The vacuum breaks act as rigid

anchors and restrain displacements which then redistribute stresses.
Originally. the solution was checked with the use of the Grinnell Piping
Handbook. The 1-1/2" x 3" pipe is 304 SS sch-IOs pipe with short radius
elbows and a single welding tee. The thermal contraction upon cooling
from 300K to 77K results in the majority of the stresses produced;
additionally. gravity was added to this analysis although it did not produce
any sizable changes in the results. The thermal contraction shown in code
B31.1 is 3.85"/100ft or 1.4387 X 10-5in/in-K
[3.85in/I00ft)/12in/ft)1
(300K-77K)]. The dimensions and locations of ,the anchor points are shown
in FIGURE I. The bending stresses and anchor forces are shown in FIGURE
2.
The allowable code stress(Sa) is 25.500 psi and should never be
exceeded by the computed stress (Se).
Computed stress consists of the
bending stress(Sb) and the torsional stress(St): Se= (Sb 2 + 4St2 )1/2. The
torsional stresses are insignificant contributors to the computed stress. At
the element with the maximum bending stress of 17,840 psi. the maximum
torsional stress is 49 psi.
The pipe
The ANSYS model is composed of elements an~ nodes.
elements are made of two nodes and share these nodes with two adjacent
elements. Some nodes are "Ieftover" during the geometry construction and
are not associated with any elements. FIGURE 3 gives locations of the
nodes and FIGURE 4 gives the element numbers formed in the creation of
the ANSYS model. TABLE 2 shows the displacements of these nodes. The
maximum displacements and associated nodes are shown at the bottom of
this table. This concludes the summary of the results.

PIPING ANALYSIS USING ANSYS

U sing the LN2 transfer line as an example. I present a procedure for
piping analysis using ANSYS. The reader is assumed to have access to the
ANSYS 4.3 version user manual and any applicable VAX user guides. The
ANSYS USER'S GUIDE written by Mark Leininger used as a reference in this
report is helpful for any ANSYS user.
Any analysis begins with a
dimensioned piping layout sketch.
After this. vacuum breaks.
external/internal bellows. and "flexhose can be located on the piping layout
to reach acceptable stress levels. The model is created and entered into
ANSYS. To use ANSYS. the user must be setup to do so. This can be
accomplished in the login file or by typing "@LIB:[LIB.ANSYS]SETUP.COM"
after login.

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

""'"

PAGE 5

There are two modes used in ANSYS. These are the interactive and
batch modes. The interactive mode is entered by typing ANSYS_INTER
after the $ prompt. The budget code (dch) and the user defined file name
excluding the file extension(.DAT) is then entered. The user is now in the
interactive mode. This mode allows the user to input and analyze a model
at the terminal. Frequently, plots are made on the screen to get the proper
view arrangements. The interactive mode is helpful when a specific stress
or displacement is desired instead of extra information. The batch mode is
entered by typing ANSYS_BA TCH. The budget code, previously defined file
name including the file extension, approximate CPU time, and several
questions answered "NO" follow. After this, the job is put in queue for
analysis. Upon completion, files are created including the solution file and
a file that extracts the geometry, stresses, displacements, and forces from
This latter file
the solution file and lists them in a readable manner.
("name".LIS) can be printed out on a line printer and the results can then
be viewed. The listing file provides a documentation of the stresses for
later use.
The analysis of the LN2 transfer line began with the creation of a file
named N2LINE26.DAT. A file ("name"26.DAT) contains the pipe data and
geometry and is created outside of ANSYS. If the input data needs to be
The complete
changed, the outside file("name"26.DAT) is just edited.
file(N2LINE.DAT) includes the analysis commands and postprocessing to
extract the results and is appended to this report. N2LINE26.DA T only
includes the pipe data and geometry, and its end is indicated on the
appended file.
A step by step procedure is now presented for a batch job:
1. Create "name"26.DAT file using an editor

2. Type ANSYS_INTER
3. Enter budget code ( dch )
4. Enter file name with

no extension ( "name")

5. Type liNT
-"Begin-inp" prompt is then displayed.
6. Type /INPUT,26 (ANSYS reads file 26)
7. Check the information scrolling by the screen
8. Enter FINI to leave PREP7
)

9. Enter IEOF to leave ANSYS_INTER

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

PAGE 6

10.

Edit

"name"26.DAT,

adding

additional

retrieval information and correcting any errors.

