Calculation of Water Demand

Expected Population after

30
Average Rate of Water Supply / Capita

Industrial Demand

=
=

61400
135

Water required for above purposes for whole town = ( 61400 x 135 )
=
8.289 MLD
=
0.6 MLD

Fire Requirement :
It can be assumed that city is a residential town ( Low Rise Buildings )
Water for Fire

100
= 100 x

P 10 3
61.4

10

MLD
= 0.78 MLD

-3

Average Daily Draft =

( 8.289 + 0.6 ) =

8.889 MLD

Maximum Daily Draft =

( 1.5 x 8.889 ) =

13.334 MLD

Coincident Draft = Maximum Daily Draft + Fire Demand

= ( 13.334 + 0.78 ) =
14.114 MLD
( Considering Draft < Maximum Hourly Draft )
Design Capacity For Various Components
Intake Structure Daily Draft =
13.334 MLD
Pipe Main = Maximum Daily Draft =
13.334 MLD
Filters and Other Units at Treatment Plant : =
=
Lift Pump :
=
=

2 x Average Daily Demand

( 2 x 8.889 ) =
17.778 MLD
2 x Average Daily Demand
( 2 x 8.889 ) =
17.778 MLD

gs )

17.778 MLD
17.778 MLD

Physical & Chemical Standards Of Water

S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

Characteristics
Acceptable
Turbidity ( Units on J.T.U. Scale )
2.5
Colour ( Units on Platinum Cobalt Scale )
5
Taste & Odour
Unobjectionable
PH
7.0 to 8.5
Total Dissolved Solids ( mg / L )
500
Total Hardness ( mg / L as Ca CO 3 )
200
Chlorides ( mg / L as C 1 )
200
Sulphates ( mg / L as S O 4 )
200
Fluorides ( mg / L as F )
1
Nitrates ( mg / L as N O 3 )
45
Calcium ( mg / L as Capacity )
75
Magnesium ( mg / L as Mg )
30
Iron ( mg / L as Fe )
0.1
Manganese ( mg / L as M n )
0.05
Copper ( mg / L as C u )
0.05
Zinc ( mg / L as Z n )
5
Phenolic Compounds ( mg / L as Phenol )
0.001
Anionic Detergents ( mg / as MBAS )
0.2
Mineral Oil ( mg / L )
0.01
TOXIC MATERIALS
Arsenic ( mg / L as A s )
0.05
Cadmium ( mg / L as Cd )
0.01
Chromium ( mg / L as Hexavalent Cr )
0.05
Cyanides ( mg / L as C N )
0.05
Lead ( mg / L as P b )
0.1
Selenium ( mg / L as Se )
0.01
Mercury ( mg / L as Hg )
0.001
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ( mg/L )
0.2
RADIO ACTIVITY
Gross Alpha Activity in pico Curie ( Ci / L )
3
Gross Beta Activity ( Ci / L )
30

Cause for Rejecti

10
25
Unobjectionable
6.5 to
1500
600
1000
400
1.5
45
200
150
1
0.5
1.5
15
0.002
1
0.3
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.2
3
30

Cause for Rejection

10
25
Unobjectionable
9.2
1500
600
1000
400
1.5
45
200
150
1
0.5
1.5
15
0.002
1
0.3
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.2
3
30

Comparison of Given Data & Standard Data and Treatment Proposed

S.No.

Particulars

Actual

Standard

pH

7.5

7.0 to 8.5

Difference

Turbidity

50

2.5

47.5

3
4
5
6
7
8

Total Hardness
Chlorides
Iron
Manganese
Carbonate
MPN

550
200
2.5
3.5
110
3.5

200
200
0.1
0.05
0
0

350
0
2.4
3.45
110
3.5

0.25

Hence OK.

Treatment Proposed
Treatment Proposed

Not Necessary
Clarifier & Rapid Sand
Filler
Softening
Aeration
Aeration
Softening
Chlorination

Design of Intake Well

Design Criteria :
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Particulars
Detention Time / Period
Diameter of Well
Depth of Well
Velocity of Flow
Number of Units
Free Board

Values
5.0 to 10 minutes
( Maximum =
5.0 to 10 m
4.0 to 10 m
0.6 to 0.9 m / sec.
( Maximum =
1 to
3
5m

Design Assumptions :
Given F.S.L.
Minimum R.L.
Given invert of gravity main
Detention Time

=
=
=
=

27 m
28 m
24 m
10 minutes

Design Calculations :
Flow of Water Required =
13.334 MLD / 3600 x 24
=
0.1543 m 3 / sec.
Volume of Well = 0.1543 x
10 x
60
=
92.58 m
Cross-sectional Area of Intake Well =
( 92.58 / 4 )
=
23.15 m
Diameter of Intake Well =
23.15 x 4

d=
5.43 m < 10 m ( O.K. )
Hence Diameter of Intake Well =
5.43 m

Summary :
S.No.
1
2
3
4

Particulars
Number of Intake Wells
Diameter of Intake Well
Height of Wall
R.L. of bottom of Well

Values
1 Unit
5.5 m
4.0 m
24 m

5.5 m

inutes
15 m )

m / sec.
4 )

Design of Pen Stock & Bell Mouth Strainer

a) Pen Stock

These are the Pipes provided in Intake Well to allow water from water body to intake well. These pen stocks are
provided at different levels, so as to take account of seasonal variation in water level (as H.F.L, W.L., L.W.L.). Tra
racks of screens are provided to protect the entry sizeable things which can create trouble in the pen stock. At each
level more than one pen stock is provided to take account of any obstruction during its operations. these pen stock
are regulated by valves provided at the top of intake wells.

b) Design Criteria
Velocity through Pen Stock
Diameter of each Pen Stock
Number of Pen Stock for each Intake Well

=
=
=

c) Design Calculation
Number of Intake Well
Number of Pen Stock for each Level
Velocity
C / S area of each Pen Stock
Diameter

Area 4

0.6 to 1.0 m / sec

Less than 1 m
2 nos.

