Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LTE Course
LTE Course
e
:Presented By
.Eng.karim Banawan
.Eng.Yasser Youssry
Mobile Communication
part (4) : 4G mobiles
OUTLINE
NEED FOR
MULTI-CARRIER
OFDM ENTERS INTO THE PICTURE
FFT / IFFT
GUARD TIME INSERTION
OFDM DRAWBACKS
CHANNEL ESTIMATION
OFDM BLOCK DIAGRAM
SIMULATION
RESULTS
Pulse completely
distorted. ISI is
.significant in this case
Conclusion
Multiplexing
Solution
Orthogonality
DFT
But
DFT needs high processing
Solution
Easy implementation using FFT/IFFT
FFT / IFFT
FFT/IFFT
. GUARD
Problem
.
ISI occurs
. GUARD
.
No ISI
.Circular Convolution achieved
Cyclic prefix
The
The
. OFDM
DRAWBACKS cont
. OFDM
DRAWBACKS cont
CHANNEL ESTIMATION
Pilot Based Channel Estimation
Estimated
Channel
Response
Received
Signal after
FFT
Known Pilots
.CHANNEL
ESTIMATION cont
Pilot
symbols
Data
symbols
Frequency( sub
carriers)
Frequency( sub
carriers)
OFDMA
OFDMA is
OFDM
signaling that allows simultaneous transmissions to
and from several users along with the other
advantages of OFDM.
IEEE802.16d
Fixed WiMAX,256-OFDM
IEEE802.16e
Mobile WiMAX
DIVERSITY AND
MIMO PRINCIPLES
?What is diversity
Is a technique that combats the
fading by ensuring that there will
be many copies of the transmitted
signal effected with different fading
.over time, frequency or space
1-Time diversity:
:time diversity-1
|H(t)|
t
No interleaving x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4 z1 z2 z3 z4 h1 h2
h3 h4
interleaving
z4 h4
x1 y1 z1 h1 x2 y2 z2 h2 x3 y3 z3 h3 x4 y4
So we can see that only the 3rd symbol from each codeword lost and
.we can recover them from the rest symbols in each codeword
:frequency diversity- 2
This type of diversity used for the
frequency selective channels as
we will averaging the fading over
:the frequency by using
Multi-carrier technique like-1
.OFDM
FHSS (frequency hope spread-2
.spectrum)
DSSS (direct sequence spread-3
.spectrum)
:frequency diversity- 2
:spatial diversity-3
we will have many copies of the transmitted
signal effects with different fading over the
.space
we use multi-antenna systems at the transmitter
.or the receiver or at both of them
:Receive diversity
Diversity order=Mr
:MIMO
Diversity order=Mt x Mr
:Notes
The higher diversity order we have the
better we combat the fading
:Notes
The diversity-1
reduces the BER
of the
communication
.system
Diversity order-2
. BER
:Notes
?Question
How the receiver get the signal
?from the many copies reached
Answer
Diversity combining
technique
Combines the independent fading paths -1
signals to obtain a signal that passed
.through a standard demodulator
The techniques can be applied to any-2
.type of diversity
combining techniques are linear as the-3
output of is a weighted sum of the
.different fading signals of branches
.It needs co-phasing-4
Diversity combining
technique
The signal output
from the
combiner is the
transmitted
signal s(t)
multiplied by a
random complex
amplitude term
Type of
techniqu
e
Diversity order
Random SNR
from the
combiner
Diversity combining
technique
selection combining
technique
the combiner-1
outputs the
signal on the
branch with
the highest
.
