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Universit degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Polo delle Scienze e delle Tecnologie
Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia (Fuorigrotta), 80126 Napoli, Italy
Abstract
In this paper we have described, in the Section 1, the Fibonaccis zeta function and the Euler-Mascheroni
constant and in the Section 2, we have described some sectors of the string theory: zeta strings, zeta
nonlocal scalar fields and some Lagrangians with zeta Function nonlocality. In conclusion, in the Section 3,
we have described some possible mathematical connections.
1. The Fibonaccis zeta function [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]
The Fibonaccis zeta function is defined as:
F (s) =
k=1
1
Fib(k ) s
where s=a+jb.
(1)
ln F ( s )
= ln( Fib# ) ,
s
(2)
We have that Fib# is the Fiborial , i.e. the product to the infinity of the Fibonaccis numbers.
We can write the eq. (1) also as follows:
s
s
s
s
s
s
F (s) = 1
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
+ 5
+ 8
+ ...
F ( s ) = e s ln1 + e s ln1 + e s ln 2 + e s ln 3 + e s ln 5 + e s ln 8 + ...
ln F ( s ) = s (ln1+ ln1+ ln 2 + ln 3+ ln 5 + ln 8 + ...)
ln F ( s )
= ln Fib ( k ) = ln(Fib# )
s
k=1
, x 0, -1, -2
(Euler form);
4.
i= 1
( 1i ) log k ;
5.
(property of reflection),
(property of
g ( x) = lim g ( x)
k
= lim ( x)
k
g (k ) x
g ( x)
g ,k
k
i= 1
( x)
g (i)
, g(x+i) 0,i=0,1,2,...
g ( x + i)
we obtain
for example:
we obtain
g ( x + 1) = g ( x) g ( x)
If we take g(1) = 1 , we obtain
(4)
such that
.
3
(3)
With this restriction, (k) can be extended to (x) or to have g(x) with additional properties.
Using the eq. (4), g(x), x > 0 satisfy the relation
Example A
A simple generalization of gk = k is gk = ak + b with a, b choose such that gk > 0, k > 0. Thence, we obtain:
with
.
The Figure 1 concerning the product of the odd numbers.
Figure 1
where
and
4
.
The most simple and effective extension is:
and we obtain
F ( x) =
( x + 1) x / 2
Fkx
lim
k F
x
i= 1
Fi
Fx + i
(5)
where F (k + 1) = (k!)F.
The Figure 2 show F(x).
Figure 2
F(x), an extension of the Fiborial to the real numbers with the property that F(k + 1) = (k!)F. (a) show the
values for -2 x 1 (b) show the values for 0 x 5.
Weierstrass generalization form
Using the eq. (3) and assuming that (x) and g(x) are differentiable, we obtain:
'g ( x )
g ( x)
k g '( x + i )
'( x) g '( x)
lim
ln g (k )
( x) g ( x) x i = 1 g ( x + i)
(6)
k g '(i )
g = lim
ln g (k )
x
i = 1 g (i )
(7)
(we remember that the Euler-Mascheroni constant can be written also as follow
n 1
= lim ln ( n ) =
n
k=1 k
x
1
1
dx ,
x
(7b))
g '( i )
1
g ( x) x g g ( x + i )
=
e
exp g ( i ) (8)
g ( x ) ( x)
g (i)
i= 1
g ( x ) g ( x ) =
( x ) ( x )
g (i ) 2
g ( x ) g ( x) i = 1 g ( x + i ) g ( x + i)
(9)
g ( x) g (1 x) =
( x ) ( x )
g (i) 2
i= 1 g ( x + i) g ( x + i )
g ( x)
(10)
2
( 1 ) ( 1 )
g (i )2
1
2
2
g =
i = 1 g ( 1 + i) g ( 1 + i ) (11)
g (1 2)
2
2
2
Example A
For gk = ak + b , as before, the Weierstrass form is:
where
Example B
For the Fibonaccis numbers the Weierstrass form is:
(12)
where F = 0.6676539532 , and the eq. (11) gives
since
for i integer.
We have that:
Alternatively, can be considered a closed form for the constant of the Fiborial (Sloane's A062073
[4])
For example,
then
, z > 0 from
with
with
. Thence:
Considering
,
where
Analogously, if we assume that g(x) is differentiable, also the properties of the poligamma function
can be considered.
For example:
while
that can be extended to the real numbers and becomes the Hurwitz zeta function:
For the Fibonaccis zeta, thence, we can take in consideration the eq. (5) or the eq. (12).