=
1 nos.
=
2 nos.
= 0.75 m / sec
=
0.1543 / ( 0.75 x 2 )
=
0.103 m
0.103 x 4

0.3622 m

d) Summary
S.No.
1
2
3

Particulars
Number of Pen Stock / Well
At Each Level
Diameter of Pen Stock

Values
2 Units
1m
0.40 m

Design of Bell Mouth Strainer :

a) Design Criteria
Velocity of Flow
Hole Diameter
Area of Strainer

=
=
=

b) Assumptions
Velocity of Flow
Hole Diameter

= 0.25 m / sec
=
10.0 mm

0.2 to 0.3 m / sec

6.0 to 12.0 mm
2

c) Calculation
Area of Each Hole =

d2

( 10 x 10 ) x
4

= 0.79 cm

Area of Collection = Area of Pen Stock

0.1543
= 0.7850 x N
( 0.25 x 2 )
0.1543
1
N=
( 0.25 x 2 )
0.7850
Area of Strainer =
2
=
2 x 3931.2 x 0.785
Diameter of Bell Mouth Strainer =
Diameter = d =
Provide Diameter of

0.90 m

d
4

3931.2

=
6171.98
xd2
4

( 6171.98 x 4 )

for Bell Mouth Strainer.

= 88.67 cm

Regulating Valves

Manhole

F.S.L. = 27.0 m
Bell Mouth Strainer

3.0 m
L.W.L. = 26.0 m

Gravity Main
5.5 m
Bottom R.L. = 24 m

Section

Plan

o intake well. These pen stocks are

level (as H.F.L, W.L., L.W.L.). Trash
eate trouble in the pen stock. At each
uring its operations. these pen stocks
ke wells.

1.0 m / sec

ss than 1 m

5 m / sec
0.1543 / ( 0.75 x 2 )

5 m / sec

0.4 m (Say)

0.3 m / sec
12.0 mm
2

6171.98 cm

Manhole

Gravity Main

Design of Gravity Main

a)

Gravity Main

The Gravity Main connects the Intake Well to the Jack Well & water flows through it by gravity. To secure the greatest
economy, the diameter of a single pipe through which water flows by gravity should be such that all the head available
cause flow is consumed by friction. The available fall from the intake well to the jack well & the ground profile in
between should generally help to decide if a free flow conduit is feasible. once this is decided the material of the condu
is to be selected keeping in view the local cost & the nature of the terrain to be traversed. Even when a fall is available,
pumping or force main, independently or in combination with a gravity main could also be considered. Gravity pipeline
should be laid below the hydraulic gradient.
b) Design Criteria
Diameter of Gravity Main
Velocity of Water
Number of Gravity Main = Number of Intake Well
Assumption Velocity
c) Design Calculation
R.C.C.
Circular Pipe is used. For this
Conduit Velocity ( Assumed )
Area of Conduit required
(A = Q / V )
Diameter of the conduit
Diameter = d =

S V n
2

Here R =

R3

n2

Area
Perimeter

4
3

n=

0.3 to 1.0 m
0.6 to 0.9 m / sec
1 nos.
0.70 m / sec

0.013
= 0.70 m / sec
=
0.1543
=
0.2204 m

xd2
=
4
0.2204 x 4

Using Manning's Formula -

=
=
=
=

0.2204 m

/ ( 0.70 )

= 0.53 m

1
R3 S 2
n

0.7 x 0.7 x 0.013 x 0.013

( 0.55 / 4 ) 4/3

=
=
S= 1:

xDxD
4

100
= 0.117
857
R.L. of Gravity Main =
( 27 - 3 ) =
R.L. of Gravity Main at Jack Well =

1
xD

D
4

Head Loss =

d) Summary
S.No.
1
2
3
4

Particulars
Number of Gravity Intake
Diameter of Gravity Intake
Invert Level at Intake Well
Invert Level at Jack Well

24.0 m
( 24 - 0.117 ) =
Values
1 Units
0.55 m
24.0 m
23.88 m

23.883 m

y gravity. To secure the greatest

such that all the head available to
well & the ground profile in
ecided the material of the conduit
ed. Even when a fall is available, a
o be considered. Gravity pipelines

1.0 m
0.9 m / sec

/ sec
/ ( 0.70 )

0.55 m

0.001167
11.6684 x 10
857
0.55
4

23.883 m

-4

a)

Design of Jack Well

Jack Well
This structure serves as a collection of the sump well for the incoming water from the intake well from where the water
pumped through the rising main to the various treatment units.
The unit is more useful when number of intake wells are more than one, so that water is collected in one unit and then
effected.

