HSRP, VRRP, v GLBP

Cc IP host c th c vi cch thc khc nhau quyt nh mt router no l router mc

nh hoc l default gateway. V d DHCP, BootP, ICMP Router Discovery protocol
IRDP, cu hnh bng tay hoc ngay c bng cch dng mt giao thc nh tuyn ng.
Hai cch thc ph bin nht l dng DHCP v thng qua cu hnh bng tay s gip cho
host c a ch IP ca gateway ca n. Giao thc HSRP, VRRP v GLBP tng trng cho
mt s cng c tt nht khc phc cc vn lin quan n vic mt host ch bit mt
a ch nh l ng i duy nht ca n ra khi subnet.

HSRP cho php nhiu router cng chia s mt a ch IP o v cc a ch MAC sao cho
cc my ca ngi dng cui s khng nhn ra khi no c s c mng xy ra. Mt vi
c im ch cht ca HSRP l:
a ch IP l o v a ch MAC cng o trn router master.
Cc router d phng s lng nghe cc gi hello t router ang active, mc nh mi 3
giy v 10 giy cho khong thi gian dead.
u tin cao nht (mc nh l 100, trong tm t 1-255) s xc nh router, vi c ch
pre-emption b tt.
H tr tnh nng tracking, trong u tin ca mt router s b gim khi mt interface
ang b theo di b hng hc.
C th c ti a 255 nhm HSRP trn mi interface, cho php mt hnh thc cn bng ti.
a ch MAC o c dng 0000.0C07.Acxx trong xx l ch s ca nhm HSRP.
a ch ca IP o phi trong cng gi tr subnet ca cng ca router trong LAN.
a ch ca IP o phi khc vi bt k mt a ch tht no ca cc cng tham gia vo
HSRP.

HSRP l mt giao thc c quyn ca Cisco. VRRP l mt giao thc thc hn cng mt
chc nng. VRRP c vi s khc bit sau so vi HSRP:

VRRP dng a ch multicast l 0000.5E00.01xx trong xx l dng hex ca ch s

nhm ca VRRP.
VRRP khng h tr tnh nng theo di cng.
Trong Cisco IOS 12.2T/12.3, mc nh VRRP dng c ch pre-emption nhng HSRP th
mc nh dng non pre-empt.
Thut ng master trong VRRP c cng ngha vi thut ng Active ca HSRP.

GLBP l mt giao thc mi hn ca Cisco cho php c tnh cn bng ti bn cnh tnh
nng d phng cho gateway. Cc host vn c th ch n mt a ch gateway mc nh,
nhng GLBP cho php cc host gi traffic n mt trong bn router trong mt nhm
GLBP. thc hin vic ny, router AVG s gn tng router trong mt nhm mt a ch
MAC duy nht c dng 0007.B400.xxyy trong xx l a ch nhm v yy l cc s khc
nhau cho tng router (01,02,03 hay 04). Khi mt my client hi a ch MAC ca a ch
o ca n, AVG s tr li bng mt trong bn a ch MAC o c th. Do c tr li vi
cc a ch MAC khc nhau, cc host trong subnet s cn bng traffic gia cc router
ch khng ch gi traffic v mt router duy nht.

Network Time Protocol

Giao thc NTP phin bn 3 (RFC 1305) cho php cc IP host ng b thi gian ca h
thng t mt ngun ng h thi gian. V d, router v switch c th ng b ng h
thi gian ca n cc s kin din ra trong h thng y ngha hn do c cc nhn
thi gian chnh xc. Theo thit k, phn ln router v switch dng ch NTP client,
iu chnh ng h ca n da trn thi gian c cung cp bi mt NTP server. NTP
nh ngha cc thng ip ny gia client v server v thut ton mt my client dng
iu chnh ng h ca n. Cc routers v switch c th c cu hnh nh NTP server
hoc trong ch NTP symmetric active mode l ch trong router hoc switch s
ng b ha vi nhau.

Cc NTP server c th tham kho cc NTP server khc c mt ngun ng h chnh

xc hn. Mc chnh xc uc ch ra bi mc stratum. V d ng h nguyn t v cc
h thng nh v ton cu GPS c mc stratum 1 (thp nht/ tt nht c th). i vi mt
mng doanh nghip, cc router v cc switch c th tm n cc ngun NTP trn Internet
hoc dng cc NTP server phn cng, c tch hp GPS.