11. Rename the "name"26.DAT to "name",DAT
12. Type ANSYS_BATCH after the $ prompt
13. Enter budget code
14. Enter CPU time [ 5 minutes]
15. Answer "NO" to the next 3 questions
16, After completion of the job, type the listing
file, "name" .LIS, on the screen to check the
results.
17. Print the listing file on your line printer
The commands listed in the appended file are now explained and/or
given the locations of the explanations in the ANSYS manual.

/PREP7
This command places the user in the preprocessing module for model
input. A brief summary of the module is found starting on page 3.2.1.

/TIT, 1-112 X 3 LIQUID NITROGEN TRANSFER LINE

An explanation is found on page 3.1.12 of the ANSYS User's Manual.

MPTEMP ,1, 75,144,200,294

MPDA T A,EX,I,I,30.4E6,29.9E6,29.4E6,28.3E6
These two commands construct a temperature table for the Youngs
Modulus. The first field, ", ,.., in MPTEMP and the third in MPDATA are the
beginning slot location in the temperature table. The slot locations must be
the same. The data for the temperature table was found in TABLE C-6 of
the ASME B31.1 CODE. A more detailed explanation of these commands is
found on pages 3.3.3.1 and 3.3.3.2. The valid material properties are found
on page 3.4.3.1.

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

PAGE 7

ALPX,I,I.4387E5
DENS,I,.2899
These both are material properties that also can be placed in the
temperature table but were not for this example. They are shown on page
3.4.3.1.
TREF,300
TUNIF,77
These commands specify the reference and uniform temperatures of the
pipe. The commands are found on pages 3.3.2.1 and 3.3.15.7.
The following commands used in the geometry input are found in the
PIPE MODULE section 3.3.24.
PSPEC,I,1.5,10S
This command is found on page 3.3.24.1 .and defines the pipe material and
dimensions.
BRANCH,1
Defines the beginning point of a new stretch of pipe and is explained on
page 3.3.24.2.
RUN, , , 18
RUN, 29.5
BEND, , ,1.5
These two commands are used to define straight runs of pipe and elbows.
The straight runs of pipe are formed in incremental lengths from a
beginning point. The elbows are formed between two previously defined
straight pipes.
The bend radius must be specified in order to get the
correct SIP's.
The defaults and explanations of these commands are
explained on pages 3.3.24.3 and 3.3.24.4. The first RUN command forms
nodes 1 and 2, while the second forms node 3. The BEND command forms
nodes 4 -7. The next RUN command creates node 8. This pattern continues
throughout the piping layout.

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

PAGE 8

BRANCH,30
RUN, , ,-43.5
TEE
This series of commands place a welding tee at node 30. The RUN's
previously executed have formed the nodes 30 and 3~. The RUN listed to
the right forms node 36. The TEE command forms nodes 37-39. The TEE
command is located on page 3.3.24.3.
By knowing these patterns, the nodes are located on the piping layout
before the the files are created. The organization this provides is beneficial
in locating tees and anchor points.
D,l,ALL through D,70,ALL
This command specifies zero displacements for these nodes. These nodes
are then the anchor points. On page 3.3..16.1, the D command is explained
in detail.
The D command marks the end of the N2LINE26.DAT.
Use
ANSYS_INTER with the IINPUT,26 command ( see page 6 ) to input the
data. The geometry and nodes are checked to ensure that ANSYS has all of
the information necessary to execute a run. At this time, the elements and
nodes can be plotted to get the proper picture by using the /SHOW
command. With the terminal used in this example, /SHOW,9600,240 was
entered because a VT240 terminal with a 9600 baud rate was used. The
/NOSHOW command writes the plots to a file if a hardcopy is desired.
These commands are shown on page P.3.4. The NIEW command and other
plot commands located in APPENDIX P( page P.3.5 and on) can then be used
to arrange the plot. Once everything is found to be correct, ANSYS is exited
and the file is edited and must then be renamed without the two digit
integer. The commands added to the N2LINE26.DAT file are now shown.
ITER,l,l
This command indicates the number of iterations performed in the
analysis. For pipe analysis, only one iteration needs to be performed. This
command is 'found on page 3.3.15.2.

ACEL", 1

The ACEL command produces the effect of gravity and is found on page

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

........:,

PAGE 9

3.3.15.8. The acceleration is one "g" in the Z direction which results in a

gravity effect in the -Z direction.
KRF,l
This command calculates and prints the reaction and nodal forces in the
.LIS file. It is found on page 3.3.15.6.
AFWR, ,1
It causes the analysis file to be written and is shown on page 3.3.27.2.

