APA Style 6th Edition

References and Citations

The Learning Centre, Student Academic Success Services

Fanshawe College, London ON

Times New Roman font size 12

Double-spaced (on 8.5 X 11 inch paper)
Margins: 1 inch on all sides (or 2.5 cm)
Beginning with title page, number pages in top right corner of each page
References page and reference citations must be included

APA Title Page SAMPLE #1:

Running head: COLLEGE STUDENT STRESS

This section explains/defines the

running head OFTEN not required
at the undergraduate level as it is for
papers to be published
The words Running head only
appear on the first page.

Technology: Its Role in College Student Stress

Title of paper

Janice M. Jones

Student name

Fanshawe College

Institution name

Prepared by Lynette Carmichael

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Headings
Level of heading

Format

Centred, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending

with a period.

Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph

heading ending with a period.

a period.

Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with

References
The reference page identifies all sources used in a paper and is located at the end of the paper. The
following details are considered when preparing your References page:
Add and centre the title References at the top of the page
Double space between ALL lines
Number this page with the rest of the paper
If reference entry is two or more lines long, indent second line 5 spaces (1/2 inch). This is called a
hanging indent.
Use p. for single page number and pp. for multiple page numbers (except in periodicals)

GENERAL REFERENCE PAGE GUIDELINES:

Author(s):

Alphabetize by last names and include first name initial

If no author, use editors name
If neither author nor editor is available, use the source title
Separate names with commas; use ampersand (&) before the last authors name
If two references are by the same author, include author for both, and order entries by publication
date starting with the earliest date

Titles:
For titles of books, chapters, articles, etc., capitalize the first word of the title as well as pronouns

and proper nouns

Any reference that is a part of a larger source (i.e. a journal article, a chapter, etc.) appears nonitalicized. The larger source is italicized following the capitalization rule identified above. Note: The
exception to this is journals and newspapers in which case the entire journal is title cased.

Place of Publication:
Include state/province if city name is a name easily confused (i.e. London, England/London, Ontario)

or unfamiliar
Retrieval Date:
When a DOI is not available, and a URL is included, do not include retrieval dates unless the source
material may change over time (e.g., wikis)

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Samples

BOOKS
One author:
Last Name First Initial

Year of
Publication

Place of Publication

Hoare, L. (1969). The rags and riches. 4th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace and World.
Title of Book

Edition (if present)

Publisher

Two authors:
Pikarton, W., & Anderson, D. (1976). Transportation policy development. New.York: Heath.
3 - 7 authors:
Henderson, P. H., Dexter, W., & Collins, A. (2002). Different lifestyles. New York: Heath.
More than 7 authors:
Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T., . . . Rubin, L.
H. (2009). Web site usability for the blind and low-vision user. Technical Communication
57, 323-335.
No author:
Lifestyles of the new decade (2001). Ottawa: Living Publishing.
Two books by same author:
Hoare, L. (1969). Money hungry. New York: Harcourt Brace and World.
Hoare, L. (1970). The rags and riches. New York: Bringly Covers.
Two authors with the same last name:
Janet, P. [Paul]. (1876). La notion de la personnalit [The notion of personality]. Revue
Scientifique, 10, 574-575.
Janet, P. [Pierre]. (1906). The pathogenesis of some impulsions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
1, 1-17.
Edited book:
Hoare, L., & Collins, A. (Eds). (1969). The rags and riches. New York: Harcourt Brace and World.
One author & additional edition book:
Hoare, L. (1969). The rags and riches (2nd ed.). New York: Bringly Covers.
Corporate, organization, or agency author:
Healthy Living, Inc. (2001). Lifestyles of the new decade. Ottawa: Publishing Works.
Chapter in a book:
Henderson, P. H., Dexter, W., & Collins, A. (2002). Social Life. In B.J. Smith (Ed.), Living in North
America (pp. 321-360). New York: Heath.

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ARTICLES
Note: List only the volume number if the periodical uses continuous pagination throughout a
particular volume. If each issue begins with page 1, then list the issue number as well.

One author journal article:

Last Name First Name Initial
Publication Year

(If present)
Vol. number

Journal Name

Jones, L. (1999). Instructional design. Journal of Distance Education, 8(4), 45-51.

