:

IV2

, 2015.


1. ..............................................................................................3
2. ..........................................................4
3. .................................................................5
3.1. ........................................................6
4. ......................................8
4.1. .......................................................................................8
4.2. ..............................................................................10
5. ................................................................11
6. .................................................................................13
....................................................................................14

1.

, ,
().
,
, ,
. III IV
, ,
.
. .

2.

, ,
, .

. ( 3500
....), ,
.

1:

.

. ,
1890-.
4

3.

,
.
, ,
.

2:

.
,
,
.

3.1.

, ,
:
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- - ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- (), .

,
, .
,
, .

 ,

.
.
,
.

3: , 1930.

().

,

,
.

4:

4.

.
().
, .
75-120kg,
280kg.
2-4km/h.
3 .
()
, .
,
.
1000m .
,
.

4.1.

.


, .
9

-
:
- ( ) - , ,
, ,
( ) - , , , ,

5:

: , ,
.
,
,
.
10

 (
) , .
(),
.

4.2.

,
, . ,
. ,
50km/h.

.
,
.

6:

11

, "" ,
.
.
.

, .

5.

, (),

, ,
,
, .

.

12

()

.
.

. .

7:

.
,

.

, ,
, .
,
.
.
:
- ,
- ,
13

- ,
- ,
- ,
- ...

,
, (),
.
8:

,

, , .

, 0.25 2.0m3 , ,
, .
0.753.
30

90

40m/min.

14

6.

. ,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
,
.
.

15


1. . (1965), ; ,
, , 1965
2.

(2004),

, /Larousse, ,
,
3. ., ., ., .
(2000), , III IV
, ,
4.

., . (1996),
, ,

16