/VIEW,l,-l,-l,l

/ ANG LE,1,60

EPLOT

These commands are used to get a recognizable plot. The view command
specifies a point that determines a line of viewing from that point to the
OrIgm. The angle command rotates the picture about the viewing axis and <~
is not always needed. These commands are listed on page P.3.5. The
EPLOT command produces an element plot and is discussed as well as other
/pREP7 plot commands on pages 3.3.8.1 and 3.3.8.2.

FINI

/INPUT ,27

FINI

The first FINI leaves /PREP7 and the /INPUT command reads the analysis
file 27. The last FINI leaves the solution phase. If the analysis is to be
done interactively. the /EXE command shown on page 3.1.12 is placed
before the /INPUT.27. The batch execution does not need this command.
The retrieval of information or post processing follows.
/POST1
A brief summary of the POST 1 section is found on page 6.1.1.
SET,l,l
It causes the solution file to be read. and this command

IS

found on page

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

PAGE 1 0

6.1.23.
PRSTR
This command prints the stresses selected before the issue of the SET
command. The batch mode selects a list of stresses to be printed out upon
the execution of the PRSTR command. To select a stress in the interactive
mode, it must be done before the SET command with the issue of the
STRESS command. For example, the bending stress at node I(SEE FIG.
4.16.1 of the ANSYS manual) for a straight section of pipe is selected by
entering STRESS,SBI,16,14. Field 1 is for a unique label defined by the
user. Field 2 is for the stiffness type [16-straightpipe, 17 -tee, 18-elbow ].
Field 3 is the item number which defines the post data item out of the
items available for that stiffness type. The STRESS command is explained
on page 6.1.21. The post data items available for the element types are
found on 4.16.2, 4.17.2, and 4,18.2.

/VIEW,!,!,!,!
/ANGLE,!,60
PLDISP,!
These commands are the same ones that were shown earlier. The PLDISP
command is a POST 1 plot command that plots the displaced elements due
to the contraction.
The,1 overlays the displaced and non-displaced
elements on the plot. This plot accompanies the appended file. The POST1
plot commands are discussed on pages 6.1.30 to 6.1.32.

FIN I
This leaves POST1 and concludes the analysis of the piping system.
To get a hardcopy of the plots created by the plot commands,
ANSYS_HARDCOPY _FILE21 is entered after the dollar sign prompt. After
which, "name"21.DAT is entered for the file name as well as a CPU time of 5
minutes. The plot is then placed in queue.
In the process of analyzing the piping system, many files are created.
These filos are given some explanation in appendix C.
File 12 is the
solution file. File 16 contains the geometry information. File 18 retains the
history of the input. File 21 contains the plots, and file 26 is the file
created outside of ANSYS to be input. These files become a part of the
user's directory after a run has been completed. Once file12 is created, any

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

........ \

PAGE 11

post information available can be viewed on the screen by activating

ANSYS_INTER once again and entering /POSTt.

4 x 6 N2 EXHAUST LINE
Two different analyses were performed on the piping line, each
modeling a different solution.
Both solutions lower the stresses to an
acceptable level. Vertically hanging flexhose at these nodes on the internal
pipe or horizontal external bellows on the straight pipe below these nodes
The external bellows solution is
are the two solutions considered.
desirable, but due to limitations in the movement of the circled nodes, this
solution is not completely acceptable at this time. The flexhose solution
doesn't require movement in these nodes, but the flexhose are contained In
the inner pipes which is not as desirable as an external bellows solution. A
suitable solution is still being sought.

PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

PAGE 1 2

REFERENCES
ANSYS USER'S MANUAL. Swanson Analysis Systems. 1987.

Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping [ B31.3]. ASME, 1984.

Leininger, Mark. ANSYS USER'S GUIDE. Fermilab Computing

Department, July,1986.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank Tony Parker, Bob Wands, and Kay Weber for their
help.

- -.... -~---

. - _...