Article Title
Artilce

Issue number
(If present)

Page
s

Title of Artilce
2 authors, journal article:
Curtis, C.L., & Smith, B. (1999). Instructional design. Journal of Distance Education, 10, 204-208.

3--7 authors, journal article:

Curtis, C.L., Smith, B., & Anderson, J. (1999). Instructional design. Journal of Distance Education,
10(3), 204-208.
More than 7 authors, journal article:
Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T., . . . Rubin, L.
H. (2009). Web site usability for the blind and low-vision user. Technical Communication
57, 323-335.
One author, magazine article:
Curtis, C.L. (1999, November 4). Marriage: solve those problems. Shape, 211, 204-208.
No author, news article:
Marriage: solve those problems. (2004, July 20). The London Free Press, p.B4.
One author, newspaper article:
Henderson, M. (2001, May 1). Londons shopping. The London Free Press, pp. A3-A4.

ONLINE REFERENCES
When Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is present, URL is not required.
When DOI is not present, URL is required.
When DOI is Present
General format:
Author, A.A. (date). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume (issue number), page number(s).
doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Example:
Herbst-Damm, K.L., & Kulik, J.A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the
Survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:
10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

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ONLINE REFERENCES (continued)

When DOI is Not Present
General format:
Author, A.A. (date of publication). Title of article Title of Journal, volume (number), page numbers.
Retrieved from URL
Example:
Sillick, T.J. & Schutte, N.S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between
perceived early parental love and adult happiness. Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48.
Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
One author, article published in print and online:
Simmons, B. (2001). Inheriting money [Electronic version]. Time, 6: 5-6.
One author and date, article in online journal:
Simmons, B. (2001, March 21). Using technology. Journal of Distance Education, 25, 30-39. doi:
10.0147/0261-6122.43.3.300
Author and no date, article in online journal:
Simmons, B. (n.d.). Using technology. Journal of Distance Education. Retrieved October 1, 2002,
from http:// www.JDE.com/technologies.on.ca
No author and date article in online journal:
Inheriting money. (2004, August 1). How to become rich. Retrieved October 1, 2004, from
http://www.legal.com/issues.on.ca
No author, no date stand alone document:
An analysis of law. (n.d.). Retrieved October 1, 2004, from
http://www.people.com/millionaires.on.ca
One author, independent web document:
Simmons, B. (2001). Inheriting money. Retrieved October 1, 2002, from http://
www.people.com/millionaires.on.ca
Electronic version of print book.
Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency [DX Reader version].
Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp
Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing,
recovery, and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi: 10.1036/0071393722
Electronic-only book
OKeefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from
http://www.onlineoriginals.com/shoitem.asp?itemID=135
University or department website:
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education. Retrieved
October 20, 2006, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html

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Journal article from an online database:

Simmons, B. (2001). Inheriting money. How to become rich. 20, 31-41. Retrieved October 1, 2002, from
Proquest Direct database.
One author article in online newspaper:
Simmons, B. (2004, September 21). Inheriting money. The London Free Press on the Web. from
http://www.londonfreepress.com/ today//millionaires.html
One author, chapter or section in an internet document:
Simmons, B. (2001, June 14). Inheriting money. In Becoming a millionaire (chap.4). Retrieved from http://
www.people.com/millionaires.on.ca
Internet Government report:
U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997, February). Telemedicine: Federal strategy is needed. (Publication
No. HEHS-97-67). Retrieved from General Accounting Office Reports Online via GPO Access:
http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/ aces/aces160.shtml?/gao/index.html
Online abstract:
Isaac. J. D., Sansone, C., & Smith, J. L. (1999, May). Other people as a source of interest in an activity.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 239-265. Abstract retrieved June 7, 1999, from
IDEAL database site http://www.europe.idealibrary.com
Online forum or discussion group message:
Weylman, C. R. (2004, September 4). Make news to achieve positive press [Msg. 98]. Message
posted to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sales-marketing-tips/message/98
Blog post:
PZ Myers. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning yur mind
[Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php
A blog comment would be referenced as follows:
MiddleKid. (2007, Januarry 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your
mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved from
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php