SNR
no need here-2
for the co.phasing
*h1
*h2
*h3
*hi
MIMO
Traditional
47
MIMO or STC
In
Type of MIMO
Two
STBC
Transmit Diversity
Take
Two
51
Transmit Diversity
Transmission
Transmission
6Ant
4 o7 Ant
481
s o s1 Timeo
S *
*
s
s
Time1
o
1
matrix:
s o s1 g o no
ro
R *
*
s1 with
s o gM=2
r1 as MRC
1
n1
Performance is same
However,
52
Transmit Diversity
Take
Performance
53
Performance
MRRC=Maximal
Orde
r4
54
Spatial Multiplexing
ro s o g o s 1 g 1
r1 s o g 2 s1 g 3
Purpose
so
H
G
G
s
55
ro
G
r1
H
Spatial Multiplexing
ro s o g o s 1 g 1
r1 s o g 2 s1 g 3
Optimum
e e ro so g o s1 g 1 r1 so g 2 s1 g 3
2
o
2
1
Performance
Equal rate
comparison
Reference:
David Gesbert,
Mansoor Shafi,
Da-shan Shiu,
Peter J. Smith,
and Ayman
Naguib, From
theory to
practice: an
overview of
MIMO space
time coded
wireless
systems, IEEE
JSAC, April 2003
Zero
forcing
ML
Alamout
i
57
Eigenvalue Steering
Assume
a MIMO system
58
Eigenvalue Steering
Example
y 1
y
2
y 3
y 4
Any
h11
h
21
h31
1h441 2
h 12
h 22 x 1
h 32 x 2
h 42
43
y H x n
n1
n
2
n3
n4
H be represented using
matrix H can
Singular Value Decomposition as
H U V
is Mr by Mr and V is Mt by Mt unitary
matrices
is Mr by Mt diagonal matrix, elements
i
U
59
Eigenvalue Steering
Using transmit pre-coding and receiver
shaping
y% U H H x n
U H U V
x n
U H U V H V x% n
U H U V H V x%U H n
x% n%
60
Eigenvalue Steering
way we created r paths between the Tx
and specific Rx without any cross
interference
The channel (i.e., Channel State Information)
must be known to both transmitter and
receiver
The value of r = rank of matrix H, r min(Mt,
Mr)
This
Example
62
??What is LTE
The
?What is LTE(cont.)
The
:-capabilities( a)
BW: 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 MHz.
Peak data rate:
Scalable
Duplexing
Spectrum
efficiency
Full performance up to 5 km
Slight degradation 5 km 30 km
Operation up to 100 km should not be precluded by
standard
INTRODUCTION TO
LTE KEY
TECHNOLOGIES
Old
OFDM:
OFDM systems break the available bandwidth
into many narrower sub-carriers and
transmit the data in parallel streams
each OFDM symbol is preceded by a cyclic
prefix (CP), which is used to effectively
eliminate ISI.
OFDMA
OFDMA is
IEEE802.16d
Fixed WiMAX,256-OFDM
IEEE802.16e
Mobile WiMAX
Multi antenna( 2)
transmission
LTE
:Spectrum flexibility(1)
A high degree
of spectrum flexibility
is one of the main characteristics of
the LTE radio access.
The aim of this spectrum flexibility is
to allow for the deployment of the
LTE radio access in diverse spectrum.
The flexibility includes:
Different duplex arrangements.
Different frequency-bands-of-operation.
Different sizes of the available spectrum.
Channel-dependent scheduling( 2)
and rate adaptation
use of shared-channel transmission, in
which the time-frequency resource is
dynamically shared between users.
LTE
Interference coordination(soft(3)
reuse)
Adaptive
reuse
requirements.
power consumption is a key consideration for UE
terminals.
The high PAPR and related loss of efficiency associated
with OFDM signaling are major concerns.
Basic
block diagram:
Reciever:
SC-FDMA receiver
The
Introduction
Similar
to WCDMA/HSPA, as well as to
most other modern communication
systems, the processing specified for
LTE is structured into different
protocol layers.
note that the LTE radio-access
architecture consists of a single node
the eNodeB. The eNodeB
communicates with one or several
mobile terminals, also known as UEs
IP header compression
to reduce the number of bits to
transmit over the radio interface.
The header compression mechanism
is based on Robust Header
Compression (ROHC)a standardized
header-compression algorithm also
used in WCDMA
PDCP is also responsible for ciphering
and integrity protection of the
transmitted data. At the receiver side,
the PDCP protocol performs the
responsible for
segmentation/concatenation,
retransmission handling, and in-sequence
delivery to higher layers.
Unlike WCDMA, the RLC protocol is located in the
eNodeB since there is only a single type of node
in the LTE radio-access-network architecture.
The RLC offers services to the PDCP in the form
of radio bearers .
There is one RLC entity per radio bearer
configured for a terminal.
hybrid-ARQ
retransmissions and uplink and
downlink scheduling.