_ _...._ - _.. _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1-1/2 X 3 LIQUID NITROGEN TRANSFER LINE

LAYOUT AND DIMENSIONS

CC

A3 "

76.5"

DRO

SEC

~10"

JUMPER

33"

.
an
C'?
~

L
374.75"

x-

VACUUM BREAKS ( ANCHOR POINTS)

72"
PLATFORM

JUMPER

18"

~
Figure 1

29.5"

V"

1-1/2 X 3 LIQUID NITROGEN TRANSFER LINE

NODES

~)

x - VACUUM BREAKS ( ANCHOR POINTS )

.-

NODES
8

z
y

12

Figure 3

46

1-1/2 X 3 LIQUID NITROGEN TRANSFER LINE

ELEMENTS

29

x - VACUUM BREAKS ( ANCHOR POINTS )

- NODES

z
5

Figure

ASME CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING

CHEMICAL PLANT AND PETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING

ANSI/ASME B31.3-1984 EDITION

TABLE D-l

APPENDIX D

FLEXIBILITY AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION

FACTORS

Notes to Table D-l appear on p. 207.

TABLE D-l

FLEXIBIUTY FACTOR k AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTOR i

Description

Flexibility
Factor
k

Stress Intensification

Facto"u

Flexiblf'lty
Characteristic
b

SketdI

Welding elbowU .l.6,9 or

pipe bend

1.&5

0.75
h

'

~l r.,

t2.---r

0.9
h Z/ )

__

Rl - bend
radius

Closely spaced miter bend 1.2.l

(1 + tan 6)

cot 6 fs
---2
r

s < rz

Sin<Jle miter bendl.2 or

widely spaced miter bend
s ;:: rl (1 + tan 8)

z2

1.52

h'l'

0.9
h 2 /}

0.9
h21l

~,

TABLE 1

cot 8 f
r2

t'HUI'HI~IAKY IIAIA VNAUHIlIUlll:.U USE. I>IBTRIIlUIION OR DUPL1CATION IS PROHIBITED.

ALL RI~I!TS RESEHVED.
FOR SUPPORT CALL MARK LEININGER
PHONE (312) 840-4' )
TWX
1-112 X ::l LIQUID NITROGEN TRANSFER LINE
8.0959 MAY 18.1988 CP ..

)'
"-'"

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:{

ANSYS - ENGINEERING ANALYSIS SYSTEM REVISION 4.3

20
(FERMILAB)
~AN 1.1987
..-ANSYS(
--COPYRHlHHCl-1-97t.l978,1982, 1983,-4985,1987.. SWANSON ANALYSIS SYSTEMS, . INC ... AS AN-UNPUBUSHED-WORKc~.- ....
Y DATA - UNAUTHORIZED USE. DISTRIBUTION OR DUPLICATION IS PROHIBITED.
PROPRI
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
PHONE (312) 840-4776
TWX
T CALL MARK LEININGER
FOR S
-8.0960- HAY -18, 1988 ---Cpa
',-440
-1-1/2 x.. 3-LHIU ID--NI-TROGEN-TRANSFER-ldNE-----
--

***** DISPLACEMENT SOLUTION *****

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0.701399E-02
0.819035E-02
-0. 438934E-02

INTEGEk STORAGE"REOUIREMENTS FOR BACK SUBSTITUTION

CP5.490 TIME- 9.09603

FIXED
DATA.
762 TC'....n,..CA.cv
TEMPORARY DATA -_
902
TOTAL- ,.tl,,1" 1664
l
C"TvC'n
_ t..,..,,,,,,1\1"\
"""It"""''''
A\'~T'

~t''''T.

..,~..,"""..,e

ofI ....

TABLE 2

:.. l
~

-_._---,-_._--- ...

.. -----.

IPREP7
ITIT, 1-1/2 X 3 LIqUID NITROGEN TRANSFER LINE
MPTEMP,1,75,144,200,294
r'~PDATA,EX,1,1,30.4E6,29.9E6,29.4E6,28.3E6

\LPX,l,l.4387E-5

DENS, 1, .2899

TREF,300

TUNIF,77

PSPEC,l,1. 5,10S

BRANCH,l

RUN",-18

RUN,29.5

BEND ",1.5

RUN",72

BEND, ,1.5

RUN",374.5

RUN,,204.25

BEND" ,1.5

RUN,8,8
BEND" ,1.5
RUN, 11-22 . 75

BEND, ,,1.5

RUN",-33

RUN,lO,10

BEND, ,,1.5

RUN",33

BRANCH, 30

RUN",-43.5

TEE

ARUN,175
BEND, ,,1.5
RUN, 140
RUN",76.5
BEND " ,1.5
BRANCH, 40

RUN, ,10

TEE

RUN,-30

BEND",1.5

RUN, ,35
BEND" ,1.5
RUN,30

BEND, ,,1.5

RUN 23

BEND",l.5

D,l,ALL
D,8,ALL
D,24,ALL
D,35,ALL
D,46,ALL
D, 70, AL__l..,..
___ END OF N2LINE26.DAT
ITER,l,1

ACEL",l

KRF,l

r--AFWR, ,1
IVIEW,l,-l,-l,l
IANGLE,l,60
EPLOT
FINI
IINPUT,27
I

II

FINI

fPOSTl
SET.1,l
PRSTR
I"""(VIEW. 1. -I. -I. 1
IANGLE,I.60

PLOISP.l
FIN!