Note: In the second example a screen name is used for the author name. The author has adopted a
nickname, or screen name, to use when posting comments to this web log.
Podcast:
Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19) Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from
http://www.shrinkrapradio.com
Online PowerPoint Presentation:
Johnson, M.B. (2004). Writing the perfect paper [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
ERIC Report:
Saunders, G. D. (1999). Addressing political issues in post-secondary education. (Report No. NCRTL-RR45-2). East Lansing, MI: National Centre for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document
Reproduction Service No. ED324343)
Map retrieved online:
Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartographer). (2002). Population density, 2000 U.S.
Census [Demographic map]. Retrieved from
http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/publicworks/maps/Demographics/census-pop-dens_2000.pdf
Image:
Johnson, S. (1971). Hope Exists. [Online Image]. Retrieved from
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
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ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS REFERENCE ENTRIES

Class lecture notes
Cite information from your own personal notes from a lecture as a personal communication, and refer to
it only in the body of your essay.
Class handout
Woodworth, M. (2006). Psychopaths [Class handout]. Department of Psychology, University of British
Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada.
Brochure corporate author:
The Unemployment Help Centre. (2000). The path to better finances (2nd ed.) [Brochure]. Boston:
Author.
Lecture notes posted to WebCT
Cioe, J. (2006). The normal distribution [Lecture notes]. Retrieved from gttps://www.elearnign.ubc.ca
PowerPoint presentation posted to WebCT
Cioe, J. (2006). Biological foundations of sexuality [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
https://www.elearning.ubc.ca

Custom course materials: Reprinted from another source

Redfield, R. (2007). The folk society. In N. Netting (Ed.), Custom course materials SOCI 355 (pp. 5671). Kelowna, BC: University of British Columbia Okanagan, Bookstore. (Reprinted from
American Journal of Sociology, 52(4), 293-308, 1947)
Television broadcast:
Sut, J.S. (Producer). (2000, March 16). Nannies. [Television Program]. New York: CBS.
Music recording by an artist:
Smith, A. (2002). Yesterday was my favourite day [Recorded by J.Evans]. On Time flies [CD]. New
York: All-time Records.
Published interview:
Smith, A. (2002). [Interview with Joe Hicks, author of Wild]. National, 14, 223.
Book review:
Smith, A. (2002). Instructional Design Concepts. (Review of the book Designing courses for online
delivery]. National, 14, 223.
Encyclopaedia or dictionary entry:
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London:
Macmillan.
Image:
Andrew, M. (Producer), & Smith, J. (Director). (2002). The Honey Bees [Motion Picture]. United States:
Artsway Studio.
Photographs:
[Photographs of Robert M. Yerkes]. (ca. 1917-1954). Robert Mearns Yerkes Papers (Box 137, Folder
2292). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University library, New Haven, CT.

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Citations
Each reference within a paper is called a REFERENCE CITATION.
GENERAL RULES FOR CITATIONS:
All direct quotes (word for word) must be cited.
In most cases, direct quotes should include author, year, and page numbers (if
present)

All paraphrases (rephrased idea) must be cited.

All paraphrases should include author and year (if present)

Short quotes: Quotes fewer than 40 words (see samples for format)

Long quotes: Quotes greater than 40 words - (see sample for format)

Authors:
No author: use abbreviated version of works title
3-5 authors: include all authors in first reference citation , then use et al. for
additional citations
6 or more authors: use et al. for all citations

If no date is present, use n.d.

If question marks/exclamation marks are part of quote, include within quotation marks

Personal Interviews/Email/Letters
These are known as PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
DO NOT cite personal communications on the References page these sources
are not retrievable - make reference to these sources within your paper

Page #s are not necessary with paraphrases; however, it is acceptable and sometimes
valuable to offer them anyways for clarification

Omit year from subsequent citations after first nonparenthetical citation within a paragraph

Samples
BOOKS, ARTICLES, and OTHER PRINT SOURCES
Paraphrase Using Authors Name in Text:
Smith (1999) clearly indicates that peace is on the rise.
Direct Quote Using Authors Name in Text:
Smith (1999) clearly indicates that peace is on the rise (p.55).
One Author Paraphrase:
Global efforts must be made to rectify the effects of AIDS (Smith, 1999).

