BI 5 GII H THNG PHNG TRNH I S TUYN TNH

H phng trnh tuyn tnh c s n bng s phng trnh

5.1 Dng tng qut v dng ma trn
5.1.1 Dng tng qut

a11 x1 a12 x2 ... a1n xn b1

a x a x ... a x b
21 1
22 2
2n n
2
(I)

an1 x1 an 2 x2 ... ann xn b n
5.1.2 Dng ma trn
t A = (aij )nxn gi l ma trn h s.

x1
x
x 2
gi l ma trn n.
...

xn n1
b1
b
b 2 gi l ma trn v phi (ct v phi).
...

bn n1
( I ) Ax b dng ma trn ca h (I).
b = 0. H (I) c gi l h thun nht.
b 0. H (I) c gi l h khng thun nht.
5.2 H Cramer
5.2.1 nh ngha
H vung Ax=b c gi l h Cramer nu detA 0.
5.2.2 nh l Cramer
H Cramer Ax=b c nghim duy nht x = A-1 b.
Hay x j
phi b.

det Aj
det A

, j 1, n , trong Aj l ma trn suy t A bng cch thay ct th j bi ct v

5.2.3 V d
Gii h sau bng phng php Cramer

2 x1 4 x2 3 x3 4

3 x1 x2 2 x3 2
4 x 11x 7 x 7
2
3
1
5.3 H tam gic trn
5.3.1 nh ngha
H tam gic trn l h phng trnh c dng

a11 x1 a12 x2 ... a1n xn b1

a22 x2 ... a2 n xn b2

Ax b

......

an1 xn bn
a11 a12 ... a1n

0
a22 ... a2 n

Trong , A
l ma trn tam gic trn aii 0, i 1, n
:
:
: :

0
...
0
a
n

5.3.2 Cch gii

Gii t di ln
- Phng trnh cui cho xn
- Phng trnh lin trn cho xn-1
- Phng trnh u cho x1
5.5.3 p dng
gii h Ax = b cha c dng tam gic trn. Ta dng cc php bin i s cp hng a ma
trn m rng A Ab v dng A A b vi A l ma trn tam gic trn.
V d
Bng cch a v ma trn tam gic trn, gii h sau

2 x1 4 x2 3 x3 4

3 x1 x2 2 x3 2
4 x 11x 7 x 7
2
3
1

5.4 H thun nht

5.4.1 Dng tng qut
Anxn xnx1 = 0nx1 (II)
5.4.2 Nghim tm thng v khng tm thng

0
0
H (II) lun lun c nghim x
c gi l nghim tm thng.
:

0 n1
x1
x
2
Nghim x m x j 0 vi 1 j n c gi l nghim khng tm thng.
:

xn n1
5.4.3 iu kin tn ti nghim khng tm thng
a. nh l
H thun nht Ax = 0 c nghim khng tm thng khi v ch khi detA = 0.
b. V d
Cho h phng trnh

2 x1 x2 x3 0

x1 x2 2 x3 0
5 x x ax 0
3
1 2
1) Vi gi trno ca a th h c nghim khng tm thng.
2) Tm cc nghim .