The Jack well is generally located away from the shore line, so that the installation of pumps, inspection maintenance is
made easy.
b)

Design criteria
Detention Time =
0.5 x ( Detention time of intake Well )
=
0.5 x 10 minutes
= 5 minutes
Suction Head = ( < ) Less than 10 m
Diameter of Well =
( < ) Less than 20 m

( 3.0 to

c) Design Calculations
Detention Time = 5 minutes
Assuming Suction Head =
8.0 m
Bottom Clearance =
1.0 m
Top Clearance =
0.5 m
Maximum depth of water that can be stored in condition when water is minimum in river .
Minimum Depth of Water =
( 26 - 22.883 ) =
3.12 m
Capacity of Well =
0.1543 x
10
60.0
C / S Area of Well =
( 92.58 /
3.12 ) =
29.70 m
Diameter of the Well
xd2
= 29.70 m

4
29.7 x 4
Diameter = d =
= 6.15 m

R.L. of Bottom of Jack Well =

( 23.883 - 1 ) =
22.88 m
R.L. of Bottom of Jack Well when full =
( 22.883 + 7 ) =
d) Summary
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Particulars
Diameter of Jack Well
R.L. of Bottom of Jack Well
R.L. of Top of Jack Well
Suction Depth
Top Clearance
Bottom Clearance
Head required ( h d )

Values
6.15 m
22.88 m
29.88 m
2.12 m
0.50 m
1.00 m
4.88 m

= 92.58 m

29.88 m

= ( 8 - 2.12 - 1 )

well from where the water is

ted in one unit and then

nspection maintenance is

8 - 2.12 - 1 )

15.0 min. )

Design Of Pumping System

a)

Pumps

In the water treatment plant, pumps are used to boost the water from the jack well to the aeration units.

The following points are to be stressed upon :

The suction pumping should be as short & straight as possible. It should not
be greater than ( > )
10 m,
for centrifugal pump.
If head is more than 10 m ,
water is converted into vapour & thus inspite of creating water head, vapour
head is created & pump ceases to fuction.
2
2.5
The following four types of pumps are generally used i) Buoyancy Operated pumps
ii) Impulse Operated pumps
iii) Positive Displacement Pumps
iv) Velocity Adoptions pumps
The following criteria govern pump selection : Type of duty required.
Present & projected demand & pattern and change in demand.
The details of head & flow rate required.
Selecting the operating speed of the pump & suitable drive.
The efficiency of the pumps & consequent influence on power consumption and the
running costs.
b)

c)

d)

Diameter of Rising Main

Discharge ( Q )

Economical Diameter ( d )

Hence Provide d =

=
=
=
=

( 0.97 to 1.22 )
( 0.97 to 1.22 )
( 0.381 to 0.48 )
0.43 m
Say

Design Criteria
Suction head should not be greater than
Velocity of flow length
Top Clearance
Bottom Clearance

=
=
=

( > ) 10 m.
0.7 to 1.1 m / sec
0.50 m
1.00 m

Design Calculation
Frictional Losses in Rising Main Velocity ( Assuming )
Head Loss

hf

Here :

0.1543 m 3 / sec.
( 0.97

= 0.9 m / sec
0.02 x
2x

f L v2

2 g d

f
L
g

=
0.02
=
190 m
= 9.81 m / sec

to 1.22 )

190 x (
9.81 x

Q
x ( 0.1543 )
x ( 0.3930 )
0.45 m

0.9 x 0.9 )
0.45

Head Loss

h f = 0.349 m
Say 0.35 m
Minor Losses should be assuming =
1m
Hence Total Head of Pumping = ( h s + h d + h f + minor losses )

Assuming

= ( 2.12 + 4.88 + 0.35 + 1 )

=
8.35 m
in Parallel is working

W .Q.H

75
W .H .P
B.H .P

W .H .P

e)

Summary
S.No.
1
2

Particulars
Pumps Capacity
Diameter of Pipe

1000 x

0.1543 x
75

17.18
= 22.90 H.P
0.75
If =
75 %
Values
25 H.P
0.45 m

8.35
Say

= 17.179 H.P
25 H.P

eration units.

an 10 m ,

( 0.1543 )
0.3930 )

= 0.349 m

7.179 H.P

Design of Rising Main

a)

General
These are the pressure pipes used to convey the water from jack well to the treatment units.
The design of rising main is dependent on resistance to flow, available head, allowable velocities of flow, sediment
transport, quality of water & relative cost.

Various types of pipes used are cast iron, steel, R.C.C, P.C.C, asbestos cement, polyethylene, rigid PVC, iron fibre glass
pipe, glass reinforced plastic etc.

The determination of the suitability in all respects of the pipe of joints for any work is a matter of decision by the engin
concerned on the basis of requirements of the scheme.
b)

Design Criteria
Permissible Velocity in Mains
Mains Diameter should be less than ( < ) of
Total Discharge in Mains

0.9 to 1.5 m / sec

0.9 m
=
0.1543 m 3 / sec.

c) Design Calculations
Economical Diameter ( d )

( 0.97

to 1.22 )

( 0.97
( 0.97
( 0.381
0.43 m

to 1.22 )
to 1.22 )
to 0.48 )
Say

x ( 0.1543 )
x ( 0.3930 )

Hence Provide d =

=
=
=
=

d) Summary
S.No.
1

Particulars
Diameter of Mains Pipe

Values
0.45 m

0.45 m

es of flow, sediment

gid PVC, iron fibre glass

of decision by the engineer

( 0.1543 )
( 0.3930 )

Treatment Units - Design Of Aeration Unit

Aeration unit
Aeration is necessary to promote the exchange of gases between the water & the atmosphere. In water
treatment, aeration is practiced for three puposes :
i) To add oxygen to water for imparting freshness, e.g. water from under ground sources devoid of or
deficient in oxygen.
ii) Expulsion of CO 2, H 2 S & other volatile substances causing taste and odour, e.g. water from deeper layers
of an impounding reservoir.
iii) To precipitate impurities like iron and manganese, in certain forms, e.g. water from some under ground
sources.

