Mc Lc

Li Ni u..............................................................................................................2
Chng 1. Cc Khi Nim C Bn...........................................................................3
1.1. nh Ngha Jitter............................................................................................3
1.2. Cc n V o Jitter......................................................................................4
Chng 2. Cc Ngun Ca Jitter...............................................................................6
2.1. Jitter Do Cc Phn T nh Thi Gy Ra......................................................6
2.2. Jitter Do Giao Thoa Gia Cc K T.............................................................6
2.3. Jitter Do Hot ng Ca B Ti To Xung ng H....................................7
Chng 3. nh Hng Ca Jitter............................................................................10
3.1. Jitter Lm Tng Xc Sut Li a Vo Trong Tn Hiu S.........................10
3.2. Jitter a Cc Trt Khng iu Khin c Vo Tn Hiu S...........14
3.3. Jitter Lm Suy Gim Cht Lng Tn Hiu Tng T c M Ha....15
Chng 4. c Lng V Kh Jiiter......................................................................16
4.1. c Lng Jitter..........................................................................................16
4.2. Kh Jitter......................................................................................................16

Li Ni u

Chng 1. Cc Khi Nim C Bn

1.1. nh Ngha Jitter
Jitter v wander c nh ngha l s bin thin nhanh v chm ca cc thi im
c ngha ca tn hiu s so vi cc thi im quy nh (thi im c ngha) ca
chng trong h thng.
Cc thi im c ngha c th ly im gia hoc im bt k c nh no
c nhn bit mt cch r rng trn mi xung. Hnh 1.1 minh ha nh ngha ny,
khi jitter xut hin thi im chuyn mc ca mt xung s sm hn hoc tr hn so
vi tn hiu chun, cc sai lch ny l ngu nhin v lin tc.
Tm li, jitter l bin ng chp chn ca tn hiu chung quanh cc thi im ng
theo quy nh, bin ng ny dng thi gian hay pha

Hnh 1.1. Tn hiu c jitter v ng h chun

S bin thin ca cc thi im c ngha nh hng n tn hiu ging nh trong
trng hp tn hiu nh thi gc c s dng to ra dng bit iu pha vi mt
tn hiu iu ch l dng sng jitter.
Dng sng jitter c th c biu din bng 1 hm lin tc theo thi gian v c
lp vi tn hiu b nh hng. Hnh 1.2 minh ha nh hng ca jitter vo mt tn
hiu nh thi gian.

Hnh 1.2. Hm jitter ca mt tn hiu

1.2. Cc n V o Jitter
Jitter c c trng bi bin v tn s. Bin jitter l gi tr nh - nh
ca hm jitter theo thi gian cn tn s l s ln dao ng quanh thi im c
trng trong mt giy.
Bin ca jitter c o bng khong n v - UI (interval unit). Khong
n v UI c th hiu n gin l rng ca mt bit (hnh 1.3). Do xung ng h
ca tn hiu NRZ v RZ l nh nhau nn UI s khng ph thuc vo dng tn hiu.
Ngoi ra, UI cn khng ph thuc vo tc bit v n c ly chun da trn chu
k ca mt xung ng h chun.
Nhng thun li ny lm cho UI tr thnh mt tham danh nh, cho php so snh
bin jitter o cc tc bit khc nhau ca mt phn cp.
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Hnh 1.3. Khi nim khong n v

Khi tn jitter nh hn 10 Hz th s rung pha ny c gi l wander (bin ng
chp chn chm)

Hnh 1.4 Cc thnh phn jitter v wander ca s bin ng pha

Chng 2. Cc Ngun Ca Jitter

2.1. Jitter Do Cc Phn T nh Thi Gy Ra
Jitter ny c bin v tn s tng i thp tc l wander, n xut hin do cc
nguyn nhn sau:
Tp m pha trong cc mch dao ng lm ng h trong ton h thng cng
nh trong cc mch logic do s khng hon thin ca cc linh kin mch.
nh hng ca nhit ln cc b ao ng ni dng thch anh lm thay i
tn s ca n. S khng n nh do nhit thng rt ln, do cc b
cng hng thng phi t trong cc b tn nhit m bo chnh xc
ca nhit bn trong l 0. lc khi nhit phng my thay i t 0 ti
60c
Hnh 2.1 minh ha thnh phn jitter c to ra do s khng n nh ca vng
chuyn tip trong mch logic. Thnh phn jitter ny t c nh hng ln cht lng
truyn dn.

