WATER SOURCES

Chapter 2
 Introduction
.
3.1 Water Sources Type
 Therefore sources of water supply schemes can conveniently be
classified as follows:
 Rain and Snow
 Surface Water
 Sub-surface Water (under ground water)
 Surface water:
 Rivers
 Lakes
 Pond
 Sea water
 Impounding reservoirs( artificial lake formed by
construction of dam along a river)
 Wastewater reclamation( Recirculation of water)
 Cont…
Underground sources
 Springs
 Depression springs
 Contact springs
 Artesian springs
 Hot springs

 Wells
 Shallow wells
 Deep wells
 Infiltration galleries
 Infiltration wells
Springs
 Springs: Are formed when ground water appears at the
ground surface for any reason as a current of flowing water.
Types of springs:
 Depression spring: is a spring formed when the ground
surface intersects the water table.
 Contact spring: is a spring created by a water bearing
formation overlying an impervious formation that intersects
the ground surface
 Artesian spring: is a spring that results from the release of
water under pressure from confined water bearing
formation either through a fault or fissure reaching the
ground surface. It is also known as fracture spring.
Wells
 Wells: Are artificial holes or pits vertically excavated for bringing
ground water to the surface.
Types of wells:
 Shallow wells: hand dug wells (diameter 1-4m) and depth  20m.
Or machine drilled wells of small diameter (diameter 8-60cm) and
depth  60m.
 Deep wells: wells 8 to 60cm in diameter and depth  600m.
 Infiltration Gallery: a horizontal or nearly horizontal tunnel which is
constructed through water bearing strata. It is sometimes referred as
horizontal well.
 Infiltration wells: are shallow wells constructed under the beds of
rivers. They are suitable where there are deposits of sand and
porous material at least 3m deep in river bed.
Sources Selection Criteria

 The choice of water supply to a town or city

depends on the following:
 Location

 Quantity of water

 Quality of water

 Cost
Water quality considerations

 Water quality considerations of sources are

required for the following purposes.
To evaluate and classify raw water quality

To identify sources of pollution

To assess the treatment required for beneficial

uses
Chapter 3