The Concentration of gases in a liquid generally obeys Henry's Law which states that the concentration of
each gas in water is directly proportional to the partial pressure or concentration of gas in the atmoshere in
contact with water. The saturation concentration of a gas decreases with temperature & dissolved salts in
water. Aeration tends to accelerate the gas exchange.

The three types of aerators are :

i) Water Fall or Multiple Tray Aerators
ii) Cascade Aerators
iii) Diiffused Air Aerators
Design Criteria For Cascade Aerators
Number of Trays
Spacing of trays
Height of the Structure
Space Requirement

=
=
=
=

Design Calculations
( Q max. )
Disharge
Provide Area at Tray
Diameter of bottom most tray
Rise of each Tray
Tread of each tray

=
=
=
=
=

4 to 9
0.3 to 0.75 C / C
2.0 m
0.015 0.05 m 2 / m 3 / hr.

0.1543 m 3 / sec.
17.0 m
5.0 m
0.4 m
50.0 cm = 0.5 m

1 = 1.0 m
2 = 2.0 m
3 = 3.0 m
4 = 4.0 m
5 = 5.0 m

R.L. 31.0 m
R.L. 30.6 m
R.L. 30.2 m
R.L. 29.8 m
R.L. 29.4 m
R.L. 29.0 m

Inlet

sphere. In water

void of or

rom deeper layers

under ground

concentration of
the atmoshere in
ssolved salts in

/ m 3 / hr.

Design Of Chemical House & Calculation Of Chemical Dose

Alum Dose for Coagulation

The terms coagulation & flocculation are used indiscriminately to describe the process of removal of turbidity
caused by the suspension colloids & organic colors.
The coagulant dose in the field should be judiciously controlled in the light of the jar test values. Alum is used as
coagulant.
Design Criteria for Alum Dose

Alum required in particular season is given below :

Monsoon
=
Winter
=
Summer
=

50 mg / L
20 mg / L
5 mg / L

Alum required
50 mg / L,
Let the average dose of alum required be
Monsoon
Winter
Summer
seasons respectively.

Flow of Water Required Hourly =

0.1543 x ( 60 x

20 mg / L,

60 )

& 5 mg / L

555.48 m

Per day alum required for worst season for intermediate stage
50 x 555.48 x
1000 x
24
=
1000000
=
666.58 Kg / Day
For 6.0
months
( 180 Days ) =
( 666.58 x 180 )
= 119984.40 Kg
Number of Bags when 1 bag is containing =

If 15 bags in

50.0 Kg
119984.40
=
= 2399.7
50.0
= 2400 Bags
each heep
=
( 2400 / 15 ) =
160.0
0.2 ,
then total area required =

Bags
no. of heeps
32.0 m

emoval of turbidity

alues. Alum is used as

in the

of heeps

/ hour

Lime - Soda Process

Softening
A water is said to be hard, when it does not form leather readily with soap. The hardness of
water is due to the presence of Calcium and Magnesium ions in most of the cases. The method
generally used are Lime-Soda process. Softening with these chemicals is used particularly for
water with high initial hardness
( > 500 mg / L )
and suitable for water containing turbidity,
colour and iron salts. Lime -Soda softening con not reduce the hardness to value less

Design Criteria For Lime-Soda Process

30.0
to 200 mg / L
total hardness by this process.
Lime & Soda Required : Lime required for alkalinity.
Ca C O 3
Molecular Weight of
Molecular Weight of
100 mg / L of Ca C O3
110 mg / L of Ca C O3

Ca O

=
=
=

alkalinity requires

alkalinity requires

= ( 56 / 100 ) x 110
=
61.6 mg / L of

Lime required for Magnesium

Molecular Weight of Magnesium ( M n )
24.0 mg / L of Magnesium ( M n )
requires
1.0 mg / L of Magnesium ( M n )
requires
3.5 mg / L of Magnesium ( M n )
requires

( 40 + 12 +
( 40 + 12 +
( 40 + 16 ) =
56 mg / L of

=
=
=

24
56 mg / L of
( 56 / 24 )

( 56 / 24 ) x 3.5

16 x 3 )
48 ) =
56
Ca O
Ca O

Ca O
mg / L of
mg / L of
Ca O

=
8.2
mg / L of
Hence, the total pure lime required
=
( 61.6 + 8.2 ) =
69.8 mg / L
Also 56 Kg
of Pure Lime ( Ca O ) is equivalent to
74 Kg of hydrated lime.
Hence hydrated Lime is required
= ( 69.8 x 74 ) / 56 =
92.24

Soda ( Na 2 C O 3 )
Soda is required for non - carbonate hardness, as follows Molecular Weight of Soda ( Na 2 C O 3 ) =
( 2 x 11 + 12 +
16 x 3 )
=
( 22 + 12 +
48 ) =
100 mg / L of
Non Carbonate Hardness ( NCH ) requires
106 mg / L of
61.6 mg / L of
NCH requires
=
( 106 / 100 ) x 61.6 =
65.30 mg / L of
Total Quantity of Lime =
=