Hnh 2.1 Jitter do s khng n nh ca vng chuyn tip trong mch logic
2.2. Jitter Do Giao Thoa Gia Cc K T
Knh truyn dn c c tnh bin v pha khng l tng. V th, chui tn hiu
khi truyn qua knh truyn dn s b mt tnh trc giao. ng ra knh truyn dn,
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cc k t s b ko di v chng ln ln nhau to ra hin tng giao thoa gia cc

tn hiu. Do , thi im ly mu ti u ti to li tn hiu ban u cng b lch
i gy ra jitter (hnh 2.3). Jitetr ny gi l jitter mu ph thuc.

Hnh 2.2 Jitter do giao thoa gia cc k t

2.3. Jitter Do Hot ng Ca B Ti To Xung ng H
Cc thit b truyn dn cn ng b hin nay u s dng nguyn l t nh
thi, tc l ng h cn thit cho cc mc ch ng b c khi phc t lung tn
hiu thu c.

Hnh 2.3 S khi ca mt b tch xung nh thi

Bi v m c s dng trn ng truyn dn khng cha cc thnh phn
ri rc trong ph ca n cho nn thu c tn hiu tdn nh thi cn phi bin
di phi tuyn tn hiu ng vo. V vy b to xung nh thi cha cc b nn v
b hn ch pha di ca ph n hiu. ng ra ca b hn ch s cha thnh phn
ri rc ca tn nh thi. Sau tn hiu ny c a n b lc bng thng. Tn
hiu ra s l tn hiu cn hi vi tn xung nh thi. Tn hiu ny, qua b khuch
i, i vo b to xung nh thi. B to xung ny s to ra dy xung nh thi,
ng pha vi nhng tn hiu c ti to, ti nhng thi im m sng cn hi i
qua zero.
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B lc bng thng c th l b lc thng hp c iu chnh tn nh thi hoc

l khung cng hng vi tn ring bng tn nh thi.
Ph ca tn hiu bao gm 2 thnh phn: phn ri rc cn thit cho vic to
xung nh thi v phn lin lc mang thng tin nhng li l tp m cho b to xung.
Bi v h phm cht Q ca b dao ng l gii hn nn ph ca tn hiu ra s bao
gm vch ph ti tn nh thi v nhng on ph lin tc i lin vi n. Nhng
on ph ny bao gm cc thnh phn ca tn hiu truyn i v cc thnh phn ngu
nhin xut hin do tp m cng nh do nhiu xuyn knh. Hn na nhng thnh
phn nhiu ny hon ton khng lin h vi cc b ti sinh trn ng truyn. S
rung pha (jitter) do cc thnh phn ny sinh ra do cc trm lp
B to xung nh thi to xung ti nhng thi im m sng cn hi vi tn
nh thi i qua zero. Trong trng hp l tng, nu ngng bt u lm vic ca
b to xung nh thi ng bng zero th cc xung nh thi s c hnh thnh
ng vo thi im i qua zero ca sng cn hi. Trn thc t b to xung nh thi
c mt vng khng cm ng i vi s thay i ca tn hiu vo (hnh2.5c). Hu
qu l cc xung nh thi c th c to ra vo cc thi im ngu nhin trong
gii hn ca nhng vng khng cm ng ni trn. ln ca nhng vng ny (hu
qu l bin jitter) ph thuc vo bin ca tn hiu. Nh vy s thng ging
bin ca sng cn hi (hu qu s giao thoa gia cc tn hiu) bin i thnh s
thng ging pha (jitter) ca cc xung nh thi.
S giao thoa gia cc tn hiu cn a ti s thng ging v rng v v tr
thi gian ca cc xung ng vo ca b khung dao ng. S thng ging ny s
lm bin ng thi im chuyn qua zero ca cc tn hiu cn hi a n jitter ca
cc xung nh thi tng ng.
y mt ln na cn thy r rng do s iu hng khng chnh xc ca
khung dao ng (gy ra bi cc nguyn nhn nu ra phn 2.1) tn ring ca
khung s khc vi tn nh thi. iu ny dn ti s khng n nh ca nhng thi
im i qua zero ca tn hiu cn hi v gy ra jitter.
Hot ng ca b to xung nh thi ch c hiu qu khi mt ca chui tn
hiu vo tng cao, tc l chui tn hiu vo cha nhiu xung kch thch cho
khung cng hng. Trong trng hp tn hiu vo cha cc chui 0 (zero) di th
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khung cng hng s khng c kch thch mt cch hiu qu. S tt dn ca