--

')

'--"

ANSYS--' 4.3
MAY

18

1988

8:05:54
PLOT

NO.

POST1

DISPL.

STEP= 1
ITER= 1
ORIG
XV=-1
YV=-1
ZV=1
DIST=321
XF=80.9
YF=9S.2
ZF=251
ANGL=6O
DMAX= 1.36
DSCA=23.6

1 - 1 /2

QUID

NITROGEN

TRANSFER

LINE

APPENDIX A

r 1

In the analysis performed on the LN2 transfer line, the inner pipe is
supported by the outer pipe only at the anchor points. In the final detailed
design, G-IO spiders which act as guides and supports will be included. If
the final design in any way hinders movement of the inner pipe, another
analysis will be performed. The design is modified until an acceptable
solution is reached. The detailing work has not been performed at this
time.

-- ...-~.------------------

APPENDIXB
r\

The allowable stress of 25,500 psi is calculated by using table A-I and
section 302.3.5 of the ANSIIASME B31.3 1984 edition. The information is
enclosed within this appendix.

.1"'" i

ANSI/ASME 831.3-1984 EDITION

302.3.4, 302.3.5

ASME CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING

CHEMICAL PLANT AND PETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING

TABLE 302.3.3C
INCREASED CASTING QUALITY FACTORS Ec
Supplementary Examination
in Accordance with Note(s)
(1)

(2)(al or (2Hbl
(J)(a) or (3Hb)
III and (V(al or (2)(bl
and (3)(a) or (3)(b)
(2)(a) or (2)(b) and (3)(a) orO)(b)

".....::\

TABLE 302.3.3D
ACCEPTANCE LEVELS FOR CASTINGS

Factor

Material
Examined
(Thickness)

Ec
0.85
0.85
0.95
0.90
1.00
LOO

Steel
(to 1 in.>
(25mm)
Steel
(over 1 in. to
2 in.) (2S
to Slmm)
Steel
(over 2 in. t"
4112 in,)

(51 mm
to 114 mm)
Steel
(over 4112 in.
to 12 inJ

(114 mm to
305 mm)
Aluminum &
Magnesium
Copper, Ni-Cu
Bronze

NOTES:
(1) Machine all surfaces to a finish of 250 ,.,.in. arithmetic average
roughness height per ANSI B46.1, thus increasing the effective
ness of surface examination.
'")\ 1,1 t:-~-:lIe all surfaces of each casting (magnetic material

oJ' by the magnetic particle method if' .n~-"''lf'ce with ASTM

E 709* or E 138*. Judge acceptability ir. __ "" dance with MSS

SP-53, using reference photos in ASTM E 125*.

(bJ Examine all surfaces of each casting by the liquid penetrant
method, in accordance with ASTM E 16S*. Judge acceptability
of flaws and weld repairs in accordance with Table 1 of MSS
SP-53, using ASTM E 12S'" as a reference for surface flaws.

(3) (a) Fully examine each casting ultrasonically in accordance with

ASTM E 114*, accepting a casting only if there is no evidence
of depth of defects in excess of S% of wall thickness.
(b) Fully radiograph each casting in accordance with ASTM E

142'". Judge in accordance with the stated acceptance levels in

Table 302.3.30.
'"These standards have been approved by ANSI as American National
Standards.

Applicable
Standard

Acceptance
level
(or Class)

Acceptable
Discontin
uities

ASTM E 446 1

Types A. S, C

ASTM E 446 1

Types A. S, C

"'STM E 186 1

Categories A, B, C

ASTM E 280 1

Categories A, S, C

2
2

Shown in reference
radiographs
Codes A, Ba, Bb
Codes A and B

ASTM E lSS 1
ASTM E 2721
ASTM E 310 1

NOT8
(ll These standards have been approved by ANSI as American Na
tional Standards.

which may be used for certain types of welds if addi

tional examination is performed beyond that required

by the product specification.