92.24 x

555.48 x
180 x
1000000
221345.890 Kg

( One Bag contains = 50.0 Kg )

Number of Bags required =

221345.890 Kg
50.0 Kg

4426.9 Bags

If 15 bags in

each heep
=
( 4427 / 15 ) =
0.2 , then total area required =

Total Quantity of Soda required for 6 months =

295.1
59.030 m

65.30 x

555.48 x
180 x
1000000
=
156698.69 Kg
156698.690 Kg
3134.0 Bags
Number of Bags required
=
=
50.0 Kg
If 15 bags in
each heep
=
( 3134 / 15 ) =
208.9
0.2 , then total area required =
41.790 m

Total Area for all Chemicals

=
Add 30 %
for chlorine storage, chlorine cylinders etc.
Hence Provide room Dimension :
Room Area
Area required is
( < ) Greater than

( 32 + 59.03 + 41.79 ) =
hence total Area =

Length =
15.00 m
Width =
( 15 x 12 ) =
180.00 m
Room Area provided, hence

Chemical Dissolving Tanks :

Total quantity of Alum, Lime & Soda

= ( 119984.4 + 221345.89 + 156698.69 )

=
498028.980 Kg
498028.980 Kg
Total quantity of Alum, Lime & Soda / Day =
=
2766.8 Kg
180
2766.830 Kg
55.3 Bags
Number of Bags required
=
=
50.0 Kg
If 15 bags in
each heep
=
( 56 / 15 ) =
3.733
0.2 , then total area required =
0.750 m
Hence Provide room Dimension :
Length =
1.50 m
Width =
Room Area
=
( 1.5 x 1.5 ) =
2.25 m
Area required is
( < ) Greater than
Area provided, hence
Ok.
Chemical Solution Tanks :
Total quantity of Alum, Lime & Soda / Day =

2766.8 Kg

Hence Solution required per day

Hence Solution required per day

2766.83 x
20
=
55336.6
55336.6
=
38.43
24 x 60
38.43 x
60 x
8 = 18446.4 Liters
18446.4
= 18.45 m
1000
& Free Board
0.30 m
4.50 m x
3.50 m x
1.50 m
23.625 m

Quantity of solution for

=
=

8.0 Hours

=
=

Assuming Depth of Tank =

Dimension of Solution Tank
Volume of Solution Tank
Summary
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5

1.20 m
=
=

Particulars
Per Day Alum Required
Hydrated Lime Required
Soda required
Size of Chemical Dissolving tanks
Size of Chemical Solution tanks

Values
666.58 Kg / Day
92.24
65.3
1.50 m x 1.50 m
4.5 x 3.5 x 1.5

The hardness of
cases. The method
or
er containing turbidity,
( < 40 mg / L ).

100

Ca O
Ca O

/L
ed lime.
4

82
Na 2 C O 3
Na 2 C O 3
65.30 mg / L of
24 x

1000

Say 4427 Bags

no. of heeps

24 x

1000

Say 3134 Bags

no. of heeps

132.82 m
172.67 m
12.00 m

Ok.

69 )

Say 56 Bags

no. of heeps

1.50 m

Liter / Day
Liter / Min

8446.4 Liters

Design Criteria for Mechanical Rapid Mix Unit

Detention Time
=
30 to 60 Sec.
Velocity of Flow
=
4 to 9 m / sec.
Depth
=
1 to 3 m
Power Required
=
0.041 1000 m
Impeller Speed
=
100 to 250 rpm
Loss of Head
=
0.4 to 1.0 m
Mixing device be capable of creating a velocity gradiend
=
300 m / sec / m depth
Ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter =
0.2 to 0.4 : 1
Ratio of Tank Height to diameter =
1 to 3 : 1
Design Calculations
Design Flow

=
=
Detention Time
=
Ratio of Tank Height to diameter =
Ratio of impeller dia. to tank dia. =
Impeller Speed
=
Assume Temperature
=
i) Dimension of Tank :
Volume
Diameter D

=
=

Height of Tank

Tank free board

Total Height of Tank

=
=
=

ii) Power Requirement :

Power Spend

/ Day

0.1543 x ( 24 x 60 x 60 )
13331.52 m 3 / Day
30 Sec.
1.5 : 1
0.3 : 1
120 rpm
20 0 C

4.629 m
1.6 m
4.629
1
(/4)
1.6 x 1.6
2.37 m
(Say)
0.23 m
( 2.37 + 0.23 ) =

= 2.30 m

2.60 m

5.47 KW

iii) Dimensions of Flat Blade & Impeller :

Diameter of Impeller
=
0.65 m
Velocity of Tip Impeller ( V T ) = 4.08 m / sec
AB
Area of Blade
=
Power Spent
Let C D =

5.47 x

AB =

1
C D ro AB V R
2

1.8 (Flat Blade):

1000 =
1.99 m

1 x 1.8
2

and V R =
x 1000 x

( 3/4 ) x V T
A B x ( 3/4 ) x

4.08

Hence Provide
8
Area of Blade Provided =
Provide

4 numbers of

Provide Inlet & Outlet Pipes of

iv) Summary
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Blades of
( 0.50 x 0.50 ) m
( 0.5 x 0.5 ) x 8 =
2.00 m
length 1.50 m and
250 mm

projecting

0.2

diameter.