1 1 1
1
= lim 1 + + + + ... + ln ( n ) ,
n
2 3 4
n
n 1
= lim ln ( n ) =
n
k=1 k
x
1
1
dx , (7b)
x
We have that has the following approximated value 0,5772156649.... The constant can be defined
in various modes by the integrals:
1
ln ( x )
1
dx = ln ln dx =
x
0
e
x
1
1
e x dx =
x
x
1 e
1 1
e x dx . (7c)
x 1+ x
The Euler-Mascheroni constant is related to the zeta function from the following expressions:
4
= ln +
( 1) m 1 ( m + 1) ;
m = 1 2m ( m + 1)
1
1 1
= lim+ s n = lim ( s )
. (7d)
s 1
s s 1
s 1
n= 1 n
1 n n n
1
= lim x = lim , (7e)
x
x n n k = 1 k k
and to the beta function:
1
( n + 1) n1+ 1 / n
n2
n
= lim
. (7f)
n
1
n+ 1
2+ n+
n
lim
1 a
{ a / x} dx = 1
a 1
We have:
10
1 { a / x} dx = 1 ( a / x ) dx 1 a / x dx = 1 ( a / x ) dx 1
a
a
1
a
dx
x
( a / a 1)
a
x dx +
a
i = 1 ( a i ) ( a i + 1) ( a i ) = a ln( a )
a 1
( a / a 2)
a / a 1)
a
x dx + .. +
a
a / 2)
a
x dx =
a
+ a.
i= 1 i
Therefore,
lim
1 a
1
a
{
}
(
)
a
/
x
dx
=
lim
a
ln
a
+ a = lim ln( a )
a a
a 1
i= 1 i
a
= 1 lim ( H a ln ( a ) ) = 1 . (7g)
a
1
+ 1 =
i= 1 i
Theorem (2).
If pn denotes the nth prime number, then we get as n
lim
1 n 1 d ( i ) ln ( pn )
= 0
n 1 i = 1 pi
n 1
where d ( i ) = pi + 1 pi .
1 =
=
1
pn
pn
1
1
pn
dx =
pn
x
p1
1
1
pn
dx +
pn
x
p2
p1
1
pn
dx + ...
pn
x
1
p
pn 2 xn dx + pn
pn 1
pn
p n 1
pn
dx =
x
1 n 1 pi + 1 pn
1 n 1 p i + 1 pn
1 n 1 pi + 1 pn
dx
=
dx
dx =
pn i = 0 pi x
pn i = 0 p i x
pn i = 0 pi x
= ln( pn )
1 n 1 pi + 1 pn
dx . (7h)
pn i = 0 pi x
1 < ln ( pn )
= ln( pn )
Hence we get
1 n 1
( pi + 1 pi ) pn 1 = ln( pn )
pn i = 0
pi
d ( i) p 1
i = 0 p + np < ln( pn )
i
n
n 1
d ( i) 1 n 1
i = 0 p + p i = 0 ( pi + 1 pi ) =
i
n
d ( i)
i = 0 p + 1 = ln( pn )
i
n 1
d ( i)
< ln ( pn ) 1 + .
i = 1 pi
n 1
2)
11
n 1
d ( i)
.
i = 1 pi
n 1
1 = ln ( pn )
= ln( pn )
1 n 1 pi+ 1 pn
1 n 1
p
(
)
(
dx
>
ln
p
pi + 1 pi ) n = ln ( pn )
pn i = 0 p i x
pn i = 0
pi + 1
n 1
i= 1
d ( i)
1 . (7i)
pi + 1
Hence we get
n 1
i= 1
n 1
i= 0
d (i)
=
pi + 1
d (i)
> ln( pn ) 2 + .
pi + 1
ln( pn ) 2 + <
n 1
i= 1
d (i)
<
pi + 1
d ( i)
< ln( pn ) 1 + .
i = 1 pi
n 1
lim
1 n 1 d ( i ) ln ( pn )
= 0.
n 1 i = 1 pi
n 1
2. Zeta Strings, Zeta Nonlocal Scalar Fields and Some Lagrangians with Zeta Function Nonlocality [7], [8],
[9]
The exact tree-level Lagrangian for effective scalar field which describes open p-adic string tachyon is
1 p2 1 2
1
Lp = 2
p +
g p 1 2
p+ 1
2
where p is any prime number, = t +
p+ 1
, (13)
with signature ( + ... + ) . Now, we want to show a model which incorporates the p-adic string Lagrangians
in a restricted adelic way. Let us take the following Lagrangian
L=
n 1
Cn Ln =
n 1
1 1
n 1 n2 Ln = g 2 2
n 1
12
n 2 +
n 1 n + 1
n+ 1
. (14)
( s) =
1
=
s
n 1 n
1
, s = + i , > 1 . (15)
1 p s
Employing usual expansion for the logarithmic function and definition (15) we can rewrite (14) in the form
L=
1
g2
2 2 + + ln (1 ) , (16)
acts as pseudodifferential operator in the following way:
2
where < 1 .
