IslamicUniversityofGazaEnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment

Water Treatment
WaterTreatment
EENV4331

Lecture4:Sedimentation
Dr.Fahid Rabah

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
4.1 Definition of Sedimentation:
It is the process of removing solid particles heavier than water
by gravity force.

Particles that will settle within a reasonable period of time

can be removed using a sedimentation tank (also called
clarifiers).

Sedimentation is used in water treatment at the locations

indicated in Figures 1 through 4.

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
4.2 Applications
pp
of sedimentation in water treatment:
1.
2.

3.
4.

Plain settling ( or presedimentation) of river surface

water .
In filtration treatment plants treating surface water to
removes flocculated solids. The sedimentation tank comes
after the flocculation tank.
In Softening treatment plants treating hard water to
removes flocculated solids. The sedimentation tank comes
after
ft the
th flocculation
fl
l ti tank.
t k
In aeration treatment plant removing iron and manganese
from ground water

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
4.3 Geometryy of sedimentation tanks:

Sedimentation tanks are either rectangular or circular

tanks.
Figures 5 to 10 show typical sedimentation tanks used in
water treatment.

River
River
Water
Screen
PreSedimentation
Coagulation

Filtration

Disinfection

Flocculation

Storage

Sedimentation

Distribution

Figure1:FiltrationTreatmentPlant (RiverWater)

Screen
Surface
water
Coagulation

Filtration

Disinfection

Flocculation

Storage

S di
Sedimentation
t ti

Distribution

Figure2:FiltrationTreatmentPlant

Ground
Water
RapidMixing

Filtration

Flocculation

Disinfection

Sedimentation

Storage

Recarbonation

Distribution

Figure3:SofteningTreatmentPlantSinglestagesoftening

Ground
Water
well

Aeration

Disinfection

Filtration

Storage

Distribution

Figure4:AerationTreatmentPlant
( iron and manganese removalplant)
(ironandmanganese
removal plant)

Figure5:RectangularsedimentationTank
9

Figure6:RectangularsedimentationTank
10

Figure7:CircularsedimentationTank
11

Figure8:CircularsedimentationTank
12

Figure9:CircularsedimentationTank
Solidcontacttype

13

Figure10:CircularsedimentationTank
Solid contact type
Solidcontacttype
14

Figure11:RectangularsedimentationTank
sludge collection system
sludgecollectionsystem
15

Figure12:RectangularsedimentationTank
sludgecollectionsystem
l d
ll ti
t
16

Figure13:RectangularsedimentationTank
sludgecollectionsystem
l d
ll ti
t
17

Figure14:RectangularsedimentationTank
sludgecollectionsystem
l d
ll ti
t
18

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
4.3TheoreticalbackgroundonSedimentation
4 3 1 Type of particles :
4.3.1Typeofparticles:
1) Discrete / individual particle
- Size, velocity constant during the settling
- Density
D
it 2,000
2 000 2,200
2 200 kkg/m
/ 3
2) Flocculent particles
- Size, velocity fluctuates during the settling
- Particles flocculate and grow bigger in size
- Density 1,030 1,070 kg/m3
19

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
4.3.2Threeclassesofparticlessettling:
Type 1
Type1
i)

Particlessettlediscretelyataconstantvelocity

ii) Settleasindividualparticlesanddonotflocculate.
iii) E.g.:Sand,gritmaterial
E.g. : Sand, grit material
iv) Occursduring:
i)

Presedimentationforsandremoval

ii) Settlingofsandduringrapidsandfiltercleaning
v) Concentration:verylow

20

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
Type2
i)

Flocculate during sedimentation

Flocculateduringsedimentation

ii) Sizeconstantlychanging
iii) Settlingvelocityischanging
iv) Settlingvelocityincreasewithdepthandextentofflocculation.
v) Occursduring:
i)

Alumorironcoagulation

vi) Concentration:low

21

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
Type3orZone
i)

Settleasmassandformalayer blanket

ii) Concentrationhigh(greaterthan1000mg/L)
Concentration high (greater than 1000 mg/L)
iii) Distinctclearzoneandsludgezonearepresent.
iv) Occursduring:
i)

Limesofteningsedimentation

ii) Sludgethickenersinwatertreatment.

22

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
4.4Sedimentationtheory

23

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment

Settlingvelocity(vs)mustbedeterminedtoassuregoodsedimentationtankdesign.

Overflowrate(vo)mustbesetatsomevalueLESSTHANorEQUALtoVs

HQ
H
H
Q
vs

t
V l * W * H As
Q

H
vs
t

But
So

Q
v0
As

v0 v s

Where
Q
=flowrate(m3/h)
As
=surfacearea(m
f
( 2)
H
=depthofwater,m
W=tankwidth,m
L
L=tanklength,m
= tank length m
t
=detentiontime,hr
24

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
4.5DesignofSedimentationtanks
4 5 1 Plain Sedimentation:
4.5.1PlainSedimentation:
Particlessettleseparately:

4g(s )d
Vs
3CD
Vs =settlingvelocity
settling velocity
D=particlediameter
=waterdensity
s =particledensity
p
y
CD =dragcoefficients

25

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
4.5.1PlainSedimentation:
Dragcoefficientiscalculatedas:
Re <1,LaminarFlow
, a
a o
CD