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One Author Paraphrased in a Row Within Same Paragraph:

Global efforts must be made to rectify the effects of AIDS (Smith, 1999). Smith further indicates
that AIDS is a growing epidemic.
Two Author Paraphrase:
Global efforts must be made to rectify the effects of AIDS (Smith & Jones, 1999).
Direct Quote, More Than 6 Authors:
The educational system needs some work (Smith et al., 1999, p.145).
Paraphrase, More Than 6 Authors:
The educational system is in need of revitalization (Smith et al., 1999).
Article, No Author, Direct Quote:
"All is well across the world" (Lifestyles, 2001, p.12).
Article, No Author, Paraphrase:
People are happy all around the world (Lifestyles, 2001).
Direct Quote, Two Authors:
In a recent review, Smith and Jones (1999) suggest peace is crumbling (p.203).
Direct Quote by One Author:
The education system needs revitalization(Smith, 1999, p.145).
Long Direct Quote:
Smith (2004) reveals school
is one of the most essential forms of socializing children. It shows children how to effectively
share, cooperate, give, lend, and communicate with their fellow peers.
Without school, children would be left to try and develop such skills without the advantage of
having friends and playmates to experience such trials and tribulations with. (p. 244)
No Author, No Date, No Page Numbers:
All is well across the world (Lifestyles, n.d.).
Two or more authors in the same reference:
Orderly conduct is classified as imperative in educational environments (Smith, 2004; Vack, 2005).
Paraphrase from Two Different Sources with Authors with the Same Last Name (use first
initials with each):
Orderly conduct is imperative in educational environments (E. Smith, 2003; J. Smith, 2006).
Paraphrase from Two Different Works and Different Authors (list alphabetically):
Orderly conduct is imperative in educational environments (Smith, 2003; Vernon, 2006).
Citing Indirect Sources (place primary source Smith in reference list):
Jackson indicates that...(as cited in Smith, 2006, p.123).
Paraphrase Using Brochure organization:
The Writing Centre (2005) clearly indicates that effective writing is key to success in business.
Paraphrase, Brochure organization:
Effective writing equals success (The Writing Centre, 2005).
A Work Designated as Anonymous:
Things have a way of twisting and turning (Anonymous, 2004).

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ONLINE SOURCES
Quote, One Author article, No Page number But Paragraph # available:
Money makes us strange (Simmons, 2001, para. 5). OR (Simmons, 2001, 5)
Quote, One Author article, No Page number or Paragraph # (use heading and count paras):
Money makes us strange (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion, para. 1).
Quote, One Author article, No Page or Para #, No Heading:
Money makes us strange (Simmons, 2001).
Quote, Article, No Author, Date, Page or Para #:
Money makes us strange (Inheriting money, n.d.).
Quote, Article, No Author, Page or Para #:
Money makes us strange (Inheriting money, 2001).
Paraphrase, Book, No Author:
. . . the number of recent graduates from art schools in France has shown that this is a trend
worldwide (Highway to Technology, 1988).
Paraphrase, 6 or More Authors:
Money corrupts any individual who has too much of it (Jones et al., 2004).
Referring to/Citing from Entire Website:
Money makes us strange (Inheriting money, 2001).
One Author Paraphrase when using 2 Sources with Same last Name:
A recent article by J.H. Smith addressed.
Corporate Author (full name after 1st use, abbreviated version in later paragraphs:
The world of technology needs a company that can intuitively predict the needs of all people
(Rogers Communication, 2004).
That is why Rogers employees receive extensive training (Rogers, 2004).

ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS CITATIONS

Interview:
Life is grand (J.R., Roberts, personal communication, November 21, 2002).
Email:
Things have a way of twisting and turning (W. Smith, personal communication, June 10, 2003).
Class notes
In a lecture on November 16, 2010, to a PSYO 252 class, Professor Davies said
Class handout that has a title
(Woodworth, 2006)
Lecture notes posted to WebCT
(Cioe, 2006)
PowerPoint presentation posted to WebCT
(Cioe, 2006)
Custom course materials: Reprinted from another source
(Redfield, 1947, 2007)

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