1
( x) =
eixk
D
( 2 )
2
where ( k ) =
( ikx )
k2 ~
( k ) dk , k 2 = k02 k 2 > 2 + , (17)
2
Dynamics of this field is encoded in the (pseudo)differential form of the Riemann zeta function. When
the dAlambertian is an argument of the Riemann zeta function we shall call such string a zeta string.
Consequently, the above is an open scalar zeta string. The equation of motion for the zeta string is
1
=
( 2 ) D
2
k 02 k 2 > 2 +
k2 ~
( k ) dk =
eixk
1
2
(18)
t2
1
( t ) =
( 2
2
) k
>
k2 ~
(t)
e ik 0 t 0 ( k0 ) dk0 =
. (19)
2+
1 (t)
2
13
With regard the open and closed scalar zeta strings, the equations of motion are
1
=
eixk
D
( 2 )
2
1
=
eixk
D
4
(
2
k2 ~
( k ) dk =
2
k2 ~
( k ) dk =
4
n 1
n2
n ( n 1)
2
n , (20)
n 1
n( n 1)
2( n + 1)
n ( n 1)
1
2
n+ 1
1 , (21)
The exact tree-level Lagrangian of effective scalar field , which describes open p-adic string tachyon, is:
m Dp p 2 1 2 m 2p
1
p
Lp = 2
+
gp p 1 2
p+ 1
2
where p is any prime number, = t +
p+ 1
, (22)
with signature ( + ... + ) , as above. Now, we want to introduce a model which incorporates all the above
string Lagrangians (22) with p replaced by n N . Thence, we take the sum of all Lagrangians Ln in the
form
mnD n 2 1 2 mn2
1
n
L = Cn Ln = Cn 2
+
gn n 1 2
n+ 1
n= 1
n= 1
n+ 1
, (23)
whose explicit realization depends on particular choice of coefficients Cn , masses mn and coupling
constants g n .
Now, we consider the following case
Cn =
n 1
, (24)
n2+ h
14
Lh =
mD
g2
1
2
2m2
n h
n = 1 n + 1
+
n= 1
n+ 1
(25)
and it depends on parameter h . According to the Euler product formula one can write
2m 2
n= 1
1
1 p
2m 2
. (26)
( s) =
1
=
s
n= 1 n
1
, s = + i , > 1 , (27)
1 p s
which has analytic continuation to the entire complex s plane, excluding the point s = 1 , where it has a
simple pole with residue 1. Employing definition (27) we can rewrite (25) in the form
Lh =
mD
g2
2 2m 2 + h +
n h
n = 1 n + 1
+
n+ 1
. (28)
Here
+ h ( x) =
eixk
D
2
2
m
( 2 )
k2
~
+ h ( k ) dk , (29)
2
2m
15
where ( k ) =
( ikx )
We consider Lagrangian (28) with analytic continuations of the zeta function and the power series
n h
n+ 1
n+ 1
, i.e.
Lh =
mD
g2
+
1
n h
+
h
+
AC
n = 1 n + 1
2
2
2m
n+ 1
, (30)
Vh ( ) =
+
mD 2
n h
(
)
AC
n = 1 n + 1
g 2 2
n+ 1
, (31)
where h 1 since (1) = . The term with -function vanishes at h = 2, 4, 6,... . The equation of
motion in differential and integral form is
+
h
=
AC
n h n , (32)
2
2
m
n= 1
1
( 2 ) D
+
~
k2
ixk
(
)
e
+
h
k
dk
=
AC
n = 1 n h n , (33)
R D 2m2
respectively.
Now, we consider five values of h , which seem to be the most interesting, regarding the Lagrangian (30):
2 =
2
( 2 ) D
2m
~
k2
( + 1)
ixk
( k ) dk =
e
2
. (34)
D
2
R
2m
(1 ) 3
This equation has two trivial solutions: ( x ) = 0 and ( x ) = 1 . Solution ( x ) = 1 can be also shown
taking ( k ) = ( k )( 2
) D and ( 2) =
0 in (34).