Particulars
Detention Time
Speed of impeller
Height of Tank ( 0.23 m free board )
Power Required
Number of Blade
( 0.50 x 0.50 ) m
Number of Baffles ( length 1.50 m )
Diameter of Inlet & Outlet Pipes

Values
30 Sec.
120 rpm
2.60 m
5.47 KW
8
4
250 mm

/ Day

Values
30 Sec.
120 rpm
2.60 m
5.47 KW
8
4
250 mm

Design Of Clariflocculator
Clariflocculator

The coagulation & sedimentation processes are effectively incorporated in a single unit in the Clariflocculator. Someti
& Clariflocculator are designed as separate units.

All these units consists of 2 or 4 flocculating paddles placed equidistantly. These paddles rotate on their vertical a
flocculating paddles may be of rotor-stator type. Rotating in opposite direction above the vertical axis. The clarification
the flocculation compartment is served by inwardly raking rotating blades. The water mixed with chemical is fed in the
compartment fitted with paddles rotating at low speeds thus forming flocs.

The flocculated water passes out from the bottom of the flocculation tank to the clarifying zone through a wide opening
the opening being large enough to maintain a very low velocity. Under quiescent conditions, in the annular setting zo
embedding the suspended particles settle to the bottom & the clear effluent overflows into the peripheral laun

Design Criteria : ( Flocculator )

Depth of Tank
Detention Time
Velocity of Flow
Total Area of Paddles
Range of peripheral velocities of blades
Velocity Gradient ( G )
Dimension Less Factor G t
Power Consumption
Outlet Velocity

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

3 to 4.5 m
30 to 60 min.
0.2 to 0.8 m / sec
10 to 25
0.2 to 0.6 m / sec
10 to
75
4
10
to 10
10 to 36 KW / MLD
0.15 to 0.25 m / sec

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

40 m 3 / m 2 / Day
3 to 4.5 m
300 m 3 / m 2 / Day
25 %
1 in 12
or 8 % for mechanically cleaned tank
1.2 : 1 ( V : H )
1
45 to
40

Design Criteria : ( Clarifier )

Assuming a Surface Overflow rate

Depth of Water
Weir Loading
Storage of Sludge
Floor Slope
Slope for Sludge Hopper
Scraper Velocity
Velocity of water at outlet chamber
Assumption

Average Outflow from clariflocculator

Water Lost in desludging

=
=

555.48 m 3 / hour
2%

Design Average Period

=
=
=
=
=

Detention Period
Average Value of Velocity Gradient

555.48 +
2 % of
555.48 + 11.11
566.59 m 3 / hour
30 min.
30.0 sec - 1

Design Of Influent Pipe

Discharge ( Q )
Assuming Velocity ( V )

Q A V A

Q
Q

d2
V
V
4

Hence Diameter ( d ) =
Provide an influent pipes of

=
0.1543 m 3 / sec.
= 1.0 m / sec

Q4

0.1543 x 4 1/2
1
450 mm
diameter.

= 0.4434 m

Design Of Flocculatior : Wall

Volume of flocculator =

566.59 x
30
60
3.50 m
283.30
3.50

Provide a Water Depth =

Plan Area of flocculator =

= 80.9 m

Diameter of Flocculator ( D )

d2 d
4

A 4

Diameter of Inlet Pipes ( D P )

Provide a Tank Diameter of 10.20 m

80.94 x 4

0.45 m

1/2

Dimension Of Paddles :
Here :

P G V

P =
=

Power dissipated in watts i.e.

Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity of Raw Water in

G = Temporal Mean Velocity Gradient in ( sec -1 )

V = Volume of raw water to which P is applied in m 3
=
(/4)x
( 10.2 x 10.2 ) x 3.5 =
=

30 x 30 x

0.89
1000

x 285.85

1
C d AP v 3
2

Power Input =
Cd =
=
v=

228.97

1.8
995 Kg / m 3 ( 25 0 C )
Velocity of tip of blade =

0.4 m / sec

Velocity of water tip of blade = ( 0.25 x 0.4 ) =

228.97

= ( 1 / 2 ) x 1.8 x 995 x ( 0.4 - 0.1 ) 3 x A P

AP =
9.470 m

Ratio of Paddles to C / S of Flocculator

( A P ) x ( 10.2 - 0.75 ) x 3.5 x 100 =
9.47 /
9.11
Provide A P =
10.5 m
AP =
10.5 /
x ( 10.2 - 0.75 ) x 3.5 x 100 =
( Which is Acceptable, hence O.K. )
Provide
5 nos.
of paddles
3.5 m height
0.7
1 ( One )
Shaft will support
5 Paddles.
The Paddles will rotate at an rpm of 4
V=
2xxrxN
= 2 x 3.14 x r x ( 4 / 60 ) = 0.4
60
r=
0.955 m Say 1 m
r = Distance of Paddle from C 1 of vertical shaft.
Let velocity of water below the partition wall between the flocculator & clarifier be
Area =
555.48 /
0.3 x 60 x 60
= 0.514 m
Depth below partition Wall =
0.51 /
(x
=
0.016 m
25
( 0.25 x 3.5 ) =
Provide Slope for Bottom =
8%
Total Depth of Tank at Partition Wall =
=