~5

302.3.5 limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Sus

tained Loads and Displacement Strains
(a) Internal Pressure Stresses. Stresses due to internal
pressure shall be considered safe when the wall thick
ness of the piping eomponent. and its means of stiffen
ing. meet the requirements of 304.
(b) External Pressure Stresses. Stresses due to exter
nal pressure shall be considered safe when the wall
thickness of the piping component, and its means of
stiffening. meet the requirements of 304.
(c) Longitudinal Stresses SL' The sum of longitudi
nal stresses due to pressure, weight, and other sustained
loadings SL shall not exceed S" in 302.3.5(d). The
thickness of pipe used in calculating S L shall be the
nominal thickness Tminus mechanical, corrosion, and
erosion allowance c.
(d) Allowable Displacement Stress Range SA' The
allowable displacement stress range (see 319.2.3) for
the computed displacement stress range Sf: (see
319.4.4) shall be

S,

0.25

s.0

(1 a)

In the above equation:

Sf: = basic allowable stress at minimum metal tem
perature expected during the displacement
cycle under analysis. [See Note (2) of Appen
dix A, 302.2.4, and 302.3.]
Sh = basic allowable stress at maximum metal tem
perature expected during the displacement
cycle under analysis. [See Note (2) of Appen
dix A. 302.2.4, and 302.3.]
f = stress-range reduction factor for displacement
cycle conditions 2 for the total number of cy
cles over the expected life (from Table
302.3.5). Expected life J means the total num
ber of years the system is expected to be in
2Applies to essentially noncorroded piping. Corrosion can sharply
decrease cyclic life; therefore, corrosion resistant materials should be
considered where a large number of major stress cycles is anticipatedo
'The designer is cautioned that the fatigue life of materials operated
in the creep range may be reduced

16

(0

J.

ANSI/ASME B31.3-\984 EDITION

TABLE AI

ASME CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING

CHEMICAL PLANT AND PETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING (

TABLE A-I (CONT'o)

ALLOWABLE STRESSES IN TENSION FOR METALS (1)

Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Stress Table Notes, Which Appear at the Beginning of this Appendix; Specifications ASTM Unless

Otherwise Indicated

P.
No.
Spec. No.

Material

(5)

Stainless Steel (4) (Cont'd)

Electric Fusion Welded Pipe and

Grade

TII~s (2)

Min.
Min.
Tensile
Yield
Factor Strength, Strength,
Class E
ksi
ksi

Not~

Min. Min.
Temp. Temp.
(6) to 100 200

A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312

8
8
8
8

TP3l0
TP310
TP316
TP316H

0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80

75
75
75
75

30
30
30
30

(28) (35) (39)

(28) (29) (35) (39)
(27) (28)
(27)

-325116.0
-325 16.0
-325 16.0
-325 16.0

",-,,"'0 Pipe
18Cr-13Ni-3Mo Pipe
18Cr-10Ni-Ti Pipe
18Cr-l0Ni-Ti Pipe

A312
A 312
A 312
A 312

8
8
8
8

TP316L
TP317
TP321
TP321H

0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80

70
75
75
75

25
30
30
30

(27) (28)
(28)

-325
-325
-325
-325

13.3
16.0
10.0
16.0

18Cr-10Ni-Cb
18Cr-10Ni-Cb
18Cr-10Ni-Cb
18Cr-10Ni-Cb

A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312

8
8
8
8

TP347
TP347H
TP348
TP348H

0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80

75
75
75
75

30
30
30
30

(28)

-425
-325
-325
-325

16.0
16.0
16.0
16.0

A
A
A
A

312
312
312
312

8
8
8
8

TP304
TP304H
TP304L
TP309

0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85

75
75
70
75

30
30
25
30

(27) (28)
(27)
(28) (35) (39)

-425
-325
-425
-3251

17.0
17.0
14.2
17.0

25Cr-ZONi Pipe
25Cr-ZONi Pipe
16Cr-12Ni-ZMo Pipe
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo Pipe

A 312
A 31Z
A 312
A 312

8
8
8
8

TP310
TP310
TP316
TP316H

0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85

75
75
75
75

30
30
30
30

(28) (35) (39)

(28) (29) (35) (39)
(27) (28)
(27)

-3251
-3251
-325
-325

17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0

16Cr-12Ni-2Mo Pipe
18Cr-13Ni-3Mo Pipe
18Cr-10Ni-Ti Pipe
18Cr-l0Ni-Ti Pipe

A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312

8
8
8
8

TP316L
TP317
TP321
TP321H

0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85

70
75
75
75

25
30
30
30

(27) (28)
(28)