The scheduling functionality is
located in the eNodeB, which has
one MAC entity per cell, for both
uplink and downlink.
The hybrid-ARQ protocol part is
present in both the transmitting
and receiving end of the MAC
MAC scheduling
Downlink scheduling
dynamically
controlling
the terminal(s) to
transmit to
the set of resource
blocks upon which the
terminals DL-SCH
should be transmitted.
Transport-format
selection(selection of
transport-block size,
modulation scheme,
and antenna mapping)
And logical-channel
multiplexing for
downlink transmissions
UL scheduling
dynamically
control
which mobile
terminals are to
transmit on their ULSCH
and
on which uplink
time/frequency
resources
uplink scheduling
decision is taken per
mobile terminal and
not per radio bearer.
coding/decoding,
modulation/demodulation, multiantenna mapping, and other
typical physical layer functions.
The physical layer offers services
to the MAC layer in the form of
transport channels
DOWNLINK PHY
LAYER OF (LTE)
Different
PRB is defined as
consisting of 12
consecutive
subcarriers for one slot
(0.5 msec) in duration.
A PRB is the smallest
element of resource
allocation assigned by
the base station
scheduler.
LTE
In
UE-specific reference
signals
LTE
(1)CRC insertion:
In
In
Bit-level scrambling( 5)
LTE
Modulation( 6)
The set of modulation schemes supported
Multi antenna( 7)
transmission
LTE
Transmit diversity
LTE
General beam-forming
closed-loop
Uplink transmission
scheme
LTE
TransmissionAccording
method
to
M
determines
the BW
Mapping is
applied to
consecutive
carriers
localized
OFDM mod.
position of
signal is
determined
DFT implementation
The
to be aligned, as much as
possible, with the corresponding
parameters of the OFDM-based LTE
downlink
spacing equals 15 kHz
resource blocks, consisting of 12 subcarriers
Any number of uplink resource blocks ranging
from a minimum of 6-110 resource blocks.
time-domain structure, the LTE uplink is very
similar to the downlink
However,
reference signals
(DRS )
reference signals for channel estimation
are also needed for the LTE uplink to
enable coherent demodulation of
different uplink physical channels
Sounding
Uplink sequences
Limited
ZadoffChu sequences
have
ZadoffChu
Phase-rotated reference-signal
sequences
by
sounding reference
signals (SRS)
estimate the uplink channel quality at
different frequencies
A terminal can be configured to transmit SRS
at regular intervals ranging from as often
as once in every 2 ms (every second
subframe) to as infrequently as once in
every 160 ms (every 16th frame
the frequency-domain scheduling:
entire frequency band of interest with a single SRS
OR
narrowband SRS that is hopping in the frequency
domain in such a way that a sequence of SRS
transmissions jointly covers the frequency band of
interest.
Uplink transport-channel
processing
uplink
transport-channel
processing are similar to
the corresponding steps of
the downlink transportchannel processing
no spatial multiplexing
or transmit diversity
currently defined for the
LTE uplink
As a consequence, there is
also only a single
transport block, of
dynamic size, transmitted
for each TTI.
LTE ACCESS
PROCEDURE
System information
In
Random access
A
The first step consists of transmission of a randomaccess preamble, allowing the eNodeB to estimate the
transmission timing of the terminal. Uplink
synchronization is necessary as the terminal otherwise
cannot transmit any uplink data.
paging
Paging
LTE ARCHITECTURE
AND SAE
.LTE
System Architecture
Serving
cont
Gateway (SGW)
Management Entity
(MME)
-Manage the UEs mobility.
-Idle-mode UE tracking and reachability .
-Paging procedure.
-Authentication and authorization.
- choosing the SGW for a UE at
the initial attach
-Security negotiations.
OVERVIEW OF LTE
ADVANCED
Extended multi-antenna
solutions
support
Coordinated multi-point
transmission
Coordinating
Timeframe
Standardization
is expected to be
included in 3GPP Release 10
timeframe.
The importance and timeframe of
LTE Advanced will of course largely
depend on the success of LTE
itself.
If possible LTE-Advanced will be a
software upgrade for LTE
networks.
Technology Demonstrations
In