Introduction

LTE stands for Long Term Evolution and it was started as a project in 2004 by
telecommunication body known as the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

LTE Advanced (R10):

- Higher rates 3Gbps
DL/1.5 Gbps UL
- Carrier Aggregation
R8 up to 5 carriers

 High throughput: High data rates can be achieved in both downlink as well as uplink→ Better services.
 Less processors load: less number of transition between different states (2 only)will leas to less processing load.
 Need for cheaper infrastructure: Because of Simple architecture low operating expenses (OPEX).
 Spectrum flexibility: BW 1.4, 3,5,10,15 or 20 MHZ
 MIMO
LTE Bands

MTN Used Frequencies

(Refarming)
LTE Bands

MO capacityUnit licenseState
ALP001L Number of 10000kHz licenses 0
ALP001L Number of 15000kHz licenses 1
ALP001L Number of 20000kHz licenses 0
ALP001L Number of 5000kHz licenses 0

Earfcndl=1625
NDL= ((FDL - FDL_low)/0.1)+ NOffs-DL Earfcnul= 19625
dlChannelBandwidth=15000
NUL= ((FUL - FUL_low)/0.1)+ NOffs-UL ulChannelBandwidth=15000
LTE Architecture
Access Technique
SC-FDMA
OFDMA

UL: the scheduling occur on consecutive RBs so from UE perspective

the frequency allocation is seen as a Single Carrier
Radio Resource

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), is a frequency-division multiplexing

(FDM) scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation method. OFDM uses a large
number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to carry data.

BW= 20MHZ

Each Subcarrier 15 KHz & Each

RB=12 Subcarrier → 20M/(12K*15)=
20M/180K=100 RB
MIMO
Essentially MIMO, employs multiple antennas on the
receiver and transmitter to utilize the multi-path
effects to transmit additional data.

The schemes employed in LTE again vary slightly

between the uplink and downlink. The reason for this
is to keep the cost of terminals low. There are far
more terminals than base stations and as a result
terminal pricing is a far more sensitive process.

For the downlink, a configuration of two transmit

antennas at the base station and two receive
antennas on the mobile terminal is used as baseline
MIMO Real Values
The two main formats for MIMO are given below:

 Spatial diversity: Spatial diversity used in this narrower sense often refers to transmit and
receive diversity. These two methodologies are used to provide improvements in the signal to
noise ratio and they are characterized by improving the reliability of the system with respect to
the various forms of fading.
 Spatial multiplexing : This form of MIMO is used to provide additional data capacity by utilizing
the different paths to carry additional traffic, i.e. increasing the data throughput capability.

MO noOfRxAntennas noOfTxAntennas
Is there a feature for
HMS001L1 2 2
adaptive MIMO
HMS001L2 2 2
format???
HMS001L3 2 2
Throughput Calculation

BW= 20 MHz

DL Throughput:

100 RB * 12 Subcarrier * 7 Symbol * 6 (Bit per symbol 64QAM) * 2 (MIMO) = 100.8 bit/0.5 msec
= 201.6 b/msec
= 201.6 Mbps

UL Throughput:

100 RB * 12 Subcarrier * 7 Symbol * 4 (Bit per symbol 16QAM) * 1 (no MIMO) = 33.6 bit/0.5 msec
= 67.2 b/msec
= 67.2 Mbps
Throughput Real Values

MO capacityUnit keyId licensedCapacity_value

HMS020L Mbit/s CXC4010623 100

HMS020L Mbit/s CXC4010624 50
LTE Channels
Downlink Frame
Idle Mode/ Initial Attach
When turn the UE ON, It follow the below sequence:

1. Slot synchronization (the time slot is 0.5ms) by reading PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal: 0, 1, and 2). 
2. Frame synchronization by reading SSS (Secondary synchronization Signal: 0…167). Now we can say that the
UE is DL Synchronized.
3. Calculate the PCI (Physical Cell Identification) = 3*SSS+PSS (PCI: 0 … 504).
4. Listen to PBCH to get the MIB (periodically sent every 40ms and repeated each 10ms i.e. each frame
meaning it is repeated 3 frames). 
5. UE read the SIB by listening o PDSCH only when it access the cell for the first time (in connected mode UE
read the SIB after doing the HO only).
6. Now UE make PLMN selection which can be:
7. Cell Camping
8. To connect to the core, UE perform the RACH process. After getting RACH response the UE become UL
Synchronized
9. Now UE make RRC connection setup
Real Values

physicalLayerCellIdGroup physicalLayerSubCellId
MO
(SSS) (PSS)
ALP001L1 30 0
ALP001L2 30 1
ALP001L3 30 2

PCI=3*SSS+PSS = 90,91,92
RACHrootSequence= mod [(PCI*10), 838]

PCI Conflict Reporting: It is an Ericsson feature to detect the PCI conflicts and
report them to the OSS. This affect HO and ERAB Drop
Cells Reselection
Q: does the UE make MRs on the serving and neighbor cells in idle mode all the
time?
Case1: Both serving and neighbor cells Case2: serving cell is LTE & and neighbor cells is Case3: serving cell is 3G or 23G & and
are LTE ones 2G or 3G. neighbor cells is LTE.
When RSRPn>RSRPs → Reselection to When RSRPs<Th1 & RSRPn>Th2 → Reselection to When RSRPn>Th3 → Reselection to
neighbor cell (to make a preferred cell neighbor cell. neighbor cell regardless the level of the
we put a relation offset) serving cell (cause we prefer to stay on LTE)
Cells Reselection
Tracking Area

 Moving to new TAL

 Attached/Detach

 Periodic
Paging
Q1: does the UE stay awake to check if there is a paging message for it? How UE can
knows the exact timing to get awake?