-325
-325
-325
-325

14.2
17.0
17.0
17.0

18Cr-l0Ni-Cb
18Cr-10Ni-Cb
18Cr-l0Ni-Cb
18Cr-l0Ni-Cb

A
A
A
A

312
312
312
312

8
8
8
8

TP347
TP347H
TP348
TP348H

0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85

75
75
75
75

30
30
30
30

-425
-325
-325
-325

17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0

0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85

75
70
75
70

30
25
30
25

(36l
(27) (28) (311 (36)
(36)

-4251
-425
-3251
-325

17.0
14.2
17.0
14.2

0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85

75
75
75
75

30
30
30
30

(28)
(28)
(28)
(l8)

-42
-32
-32
-32

17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0

0.85
0.85
0.90
0.90

75
75
75
70

30
30
30
25

(28) (29) (311 (35) (36)

(28) (30) (36)
(271 (28) (31) (36)
(36)

-32
-32

17.0
17.0
18.0
15.0

0.90
0.90
0.90
0'<10

75
70
75
75

30
25
30
30

(27) (28) (31) (36)

U6J

-3251 18.0
-325 15.0

(28) DO) (Jo)

(28) (JO) Do)

-.325

_18Cr-aNi Pipe
18Cr-aNi Pipe
18Cr-aNi Pipe
23Cr-12Ni Pipe

Pipe
Pipe
Pipe
Pipe

Type
Type
Type
Type

304 A 240
304L A 240
316 A 240
310L A 240

A 358
A 358
A 358
A 358

8
8
8
8

304
304L
316
316L

Type
Type
Type
Type

347 A 240
321 A 240
309S A 240
310S A 240

A 358
A 358
A 358
A 358

8
8
8
8

347
321
309S
3l0S

Type
Type
Type
Type

310S A 240
348 A 240
304 A 240
304L A 240

A 358
A 358
A 358
A 358

8
8
8
8

310S
348
304
304l

Type
Type
Type
Type

310 A 240

358

)16

316L A 240
347 A 240
321 A 240

A 35a

310l

A 358
A 358

8
8

347
321

400

500

600

(CDni'd)

2SCr-20Ni Pip~
Z5Cr-ZONi Pipe
16Cr-12Ni-ZMo Pipe
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo Pipe

Pipe
Pipe
Pipe
Pipe

300

2
2

2
2
2
2

2
2
2

2
5
5

5
5
5

(28)

(28)
(28)

(21) (28) (31) (36)

(30)
(30)
(311
(311

(36)
(36)
(35) (36)
(35) (36)

-425

~2511a.0

18.0

144

1- rtf

ANSI/ASME B313-1984 EDITION

TABLE A-I

ASME CODE FOR PRESSURE I'IPING

CHEMICAL PLANT AND PETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING

TABLE A-I (CONT'D>

ALLOWABLE STRESSES IN TENSION FOR METALS

(l)

Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Stress Table Notes, Which Appear at the Beginning of this Appendix; Specifications ASTM Unless

Otherwise Indicated

Material

P
No.
Spec. No. (5)

Min.
Tensile

Min.
Yield

Min.

Factor Stmgth.,Strngth.,
Grade

ksi

ksi

Min.

Temp. Temp.
(6) to 100 200

Notes

300

400

500

600

Stainless Steel (4) (Conl'd)

Welded Fittings

-42~

20.0
20.0

-,"r
' ,

20.0

ObI (28) (2) (35)

(lb) (28) (29) (2) (35)
(lb) (28) (30) (2)
(lb) (28) (30) (32)

-325
-325
-425
-325

20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0

UbI (27) (28) (1) (32)

(lb) (27) (3}) (32)
nb) (32)
Cl6) (271 (28) (3l! (32)

-325
-325
-325
-325

20.0
20.0
Ib.7
20.0

(lb) (28) (30) (32)

-325
-325
-325
-425

20.0
20.0
20.0
17.0

(28) (32) (35)

-325
-425
-325
-325

17.0
14.1
17.0
17.0

(l6) (28) (29) (2) (35)

(lb) (28) ()O) (2)
(l6) (28) (30) (32)
(lb) (271 (28) en) (32)

-325
-425
-325
-325

17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0

30
25
30
30

(6) (27) (31) (32)

