Chng 3

MA TRN V NH THC

Chng ny c dnh trnh by cc khi nim, cc dng ma trn c bn, cng nh cc

php ton v nhng tnh cht c bn thng gp v ma trn. Cc khi nim, tnh cht, cch tnh v
nh thc, ma trn nghch o, hng ma trn cng c a ra.
3.1. Ma trn
3.1.1. Cc nh ngha
1. Ma trn c mn: l mt bng gm m n s c sp xp thnh m hng v n ct di dng sau:

a11 a12 ... a1n

a21 a22 ... a2 n

A
(aij )mn
:

am1 am 2 ... amn

vi i l ch s hng, j l ch s ct; aij l phn t hng i v ct j.
2. Ma trn cp n: l ma trn c s hng v s ct bng nhau (m = n).

a11 a12 ... a1n

a21 a22 ... a2 n

A
(aij ) nn
:

an1 an 2 ... ann

Cc phn t aii , i 1, n nm trn ng cho chnh ca A.
Cc phn t aij , i j n 1 nm trn ng cho ph ca A.
3. Ma trn hng: l ma trn ch c mt hng
V d:
A = ( 2 4 6 7 8 9 )1x6
4. Ma trn ct: l ma trn ch c 1 ct.
V d

1

0
A
3

4 41
3.1.2. Cc dng c bit ca ma trn.
1. Ma trn khng: l ma trn m tt c cc phn t ca n u bng 0.

V d

0 0 0
0 0 0

0 0 0 33
2. Ma trn cho: l ma trn vung c cc phn t khng nm trn ng cho chnh u bng 0.
V d

1 0 0
0 3 0 , ma trn khng cp n l ma trn cho c bit.

0 0 2 33
3. Ma trn n v: l ma trn cho m tt ccc phn t trn ng cho chnh u bng 1.
V d

1 0
0 1 ,

22

1 0 0
0 1 0

0 0 1 33

4. Ma trn tam gic trn (di): l tam gic c aij 0, i ( j )

V d

1 3 5
0 2 4 ,

0 0 4 33

5
6

0 0 0
0 0 0
9 4 0

0 5 3 44

5. Ma trn chuyn v ca ma trn A: k hiu l AT, l ma trn suy t A bng cch chuyn cc hng
thnh cc ct tng ng.

1 0
1 3 5

T
0 2 4 A 3 2

23
5 4 32
6. Ma trn bc thang: l ma trn tha mn 2 iu sau:
*Cc hng khng (c cc phn t u bng 0) nm pha dui cc hng khc khng (c t nht 1
phn t khc 0).
*Phn t khc 0 u tin ca hng di nm bn phi ct cha phn t khc 0 u tin ca hng
trn.
V d

2 4 6 3
A 0 3 0 1
0 0 0 2 34
Ch
*Ma trn cho l ma trn bc thang.
*Hai ma trn cng c hay cng cp c gi l bng nhau nu cc phn t tng ng u bng
nhau.

A (aij ) mn , B (bij ) mn
A B aij bij , i, j
3.1.3. Cc php tnh trn ma trn
1. Cng hai ma trn
a. nh ngha
Cho 2 ma trn A = (aij)mxn, B = (bij)mxn.
Tng (hiu) ca A v B l mt ma trn, k hiu AB, c mi s hng bng tng (hiu) ca 2 s
hng tng ng ca 2 ma trn thnh phn.
A B =[aij bij]mxn
b. Tnh cht
*A+ B = B+A ( Tnh giao hon)
*(A+ B) + C = A +(B+C) (Tnh kt hp)
* O: A+O = O+A =A A ( O : Ma trn khng)
* A, -A: A +(-A) = (-A) + A = O (- A: Ma trn i ca A)
2. Nhn 1 svi 1 ma trn
a. nh ngha
Cho ma trn A = (aij)mxn v 1 s k. Tch ca s k v ma trn A l mt ma trn, k hiu K A, c mi
s hng bng tch ca s k vi s hng tng ng ca ma trn A.
kA = [kaij]mxn
b. Tnh cht
*(-1)A = -A, A
*k(A + B) = kA + kB; k, A, B
*(k + h )A = kA + hA; k, h, A

*k(hA) = (kh)A; k, h, A
3. Nhn ma trn vi ma trn
a. nh ngha
Cho 2 ma trn A = [aik]mxp v B = [bkj ]pxn .Tch ca 2 ma trn A v B l mt ma trn C, k hiu C
= AB, c phn t cij = cij

a
k 1

ik

.bkj

V d:

3
1 2 4
A
, B 3

5 0 3
0

A.B 3 15
b. Tnh cht
*AB ch c khi s ct ca A bng s hng ca B.
*Php nhn ma trn khng c tnh giao hon.
*(AB)C = A(BC) (Tnh kt hp).
*(A + B)C = AC + BC
*C(A+B) = CA + CB (Tnh phn phi ca php nhn i vi php cng)
*k(AB) = (kA)B = A(kB); k R
4. Cc php bin i s cp ca ma trn
*Nhn cc phn t ca hng (ct) r vi mt s khc 0
Lr Lr (hay Cr Cs)
* i chhai hng (ct) r v s
Lr Ls (hay Cr Cs )
* Cng ln hng (ct) r vo hng (ct) s.
Lr + Ls Ls ( hay Cr + Cs Cs)
3.2. nh thc
3.2.1. nh ngha nh thc
1. nh ngha
a. nh thc cp n