khung dao ng b ko di.Pha ca tn hiu nh thi v th s b bin ng. S
rung pha ny c gi l "jitter mu ph thuc

Hnh 2.4 Sng cn hi v cc thi im hnh thnh xung nh thi

Chng 3. nh Hng Ca Jitter

3.1. Jitter Lm Tng Xc Sut Li a Vo Trong Tn Hiu
S
Nh bit, jitter lm cho thi im ti to tn hiu (thi im ly mu tn hiu) b
lch i so vi thi im l tng ca chng khi lch ny vt qu dung sai cho
php th li bit xy ra.
Tn hiu qua knh truyn dn thng b mo do giao thoa. Nu ng h ly mu
khng c jitter th vic ly mu c thc hin ng thi im t u, do vic
quyt nh tn hiu truyn i ( l 0 hay 1 ) vn c th thc hin chnh xc.
Nu c tn hiu s v ng h c cng mt jitter ln, v tr chuyn tip ca ng h
so vi v tr ti u ca tn hiu ( gia tn hiu) khng thay i. Do vic ly mu
vn c thc hin chnh xc v li bit khng xy ra. y l trng hp i vi
jitter tn thp m mch khi phc ng h dng PLL c th theo nhng bin thin
pha ca tn hiu.
Ti cc tn jitter cao, mch khi phc ng h khng th bm theo nhng bin i
pha nhanh ca tn hiu. Khi ng h c khi phc dch pha hn 0,5 UI so vi tn
hiu thu c th vic ly mu tn hiu s khng chnh xc v gy ra li bit. Trong
thc t do tn hiu b mo, di quyt nh thng hp hn nhiu (H. 4.3)
Trong truyn dn vi ba tn hiu ng ra knh truyn dn ti thi im ly mu [i, (i)]
c th biu din bng:

y:
y(i) tn hiu ng ra knh truyn dn.
x(i) k t thng tin
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(i) Jitter ca ng h ly mu
i thi im ly mu l tng
(i) lch pha sng mang (jitter pha sng mang)
n(i) tp m Gausse
Trong v phi ca phng trnh (4.1) thnh phn th nht trong {} l thnh phn
mang thng tin, thnh phn cn li l nhng giao thoa gia cc k t. Trng hp
knh truyn dn l tng v khng c jitter ca ng h ly mu v pha sng mang
th:
c0 [i, (i)] = c0(i) = const
c m [ i, (i)] = cm(i)= 0; m # 0

(4.2)