-325
-325
-325
-325

17.0
14.1
17.0
17.0

75
75

30
30

Ub) (0) q2)

Ub) (28) (30) (2)

-325
-325

17.0
17.0

0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80

75
75
70
75

30
30
25
30

-425
-325
-425
-325

16.0
1b,0
13.3
10.0

WP310
WP310
WP347
WP347H

0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80

75
75
75
75

30
30
30
30

-325

-325
-425
-325

Ib,O
Ib.O
Ib.O
1&.0

WP31b
WP31bH
WPHbL
WP31]

0.80
0.80
0,80
0.80

75
75
70
75

30
30
25

-325
-325

16.0
1&.0

- 3Z5

13,)

)25

1&.0

(l2) (lb) (27) (28) (31) (32)

laCr-aNi
18Cr-8Ni
18Cr-8Ni
nCr-l2Ni

A 403
A 403
A 403
A 403

8
8
a
a

WP304
WP304H
WP304l
WP309

l.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

75
75
70
75

30.,
30
25
30

(lb) (32)
Ob) (28)

25Cr-20Ni
18Cr-10Ni-Cb-Ta
18Cr-10Ni-Cb-Ta

,",403

8
8
8
8

WP310
WP310
WP347
WP347H

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

75
75
75
75

30
30
30
30

IbCr-12Ni-2Mo
IbCr-12Ni-2Mo
IbCr-12Ni-2Mo
laCr-13Ni-3Mo

A 403

A 403
A 403
A 403

8
8
8
8

WP31b
WP316H
WP31bL
WP317

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

75
75
70
75

30
30
25
30

A
A
A
A

403
403
403
403

8
8
8
a

WP321
WP321H
WP34a
WP304

1.00
1.00
1.00
0.85

75
75
75
75

30
30
30
30

18Cr-8Ni
18Cr-8Ni
23Cr-12Ni
25Cr-20Ni

A 403

8
8
8
8

WP304H
WP304L
WP309
WP310

0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85

75
70
75
75

30
25
)0
30

25Cr-20Ni
18Cr-8Ni-Cb
18Cr-eNi-Cb
IbCr-12 Ni-2 Mo

A 403

8
8
8
8

WP310
WP347
WP347H
WP316

0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85

75
75
75
75

30
)0
30

IbCr-12Ni-2Mo
IbCr-12Ni-2Mo
18Cr-13Ni--3Mo
18Cr-10Ni--Ti

A 401

A 403
A 403
A 403

8
8
8
8

WP316H
WP316L
WP317
WP321

0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85

75
70
75
75

18Cr-10Ni-Ti
18Cr-10Ni-Cb

A 403
A 403

8 WP321H
8 WP348

0.85
0.85

18Cr-8Ni
leCr-8Ni
18Cr-aNi
23Cr-12Ni

A 403

A 403
A 403
A 403

8
8
8
8

WP304
WP304H
WP304L
WP309

25Cr-20Ni
25Cr-20Ni
18Cr-8Ni-Cb
18Cr-8Ni-Cb

A 403
A 403
A 403
A 403

8
8
8
8

1&Cr-12Ni-2Mo
IbCr-12Ni-2Mo
IbCr-12Ni-2Mo
18Cr-1 IN.-3Mo

A 403
A 403
A 40)
A 403

8
8
8
8

18Cr-10Ni-Ti
18Cr-10Ni-Ti
18i:r~~b

~.,

'~3

A 403
A 403

A 403

A 403
A 403

A 403
A 403
A 403

)0

)0

Ub) (27) (31) (32)

(2)

-325.
-425

(35)

Ub) (3D) (32)

(l6) (28) (30) (2)

(l6) (271 (28) (31) (32)
(16) (27) CH) (32)
(6) (32)

<1b) (28) (32) 05)

(6)

<1b) (32)
(lo)
(lb)

(27) (28) (J II (32)

(28) (30) (32)

Ubi (27) (28) (311

em

Ub) (27) (311 (2)

(lb) (2)
(lb) (28)

(32) OS)

<lb) (28) (32) (35)

Ub) (28) (29) (2) (5)
UbI (28) (0) (32)
(1b)

(30) (32)

Ob) (27) (28) (31) (2)

(lb) (27) (1) (2)

(l&l D21
(Ibl 127) (28) D 11 021

152

Ib.7

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The information provided by Dave Howe of Rosemount, Roger Koopman

of Process Sales, and Lew Novekoff of Lesman Instrument Company is
greatly appreciated.