Cc IP host c th c vi cch thc khc nhau quyt nh mt router no l router mc

nh hoc l default gateway. V d DHCP, BootP, ICMP Router Discovery protocol
IRDP, cu hnh bng tay hoc ngay c bng cch dng mt giao thc nh tuyn ng.
Hai cch thc ph bin nht l dng DHCP v thng qua cu hnh bng tay s gip cho
host c a ch IP ca gateway ca n.
Giao thc HSRP, VRRP v GLBP tng trng cho mt s cng c tt nht khc phc
cc vn lin quan n vic mt host ch bit mt a ch nh l ng i duy nht ca
n ra khi subnet. Cc giao thc ny gip gii quyt vn d phng cho defaultgateway
trong mt mng IP.
HSRP cho php nhiu router cng chia s mt a ch IP o v cc a ch MAC sao cho
cc my ca ngi dng cui s khng nhn ra khi no c s c mng xy ra.
Mt vi c im ch cht ca HSRP l:
a ch IP l o v a ch MAC cng o trn router master.
Cc router d phng s lng nghe cc gi hello t router ang active, mc nh
mi 3 giy v 10 giy cho khong thi gian dead.
u tin cao nht (mc nh l 100, trong tm t 1-255) s xc nh router, vi
c ch pre-emption b tt.
H tr tnh nng tracking, trong u tin ca mt router s b gim khi mt
interface ang b theo di b hng hc.
C th c ti a 255 nhm HSRP trn mi interface, cho php mt hnh thc cn
bng ti.
a ch MAC o c dng 0000.0C07.Acxx trong xx l ch s ca nhm HSRP.
a ch ca IP o phi trong cng gi tr subnet ca cng ca router trong LAN.
a ch ca IP o phi khc vi bt k mt a ch tht no ca cc cng tham gia
vo HSRP.
HSRP l mt giao thc c quyn ca Cisco. VRRP l mt giao thc thc hn
cng mt chc nng.
VRRP c vi s khc bit sau so vi HSRP:
VRRP dng a ch multicast l 0000.5E00.01xx trong xx l dng hex ca ch s
nhm ca VRRP.
VRRP khng h tr tnh nng theo di cng.
Trong Cisco IOS 12.2T/12.3, mc nh VRRP dng c ch pre-emption nhng HSRP th
mc nh dng non pre-empt.
Thut ng master trong VRRP c cng ngha vi thut ng Active ca HSRP.
Cu hnh c bn HSRP
HSRP bu chn da vo Priority(0 n 225), Router c priority s c chn lm active,
nu priority bng nhau th router no c i ch IP trn interface HSRP cao hn s c
chn lm active. t u tin bng cu lnh:

Router(config-if)#standby group priority priority

Thng thng th khi mt Router l active trong HSRP ri th cho d Router mi c
Priority cao hn cng khng c chn lm active, tuy nhin ta c th cho php router c
priority cao lm active vi bt k lc no bng cch chuyn sang ch preempt:
Router(config-if)#standby group preempt
Do cc router chy HSRP khng t ng nhn bit c khi no th cc gi ca user
khng cn i ra bn ngoi c thng qua n na do m ta phi cu hnh nhn bit
c, khi no th mt giao tip ca HSRP router b down khng cn kh nng chuyn lu
lng cho user na th n s t ng gim priority ca n xung.
Router(config-if)#standby group track type mod/num decrementvalue
Decrementvalue l gi tr ca Priority phi gim xung khi track thy mt interface no
b down. Mi cng giao tip ca HSRP ca router s c mt a ch IP ring. Tuy
nhin cc Host s thy router qua mt da ch o khc l Virtual router address.
Router(config-if)#standby group ip ip-address
Cu hnh Load balancing vi HSRP
Vi cu hnh loi ny, gi s ta c hai router chay HSRP. Ta to ra hai group v hai
ch IP o cho hai group ny. Router1 c Priority ln i vi group th nht v c Priority
nh hn i vi Group th hai. Do Router 1 s l active cho group 1 v s l Standby
cho group 2. i vi cc host th ta s cu hnh cho mt s host c default gateway l
Virtual IP address ca group 1 v mt s host c default gateway l Virtual IP address ca
group 2. Do m ti s cn bng 2 router. Mi router s m nhim mt lng ti
nht nh.
Xem thm trong sch CCNP Switching, chng 14. Download y:
http://vnpro.org/forum/showthread.php?p=60752#post60752
HSRP, VRRP
Cc IP host c th c vi cch thc khc nhau quyt nh mt router no l router mc
nh hoc l default gateway. V d DHCP, BootP, ICMP Router Discovery protocol
IRDP, cu hnh bng tay hoc ngay c bng cch dng mt giao thc nh tuyn ng.
Hai cch thc ph bin nht l dng DHCP v thng qua cu hnh bng tay s gip cho
host c a ch IP ca gateway ca n. Giao thc HSRP, VRRP v GLBP tng trng cho
mt s cng c tt nht khc phc cc vn lin quan n vic mt host ch bit mt
a ch nh l ng i duy nht ca n ra khi subnet.