Do thnh phn nhiu giao thoa gia k t bng 0 v :

y(i) = x(i)+n(i)
R rng khi c jitter pha sng mang v pha ng h k t, ngay c trong trng hp
knh truyn dn l l tng vn xy ra giao thoa gia cc k t. Kt qu l t C/N
(carrier/noise) gim v t s BER (bit error rate) tng.
Cc tn hiu QAM (quadrature

amplitude modulation) cng nhiu cng nhiu

mc th cng d suy gim t s C/N do jitter pha sng mang v tn hiu nh thi
gy ra.0

Hnh 4.1 Ly mu ng

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Hnh 4.2 Ly mu ng ngay c khi c jitter bin ln

Hnh 4.3 Ly mu sai tn hiu do jitter

Hnh 4.4 biu din s suy gim t s C/N khi jitter pha sng mang tng cho cc mc
QAM khc nhau v i vi BER = 10-6. Cc h thng 256 QAM b suy gim nhiu
dB ngay c khi jitter pha sng mang ch t 0,5 n 1. Nhng h thng ny i hi
iu khin jitter rt cht ch. Tng t, hnh 4.5 minh ha suy gim C/N khi jitter
tn hiu nh thi tng. Mt ln na li thy r mc QAM cng cao th mc suy
gim C/N cng ln i vi mt gi tr BER cho trc.

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Hnh 4.4 th suy gim C/N theo pha jitter sng mang

Hnh 4.5 th suy gim C/N theo jitter pha tn hiu nh thi
i vi h thng 16 QAM cc ng cong trn c v cho b lc vi h roll - off
khc nhau. C th nhn thy rng h s cng ln th c tnh jitter tng ng
cng tt. Tuy nhin cn lu rng nu h qu ln th gii hn mt n ph pht c
th b vt.

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3.2. Jitter a Cc Trt Khng iu Khin c Vo Tn

Hiu S
Khi jitter qu ln, dung lng ca cc b nh m c s dng ht v th gy ra
hin tng trn hoc cn b nh. Hiu ng ny gy ra trt, mt hoc nhn i (lp
li) cc lung bt trong mt khung a n SES v cc s c khc.
i vi cc dch v thoi, slip (trt) ny c th l nguyn nhn gy ra nhng ting
ng nh c th nghe thy. Loi ting ng ny khng xut hin thng xuyn v
khng nghim trng. Tuy vy cc dch v thoi vn ra nhng gii hn cho php
vi slip.
i vi cc dch v khc, slip c th gy ra nhng hu qu nghim trng. Trong
truyn fax ch 1 slip cng gy nn nhiu hoc mt i 8 dng trong bn fax. iu ny
tng ng vi vic mt 0,08 inch chiu ng (trc tung). Vic mt thng tin s dn
n cn phi truyn li (fax li) bn tin cn fax. Vic uyn li ny phi do ngi s
dng khng c thc hin t ng bi thit b.
nh hng ca slip i vi truyn liu l nguyn nhn gy ra cc dy li. di
ca cc li ny ph thuc vo tc c liu v loi modem t 10 mili giy n 1,5
giy.
Trong thi gian b li, thit b thu u ni vi modem thu c liu t qung v
kt qu l ngi s dng phi truyn li liu.
Khi slip xy ra trong dch v hi ngh video, cng s dn n vic xy ra cc li v
cn phi thit lp li qu trnh.
Tc ng ca slip i vi vic truyn s liu ph thuc vo giao thc truyn dn.
Nu s dng giao thc khng c kh nng truyn li s xy ra vic s liu b mt, b
lp li, hoc b li. Giao thc truyn li c kh nng pht hin slip v do s khi
ng vic truyn li.
i vi vic truyn video s (hi ngh video), cc php kim a ch ra rng slip
thng gy nn nhiu tng on ca nh. Mc nghim trng v chiu di ca
nhiu ph thuc vo loi m v thit b nn tn hiu c s dng. S suy gim l
nguy him nht i vi thit b gii m tc bit thp.
Slip tc ng mnh ln cc dch v m ha (mt m). Slip dn n vic mt cha
kha mt m. Vic ny lm cho vic truyn dn khng th hiu c v do cn
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phi truyn li cha kha v khi phc li lin lc. Tuy nhin, yu cu truyn li
cha kha th khng ph hp vi tnh bo mt- vi cc ng dng bo mt khng
th chp nhn c nhiu hn 1 slip trong 1 ngy
3.3. Jitter Lm Suy Gim Cht Lng Tn Hiu Tng T
c M Ha
i vi cc tn hiu tng t c m ha, jitter ong lung s ha s nh
hng n tnh ng u gia cc mu ca tn hiu PAM c khi phc. Tn
hiu ting ni c m ha PCM c th chu c nh hng ny, nhtig i vi
tn hiu hinh v cc tn hiu khc th nhy hn nhiu.
i vi cc tn hiu truyn hnh, khi truyn trong khong cch xa c th mo do
jitter (dao ng v pha). Mo pha do thay i v tr xung ca cc mu gy ra mo
ng bin, cc chi tit nh thay i lin tc theo cc khung.