0.29 say
( 0.3 +
4.691 m
say 4.7 m

Design Of Clarifier

Assuming a Surface Overflow rate

Surface Of Clariflocculator
D cf =

=
=

Diametre of Clariflocculator
x ( D cf 2 10.20 x
10.20 )

40 m 3 / m 2 / Day
555.48 x 24
40

= 333.29

4
D cf

1333.152

= 22.992 m
x D cf
=
=
555.48 x
=

+ 104.04

Say 23 m
Length of Weir
= ( 3.14 x 23 ) =
Weir Loading
24
72.22
According to manual of govt. of india, if it is well clarifier, then it can be exceed upto

Summary
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Particulars
Detention Period
Diameter Of Influent Pipes
Overall Depth of Flocculator
Diameter of Tank
No. of Paddles
Distance of Shaft from C.L. of Flocculator
Paddles Rotation (RPM)
Distance of Paddle from C.L. of vertical Shaft
Slope of Bottom ( % )
Total Depth of Partition Wall
Diameter of Clariflocculator

Values
30 min.
0.45 m
3.5 m
10.20 m
5 nos.
4
1.0 m
8%
4.7 m
23.0 m

unit in the Clariflocculator. Sometimes clarifier

e units.

se paddles rotate on their vertical axis. The

e the vertical axis. The clarification unit outside
er mixed with chemical is fed in the flocculator
thus forming flocs.

ifying zone through a wide opening. The area of

onditions, in the annular setting zone the floc
overflows into the peripheral launder.

m / sec
m / sec
5

KW / MLD
5 m / sec

m 2 / Day

m 2 / Day

mechanically cleaned tank

:H)
80 min.

555.48

0.4434 m

= 283.3 m

= 10.15 m

ssipated in watts i.e.

Say 10.20 m

N.m / s

Dynamic Viscosity of Raw Water in N.s / m 2

elocity Gradient in ( sec -1 )

ter to which P is applied in m 3
10.2 x 10.2 ) x 3.5 =
285.85 m

0.1 m / sec

( 10.0 to 25 % )

0.75 ) x 3.5 x 100 =

10.12 %

& clarifier be

0.3 m / sec

10.20 )
0.875 m

3.5 + 0.016 + 0.875 )

y 4.7 m

m 2 / Day
= 333.29 m

1/2

y 23 m
= ( 3.14 x 23 ) =

be exceed upto

= 184.60 m

72.22 m
3

/ Day / m

1500

Values
30 min.
0.45 m
3.5 m
10.20 m
5 nos.
4
1.0 m
8%
4.7 m
23.0 m

Design Of Rapid Gravity Filter

a) Design Criteria : ( Rapid Sand Filter )
Rate Of Filteration
=
5 to 7 m
Maximum surface area of One Bed
=
Minimum Overall Depth Of Filter Unit Including a Free Board of
0.5 m
=
2.6 m
Effective size Of Sand
=
0.45 to 0.7
Uniformity Co-efficient For Sand
=
1.30 to 1.7
Ignition Loss Should Not Exceed
( > ) 0.7 %
percent by weight
Specific Gravity
=
2.55 to 2.65
Wearing Loss is not greater than
( > ) 3.0 %
Minimum Number Of Units
=
2
Depth Of Sand
=
0.6 to 0.75
Standing Depth of water over the filter
=
1 to 2 m
Free Board is less than
( > ) 0.5 m
b) Problem Statement :
Net Filtered Water
Quantity of Backwash water used
Time Lost During Backwash
Design Rate Of Filteration
Length & Width Ratio
Under Drainage System
Size of Perforations

=
555.48 m 3 / hour
=
2%
=
30 min.
=
5 m 3 / m 2 / Day
=
1.25 to 1.33 : 1
= Central Manifold With Laterals
=
13 mm

c) Design Calculations
Water Flow Required
Design Flow for Filter

=
=

555.48 m

578.64 m
578.64
5

Plan Area For Filter

Using

2.0

Hence Plan Area of One Unit

Length x

Provide

Width =

2 Filters

/ hour

555.48 x ( 1 + 0.02 ) x
3

/ hour

= 115.7 m

Units
116
= 58 m
2
L x 1.25 L
=
58.0 m
1/2
58

Length L
=
1.25
=
6.8 m
Width
=
( 1.25 x 6.8 ) =
Units, each with a dimension of =
8.6 m x
=

Estimation Of Sand Depth :

It is checked against break through of floc.
Using Hudson Formula Q x d 3 x h = B x 293223

L
Where
Q, d, h & are in
m 3 / m 2 / hr, mm, m and m respectively
4
Assume
B=
( Poor Response ) < Average degree of pre-treatment
10000
h=
2.5 m
( Terminal Head Loss )
Q=
5 x 2 m 3 / m 2 / hr
( Assuming 100 % overload of filter )
d=
0.6 mm
( Mean Diameter )

10 x

0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 2.5

=

=
Hence provide depth of sand bed =

4
10000
46.04 cm
60.0 cm

x 293223
{ or ( > ) greater than }

Estimation Of Gravel & Size Gradation :

Assuming size gradation of
2.0 mm to
40.0 mm
at bottom using empirical
formula :
P = 2.54 x
R x ( log d )
Where :
R
=
12 mm (
10 mm to
The Units of L & d are cm & mm, respectively.
Size
2
5
10
20
40
Depth (cm )
9.2
21.3
30.5
40
49
Increment
9.2
12.1
9.2
9.5
9
Hence provide
50.0 cm
depth of gravel.
Estimation Of Under Drainage System :
Plan Area of each filter