HSRP cho php nhiu router cng chia s mt a ch IP o v cc a ch MAC sao cho
cc my ca ngi dng cui s khng nhn ra khi no c s c mng xy ra. Mt vi
c im ch cht ca HSRP l:
- a ch IP l o v a ch MAC cng o trn router master.
- Cc router d phng s lng nghe cc gi hello t router ang active, mc nh mi 3
giy v 10 giy cho khong thi gian dead.
- u tin cao nht (mc nh l 100, trong tm t 1-255) s xc nh router, vi c ch
pre-emption b tt.
- H tr tnh nng tracking, trong u tin ca mt router s b gim khi mt
interface ang b theo di b hng hc.
- C th c ti a 255 nhm HSRP trn mi interface, cho php mt hnh thc cn bng
ti.
- a ch MAC o c dng 0000.0C07.Acxx trong xx l ch s ca nhm HSRP.
- a ch ca IP o phi trong cng gi tr subnet ca cng ca router trong LAN.
- a ch ca IP o phi khc vi bt k mt a ch tht no ca cc cng tham gia vo
HSRP.
HSRP l mt giao thc c quyn ca Cisco. VRRP l mt giao thc thc hn cng mt
chc nng. VRRP c vi s khc bit sau so vi HSRP:
VRRP dng a ch multicast l 0000.5E00.01xx trong xx l dng hex ca ch s
nhm ca VRRP.
VRRP khng h tr tnh nng theo di cng. (tracking interface)
Trong Cisco IOS 12.2T/12.3, mc nh VRRP dng c ch pre-emption nhng HSRP th
mc nh dng non pre-empt.
Thut ng master trong VRRP c cng ngha vi thut ng Active ca HSRP.
1. HSRP hot ng da trn vic to ra mt gateway o. Gateway o trn cng c th
hiu nh l mt cng vic/ vai tr m HSRP c trch nhim m nhn cung cp cho cc
my bn trong mng LAN. Trong mt nhm cc routers chy HSRP, s c mt router
ng ra m trch vai tr lm gateway ni trn. Router c gi l ACTIVE router. IP
ca gateway o c gi l IP ma (phantom IP). Cc routers khng active s b ri vo
trng thi standby.
Vic chn la active router trong HSRP da trn u tin. Em c th cu hnh mt
router no c u tin nh mun. Vi HSRP, router no c u tin cao th tr
thnh active.
2. Khi cc router chy HSRP, cc interface ca cc standby routers s trng thi
DOWN. Do , cu hnh HSRP vi cc routing protocol nh OSPF, RIP (IGP) th bnh
thng. Tuy nhin, HSRP v BGP th c th gp mt s vn . Ch ny ln nn cvo
c th tho lun tip trong mt thread khc.
3. Gii php m cvo a ra l mt gii php hon ho cho vic trin khai HSRP.

Di y l mt v d cu hnh VRRP:
Example 14-5. Configuring Load Balancing with VRRP
CatalystA(config)# interface vlan 50
CatalystA(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0
CatalystA(config-if)# vrrp 1 priority 200
CatalystA(config-if)# vrrp 1 ip 192.168.1.1
CatalystA(config-if)# vrrp 2 priority 100
CatalystA(config-if)# no vrrp 2 preempt
CatalystA(config-if)# vrrp 2 ip 192.168.1.2
__________________________________________________ ___
CatalystB(config)# interface vlan 50
CatalystB(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0
CatalystB(config-if)# vrrp 1 priority 100
CatalystA(config-if)# no vrrp 1 preempt
CatalystB(config-if)# vrrp 1 ip 192.168.1.1
CatalystB(config-if)# vrrp 2 priority 200
CatalystB(config-if)# vrrp 2 ip 192.168.1.2
cu hnh trn to ra hai nhm VRRP, nhm 1 v nhm 2. Mi Catalyst s lm master cho
mt nhm. Ch trong cu hnh trn phi tt c ch pre-empt trn VRRP.
CatalystA# show vrrp brief
Interface Grp Pri Time Own Pre State Master addr Group addr
Vlan50 1 200 3218 Y Master 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.1
Vlan50 2 100 3609 Backup 192.168.1.11 192.168.1.2
CatalystA#
__________________________________________________ _________
CatalystB# show vrrp brief
Interface Grp Pri Time Own Pre State Master addr Group addr
Vlan50 1 100 3609 Backup 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.1
Vlan50 2 200 3218 Y Master 192.168.1.11 192.168.1.2
CatalystB#