1 < Re <10
1<R
< 104,TransitionalFlow
Transitional Flow
Re

>104,Turbulent

Flow

WhereR=Reynoldsnumber

24
R

CD

24
3

0 .34
R
R

C D 0.40

Vs D

R
=dynamicviscosity,N.s/m2

26

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
45D i
4.5DesignofSedimentationtanks
f S di
t ti t k
4.5.1PlainSedimentation:
Atlaminarflow,settlingvelocityequationissimplifiedtoStockslaw:

g (s )D2
vs
18
Vs =settlingvelocity
settling velocity
D=particlediameter
=waterdensity
s =particledensity
p
y
CD =dragcoefficients

27

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
Example4.1:
Example
41:
Findthesettlingvelocity(vs)forsandparticleswithadiameterof0.020mm.
=2650kg/m3,=1.002X103 N.s/m2 at200C, =0.05,=0.03.whatisvsforparticles
with D = 0 5 mm?
withD=0.5mm?
Solution:
AssumefirsttheflowislaminarandcheckforReynoldsnumber:
9.80( 2650 1000)(0.02 *10 3 ) 2
vs
3.59 X 10 4 m / s
3
18 *1.002 *10

Vs D 1000 * 3.58 *10 4 * 0.20 *10 3

R

0.00715
3

1.002 *10

R<1,soits
R<1
so its
laminarflow

For particles with D =0.5mm:

ForparticleswithD
0.5mm:
9.81( 2650 1000)(0.5 *10 3 ) 2
vs
0.22m / s
18 *1.002 *10 3

Vs D 1000 * 0.22 * 0.50 *10 3

110
R
1.002 *10 3

R>1,soitstransitionalflow

28

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
so

CD

24
3

0 .34 0 .84
110
110

4 * 9.81(2650 1000)0.5 *10 3

vs
0.11 m / s
3*110 *1000
SolveagainforRe :
SolveagainfirCD :
Solve again for vss :
Solveagainforv

Re 55

R>1,soitstransitionalflow
O.K

C D 1.18

vs 0.10m / s

Take v 0 v s 3 . 59 * 10 4 m / s 31 m / d 31 m 3 / m 2 .d
29

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
4.5Designtanks
4 5 1 Plain Sedimentation:
4.5.1PlainSedimentation:
Example4.2:
Designpresedimentationtankstobeusedtoremovegritandsandfromariver
waterthatisusedtoproduce20000m
h i
d
d
20000 3/ddrinkingwater.Usetheoverflowrateand
/d d i ki
U h
fl
d
horizontalvelocitiescalculatedinexample4.1.Usetwotanks.
Solution:

Take v0 vs 31 m 3 / m 2 .d

v0

Q
Q

As
w*l

*Flow/tank=(Q/2)=20000/2=10000m3/dh
As=10000/31=322.5m2
SelectWidthtolengthratio1:4
A=W*4W=322.5m2W=8.98m,L=35.92(takeW=9m,L=36m)
A W* 4W 322 5 2
W 8 98
L 35 92 (t k W 9
L 36 )
Assumedetentiontime=3hrs
H=t*V0 =(3*31)/24=3.88m3.90m
Vh =Q/(W*H)=10000/(24*60*9*3.9)=0.198m/min
Q/(W*H) 10000/(24*60*9*3 9) 0 198 m/min
Takeweirloadingrate=250m3/m.d:
Lweir =Q/Wload =10000/250=40m,Usesuspendedtroughsinsidethetank.

30

Figure15:
Rectangular
sedimentationTank

31

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
Example4.3:
Repeatexample4.3usingcirculartank.
Note:themaximumtankdiameteris40m
Solution:

Take v0 vs 31 m / m .d
3

Q
v0
As

*Flow/tank=(Q/2)=20000/2=10000m3/d
As=10000/31=322.5m2
As =D2/4=322.5m2D=20.27m20.30m<40m
Assumedetentiontime=3hrs
H=t*V0 =(3*31)/24=3.88m3.90m
Checkhorizontalvelocityatthebeginningandendofsettlingzones:
Vh =Q/(DinH)=10000/(24*60*3.14*3.9*3.9)=0.145m/min(Endofinletzone)
Vh =Q/(DoutH)=10000/(24*60*3.14*24*3.9)=0.024m/min(beginningofoutletzone)
Takeweirloadingrate=250m
T k
i l di
t 250 3/m.d:
/ d
Lweir =Q/Wload =10000/250=40m,Usesuspendedtroughsinsidethetank.
AvailableLength=Dtotal =(2H+D)=3.14*(2*3.9+20.30)=88.23m>40mO.K
Available W load =Q/L=10000/88.23=113.34m
AvailableW
Q/L 10000/88 23 113 34 m3/m2.d<250m
d < 250 m3/m.d
/m d O.K
OK
32

Dtotal

H=sidewallheight(tankdepth)
Din=H
Dout =H+D
Dtotal=3H+D
D=diametercalculatedfrom
theOverflowrate

Din

Dout

D/2
O tl t
Outletzone=H
H
Dtotal
Dout
D/2

Figure16:
Circular
sedimentation Tank
sedimentationTank
Dimensionsdefinition

Din

inletzone=H

33

Figure17:
Circular
sedimentationTank

34

4.SedimentationinwaterTreatment
4.5DesignofSedimentationtanks
4 5 2 Flocculent Sedimentation ( type 2 and 3):
4.5.2FlocculentSedimentation(type2and3):
Thedesignprocedureforsedimentationtanksoftype2and3are
thesameastype1.Thedifferenceismainlyintheoverflowrate(v0)
. Thefollowingtablegivesthedesigncriteriaofthesetwotypes.
Process

Settling type
Settlingtype

Detention
Detention
time
(h)

Surface
Surface
loadingrate
(m3/m2.d)

Weirloading
Weir
loading
rate
(m3/m.d)

Coagulation

48

2040

250

softening

26

4060

250

35