=
=

Total Area of perforation

Total Cross Section Area of Laterals

=
=
=
=
=

8.6 m x
6.8 m
58.48 m
3
x 58.48
1000

( 3.0 x Area of perforation )

( 3.0 x 1754.4 )
Area of Central Manifold
( 2.0 x Area of Laterals )
( 2.0 x 5263.2 )
Diameter of Central Manifold
10526.4 x 4

Providing a commercially available diameter of

= 100.0 cm
Assuming spacing for laterals
=
20 cm
8.6
100.0
Number of Laterals
=
20
61.2 x 4
D
=

Number of perforations / laterals = 86 Units

Length of One lateral =

( 1 ) width of filter - ( 1 ) diameter of manifold

2
2
= (1 x
6.8 ) - (
1 x 1.0 )
= 2.9 m
2
2
Let n be the total number of perforation of
13.0 mm diameter
Total Area of perforation
nx
x ( 1.3 )
4
n =
1322.43
say 1322
1322.0
Number of Perforation or Laterals
=
= 15.37
86.0
2.90 x 100
Spacing of Perforation
=
16.0
Provide 16

perforations of 13.0 mm diameter at

180 cm C / C

Computation Of Wash Water Troughs :

Assuming a spacing of
dimension of the filter unit.

Wash Water Rate =

36 m 3 / m 2 / hour
Wash Water discharge for one filter =
( 36 x
58.48 ) =
=
0.5848 m 3 / sec.
1.80 m for
wash water trough which will run parallel to the longer

6.8
= 3.78
1.8
0.5848
Discharge per unit trough
=
= 0.146 m
4.0
For a width of
0.40 m
the water depth at upper end is given by :
Number of trough

Q 1.376 b h

3
2

0.1462 =
h
Provide

4.0

troughs of

Freeboard
0.5 m

1.376 x
0.40 x ( h )
2/3
0.1462
=
1.376 x
0.40
=
0.1 m
Wide &
0.50 m

Total Depth Of Filter Box :

Depth of filter box = ( depth of under drain + gravel + sand + water depth + free board )
=
( 900 +
500 + 600 +
2200 +
= 4500 mm
Design Of Filter Air Wash :
Assume Rate at which air is supplied
=
1.5 m 3 / m 2 / min.
Duration of Air Wash
=
3.0 min
Total Quantity of air per unit bed
=
1.5 x
3.0 x
=
263.16 m

Summary
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Particulars
Number Of Units
Size Of Unit
Depth Of Sand Bed
Depth Of Gravel
Diameter Of Perforation
Diameter Of Central Manifold
Spacing For Laterals
Number Of Laterals
Diameter Of Laterals
Number Of Perforations
Number Of Trough
Size Of Trough
Total Depth Of Filter Box
Duration of Air Wash
Total Quantity Of Air Required Per Unit Bed

Values
2 min.
8.60 m x
60.0 cm
50.0 cm
13 mm
100.0 m
20 cm
86 Units
90 mm
16
4
0.40 m x
4500 mm
3 min.

/ m 2 / Day

ur

/ Day
:1
With Laterals

ur
24
23.5

x ( 1 + 0.02 ) x

ur

116 m

8.5 m
6.8 m

Say 8.6 m

nd m respectively

pre-treatment

rload of filter )

> ) greater than }

ttom using empirical

14 mm

= 0.17544 m
= 1754.40 cm

of perforation )
= 5263.20 cm

of Laterals )
= 10526.40 cm
= 115.80 cm

= 43 on either side
= 8.8 cm

say 90 mm

anifold

1754.40

say 16
= 18.13 cm C / C
Say 180.00 mm C / C

mC/C

/ hour
2105.28 m 3 / hour

lel to the longer

say 4
3

/ sec.

y:

3/2

= 0.41 m

say 0.5

deep in each filter.

pth + free board )

300 )

/ min.
8.6 x

6.8

Values
2 min.
6.8 m
60.0 cm
50.0 cm
13 mm
100.0 m
20 cm
86 Units
90 mm
16
4
0.5 m
4500 mm
3 min.
263.2 m

Design Of Disinfection Unit

a) Chlorination
Disinfection should not only remove the existing bacteria from water but also ensure their immediate killing even
afterwards, in the distribution system.
b) Design Criteria ( Chlorination )
Chlorine Dose

Residual Chlorine
Contact Period

=
=
=
=
=

1.4 mg / L ( Rainy Season )

1 mg / L ( Winter Season )
0.6 mg / L ( Summer Season )
0.1 to
0.2 mg / L
20 to
30 min.

c) Design Calculations
Rate of Chlorine required, to disinfect water be =
Chlorine required Per Day
=
13.33 x

Number of Cylinder

=
For 6 Months
=
( One Cylinder contain

Number Of Cylinders used per day

d) Summary
S.No.
1
2

2 p.p.m.
1000000 x

18.662 Kg
( 18.66 x 180 )
16.0 Kg )
= ( 3359.16 x
2 Cylinders of

Particulars
Chlorine required per day
Number Of Cylinders required per day

16.0 Kg

Values
18.662 Kg
2 Cylinders of

mmediate killing even

eason )
Season )
Season )
( Minimum )

1.40 x

1
1000000

= 3359.16 Kg
2)=
419.895
16

Values
18.662 Kg
16.0 m