Hnh 4.6 Cc loi mo pha do dao ng pha.

Ngc li, nu ff = (n+1/2)fH th s sai pha trn cc dng lin tip l 180, do
mo lm thay i pha theo tng dng, do vy t nhn thy trn nh trong cc
trng hp cn li mo ng bin (conture) c dng sin v rt kh chu i vi
mt.
Trng hp ff = nfv th sai pha trn cc khung lin tc s bng 0 v mo nhn
thy trn nh s c nh; do vy th hin khi f f = (n+l/2)fv th sai pha trn cc khung
lin tc s bng 180 c ngha l mo lm thay i pha trn tng khung v bin cc
chi tit nh s b nhp nhy vi tn 25Hz. Nu f f = n(l/4)fv hoc (n+3/4)fv th sai
pha trn cc nh lin tip l 71, gy nhp nhy bin ca chi tit nh tn 12,5Hz
(rt kh chu i vi mt). Dao ng pha ngu nhin gy ra iu ch v tr xung, to
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ra thnh phn ph tn hiu truyn, thnh phn ny lm tng nhiu th hin bin nh
di dng nhiu ph gy mt nt, thay i mu v tn hiu mu.

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Chng 4. c Lng V Kh Jiiter

4.1. c Lng Jitter
4.2. Kh Jitter
Trong phn ny, chng ta la chn v thc hin mt m hnh c hiu qu c
lng jiiter, t lm gim jitter trong tn hiu thu c.

Hnh 4.2. S c lng v kh jitter bng tn hiu tham chiu

Trc ht chng ta c tn hiu thng di mang tin c iu ch sng mang phc
I/Q theo cng thc (7). Tn hiu thu c ly mu trong nhng khong thi gian
(do bao gm c jitter) c cho theo cng thc sau:

Nh phn tch trn vi vic ly mu bng thng di ta c:

Trong

f IF

c bit nh l tn s trung tm ca tn hiu thng di. Sau

chng ta p dng iu ch s IQ h tn t tn s trung tm

f IF

xung bng c s

c tn
s trung tm l 0 :

17

Nu tn s tn hiu thu c ban u RF ln hn nhiu so vi bng thng ca n (

fC

>>B) th thnh phn jitter trong iu ch IQ nh hn rt nhiu so vi thnh

phn
sng mang. T ta c:
T y ta c th ni nh hng ca jitter ti h thng ch cn thnh phn nhiu pha
(phase noise) trong tn hiu sng mang bng thng di. Tng t nh cch gii
quyt vi vic tn hiu tng qut trong phn 2.1 chng ta trit tiu thnh phn sai
pha ny bng cch nhn cc mu phc ny vi thnh phn m
Gi s ta c mt b c lng jitter l tng, chng ta c th loi b hon ton nh
hng ca jitter ra khi tn hiu ly mu thng di:

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