Cho A l ma trn vung cp n, nh thc ca A, k hiu detA, l tng c dng sau:

a11
det A

a12 ... a1n

a21 a22 ... a2 n

:
an 2 ... ann

an1
b. Minh ha

Trng hp n = 2

a11 a12
A

a21 a22
det A

a11

a12

a21

a22

a11a22 a12 a21

Trng hp n = 3

a11 a12 a13

A a21 a22 a23

a

31 a32 a33

a11

a12

a13

det A a21

a22

a23 a11a22 a33 a21a32 a13 a12 a23a31 a31a22 a13 a12 a21a33 a23a32 a11

a31

a32

a33

c. V d

1)

4 8
3 1
1 2 3

2)

4 5 6
7 8 9

3.2.2. Tnh cht ca nh thc

1. Tnh cht 1
nh thc ca ma trn chuyn v At bng nh thc ca ma trn A, ngha l: detAt= detA.
2. Tnh cht 2
Nu mi phn t ca mt hng no ca nh thc l tng ca 2 s hng th nh thc l
tng ca 2 nh thc, trong mi nh thc thnh phn c suy t nh thc cho bng cch
thay mi phn t ca hng ni trn bi 1 trong 2 s hng ca n, ngha l:

ai1 ai1 ai2 ai2 ... ain ain ai1 ai2 ... ain ai1 ai2 ... ain

3. Tnh cht 3
C th a tha s chung ca cc phn t ca 1 hng ra khi du nh thc, ngha l

kai1

kai 2 ... kain k ai1

ai 2 ... ain

4. Tnh cht 4
Nu nh thc c 1 hng no l hng khng (cc phn t ca hng u l 0) th nh thc
bng 0.
5. Tnh cht 5
Nu i ch2 hng ca 1 nh thc th nh thc i du, ngha l

a11

a12 ... a1n

...
ak 1

ak 2 ... akn

ah1

ah 2 ... ahn

...
ah 2 ... ahn

...
an1

a12 ... a1n

...

...
ah1

a11

ak 1

ak 2 ... akn

...
an 2 ... ann

an1

an 2 ... ann

6. Tnh cht 6
Nu mt nh thc c 2 hng ging nhau th bng 0.
7. Tnh cht 7
Nu mt nh thc c 2 hng t l (Cc phn t tng ng ca chng t l vi nhau) th n bng
0.

8. Tnh cht 8
Nu cng ln hng r vo hng s th nh thc khng thay i (r s), ngha l

. .

. Lr Ls

. . . Lr

. .

.
.
.

9. Tnh cht 9
Nu 1 hng no ca nh thc l thp tuyn tnh ca cc hng cn li th nh
thc bng 0, ngha l

Lr Ls 0
3.3. Ma trn nghch o
Trong cc phn di y chng ta s dng hai kt qu (khng chng minh) sau:
1)det AB = detA.detB (nh thc ca ma trn tch bng tch 2 nh thc thnh phn)
2) A(BC) = (AB)C (Tnh cht kt hp ca php nhn ma trn) trong , A,B,C l cc ma trn
cp n.
3.3.1. Ma trn kh o v ma trn nghch o
1. nh ngha
Cho A l ma trn cp n, nu tn ti ma trn B cp n sao cho AB = BA = I th A c gi l ma
trn kh o v B c gi l ma trn nghch o ca A, k hiu B = A-1
2. V d

2 1
1 2

A
, B 3 1 , Tnh AB v BA.
3
4

2 2
3. S duy nht ca ma trn nghch o
Gi s B v C u l cc ma trn nghch o ca A, ta cn chng minh B= C.
4. iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o v biu thc ca n
a. nh l 1 (iu kin cn)
Nu ma trn A cp n kh o th 0 det A .
b. nh l 2 (iu kin )

Nu detA 0 th A kh o v A1

1
C t , trong C = (cij)nxn vi cij = (-1)i+jDij
det A

c. V d
Tm A-1 bit

1 2 3

A 2 5 3
1 0 8

3.3.2. Phng php Gauss-Jordan

a. Ni dung
Tm ma trn nghch o bng cc php bin i s cp ca ma trn.
b. V d
Tm A-1 bit

1 2 3

A 2 5 3
1 0 8

Ch : Ta thng dng cc php bin i scp hng tm A-1.

Bi tp
Tm ma trn nghch o ca cc ma trn sau bng 2 cch khc nhau

1 2 3
2 1 1

a ) A 0 1 2 , b) B 1 2 1
3 2 5
1 1 2

3.4. Hng ca mt ma trn

3.4.1. nh ngha
1. nh thc con cp k ca 1 ma trn
Gi s A = [aij] mxn , nu trch t A, k hng v k ct no th ta c 1 ma trn con cp k ca
A v nh thc ca n c gi l nh thc con cp k ca A.
Ch : k min(m,n)
V d
Tm cc nh thc con ca ma trn sau

1 2 3
A 4 5 6
7 8 9
2. Hng ca mt ma trn
Hng ca 1 ma trn l cp cao nht ca cc nh thc con khc khng ca ma trn .
K hiu r(A)
3. V d
Tm hng ca ma trn sau

1 2 3
A 4 5 6
7 8 9
3.4.2. Phng php tm hng nh cc php bin i s cp ca ma trn
1. C s ca phng php
Da vo 2 nhn xt sau
- Cc php bin i scp ca ma trn khng lm thay i hng ca ma trn .
- Hng ca 1 ma trn bc thang bng ng s hng khc khng ca n.
2. Ni dung
tm hng ca 1 ma trn A cho trc, trc ht ta dng cc php bin i s cp hng v ct
a A v ma trn bc thang A v s hng khc khng ca Achnh l hng ca A.
3. Cc v d
Tm hng ca ma trn sau

1 2 3
1 2 3

A 4 5 6 , B 2 5 3
1 0 8
7 8 9