Q2: How the UE knows its own message considering that the paging message is sent
to all UEs in the TAL of this specific UE?
Paging is the mechanism in which Network tells UE
saying "I have something for you". Then UE decode the
content (Paging Cause) of the Paging message.

As optimizer, we have only two parameters to change for

paging:

1. The DRX cycle (T) which is broadcast within SIB2.

2. NB: indicates the number of paging occasions.
RACCH
The main purpose of RACH can be described as
follows:

 Achieve UP link synchronization between UE and

eNB
 Access the network :RRC Connection Request for
session setup , RRC reconfiguration, Connection
Re-establishment procedure/Handover

Two types of RACH process :

 Contention-based
 Contention-free
Handover

Intra Freq. → Event A3 (intra freq.)

  
Inter Freq. → Event A2 → Event A4 (inter freq.)
 
Inter RAT → Event A2 → Event B1 (inter RAT)

Event Type Description

Event A1 Serving becomes better than threshold
Event A2 Serving becomes worse than threshold
Event A3 Neighbor becomes offset better than serving
Event A4 Neighbor becomes better than threshold
Event A5 (A2+A4) Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbor becomes better than threshold2
Event B1 Inter RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold
Event B2 (A2+B1) Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and inter RAT neighbor becomes better than 
Power

 What is the meaning of “closed loop” power control in general?

 What is the meaning of “Open loop” power control in general?
 Why there is no Power Control for LTE in Downlink but does in
Uplink?
Cabinet/Site
DL Power Distribution
Case Study: PowerSCH/PSH= PowerRs + Offset …. Usually -3dB
If the power of the RRU=20W PowerPBCH= PowerRs + Offset…. Usually -6dB
BW=10MHz→600 subcarrier is used and the
PowerPDCH= PowerRs + Offset
other is guard
EPRE =20W/600=33.3 mw=15.2dB PowerPDSCH= PowerRs + Offset
If the BW was increased, does this affect the power and how?!
UL Power Distribution
1. Open Loop Power Control (PRACH) 2. Closed Loop Power Control (PUSCH)

1. UE Transmit PUCCH or PUSCH

2. Serving eNB monitor link quality
3. Serving eNB sends TPC on PDCCH as part
of DCI (Downlink Control Information)
4. UE adjust transmit power levels of PUCCH
or PUSCH
5. Repeat
Scheduling in LTE
Scheduling is a process through which eNodeB decides which UEs should be given
resources (RBs), how much resource (RBs) should be given to send or receive data,
and this is because the channels are shared.
1. Type of the phone (UE)
The DCI contains information about; 2. CSI (Channel Status Indicator)
3. Buffer Status
 Resource assignment block 4. PHR (Power Head Room)
 Resource header 5. ACK/NACK feedback
6. MIMO scheme
 Modulation and Coding scheme After gathering all these information, the eNB now can
 MIMO scheme … decide how and what to schedule, so after processing the
output information (included in the DCI) are:
7. Selected user
8. Modulation and Coding scheme
9. Resource mapping
DL Scheduling Algorithms
There is many secluding algorithms (process) in LTE and that include the following:
 Max C/I (Carrier to Interference): It take into account the air interface condition, so
the UEs with the best channel quality at the moment are scheduled first. By this it
maximize the network throughput but it can’t ensure that the UEs in the same cell
are equally scheduled.
 RR (Round Robin): The UEs take turns to get the resources so there is some
fairness between UEs in the cell, but it can’t maximize the network throughput
 PF (Proportional Fair): It is a compromise between the two algorithms where it
take the channel quality and the fairness in addition to the number of transmitted
bits into account.
UL Scheduling Algorithms
simultaneous transmissions from different mobile stations (MSs) do not cause intra-cell
interference but they do compete for a share in the set of sub-carriers
Allocation of multiple sub-carries to the same user is possible as long as these sub-
carriers are consecutive in the frequency domain
?Why We Need CSFB
When LTE was introduced there was practically no option for voice
communication. To support voice and other CS services there is two options:

Voice Over LTE (VoLTE) CS Fallback (CSFB)

• VoLTE is the true solution for voice
communication over the all-IP LTE network.
• It uses the IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
to initiate, connect and terminate voice
communication.
• The service is heavily dependent on many
new core network elements.
 When a mobile phone starts a voice call
the network move the UE to a UMTS
(3G) or GSM (2G) network.
 The UE use the other network to initiate
the call and complete the call. After the
call is over UE again move back to the
LTE network.
Important Notes

The network
must
To be able to perform
CSFB, the SIM should
What about SMS?
SGs
support the
interface between
the
have CS profile activation
by Core.
What about USSD services?
E to To see the caller number,
MSC and the MM
k. CLIP service should be
support CS Fallbac activated on the SIM
profile as well.

has the
UMTS
G SM a packet TAC/LAC
priority over If there is during
correct
tial for
perf o rm ing mapping is sen
es
when transfer or pa gi ng
ill go successful CS
CSFB→ We w terminating (The Table was se
nt to Core
enario call, it will
with the 1 sc originating plemented
st
Team and im
en proceed
(CSFB to UMT
S) be paused th successfully)
ends.
after the call