16
1 =
2
( 2 ) D
2m
where ( 1) =
k2
~
R D e 2m2 1 ( k ) dk = (1
ixk
)2
. (35)
1
.
12
The equation of motion (35) has a constant trivial solution only for ( x ) = 0 .
For h = 0 , the equation of motion is
=
2
( 2 ) D
2m
k2 ~
ixk
R D 2m2 ( k ) dk = 1 . (36)
It has two solutions: = 0 and = 3 . The solution = 3 follows from the Taylor expansion of the
Riemann zeta function operator
= ( 0) +
2
2m
as well as from ( k ) = ( 2
n 1
( n)
( 0)
n!
, (37)
2
2m
) D 3 ( k ) .
1
( 2 ) D
~
k2
1
ixk
R D 2m2 + 1 ( k ) dk = 2 ln(1
17
)2 ,
(38)
1
( 2 ) D
2
ln (1 w)
k2
~
R D e 2m2 + 2 ( k ) dk = 0 2w dw . (39)
ixk
ln (1 w)
dw =
0
w
1
n= 1
1
= ( 2)
n2
L=
mD
g2
n2 1
. In this case, from the Lagrangian (23), we obtain:
n2
1
2
1
+
. (40)
2
2
1
2m
2 2m
V ( ) =
m D 31 7 2
. (41)
g 24(1 )
We note that 7 and 31 are prime natural numbers, i.e. 6n 1 with n =1 and 5, with 1 and 5 that are
Fibonaccis numbers. Furthermore, the number 24 is related to the Ramanujan function that has 24
modes that correspond to the physical vibrations of a bosonic string. Thence, we obtain:
4 anti log
m D 31 7 2
V ( ) =
g 24(1 )
10 +
log
w'
e 4 w' ( itw')
. (41b)
10 + 7 2
11 2
+
4
4
18
( 1) + 1
. (42)
2m 2 1 + 2m 2 =
( 1) 2
2m 2 1 + 2m 2 2 = 0 , (43)
M2
M2
= 2 . (44)
1
+
2
2
2m
2m
From (44) it follows one solution for M 2 > 0 at M 2 2.79m 2 and many tachyon solutions when
M 2 < 38m 2 .
We note that the number 2.79 is connected with =
51
and =
2
5+1
, i.e. the aurea section and
2
5+
2
1
1 5
+ 22 2
1
= 2,772542 2,78 .
( )14 / 7 + ( ) 25 / 7 =
With regard the extension by ordinary Lagrangian, we have the Lagrangian, potential, equation of motion
and mass spectrum condition that, when Cn =
n2 1
, are:
n2
19
L=
2
2
+
ln
2
2
2
2
1
2m
2m
2 m
mD
g2
V ( ) =
, (45)
mD 2
1
( 1) + ( 0 ) + 1 ln 2
, (46)
2
g 2
1
2 2
1
+
+
1
ln
+
, (47)
2m 2
2
2
(1 ) 2
2m m
M2
M2 M2
= 2 . (48)
1 +
2
2
2
m
2
m
In addition to many tachyon solutions, equation (48) has two solutions with positive mass: M 2 2.67 m 2
and M 2 4.66m 2 .
We note also here, that the numbers 2.67 and 4.66 are related to the aureo numbers. Indeed, we have
that:
5+
2
5+
2
1
1 5
+ 2 5 2
5+
2
1
2.6798 ,
1 1 5 +
+ 22 2
1
4.64057 .
( )14 / 7 + ( ) 41 / 7 =
( ) 22 / 7 + ( ) 30 / 7 =
n 1
. Here ( n ) is the Mobius function, which is defined for all
n2
positive integers and has values 1, 0, 1 depending on factorization of n into prime numbers p . It is
Now, we describe the case of Cn = ( n )
defined as follows:
20
0,
k
( n ) = ( 1) ,
1,
n = p 2m
n = p1 p2 ... pk , pi p j
n = 1, ( k = 0 ).
(49)
L = C0 L0 +
mD 1
g2 2
n= 1
( n)
2m2
( n)
n = 1 n + 1
+
n+ 1
(50)
1
=
( s)
( n)
s , s = + it , > 1 . (51)
n= 1 n
+
m 1
1
L = C0 L0 + 2
+
g 2
2m
D
where M ( ) =
+
n= 1
M ( ) d , (52)
V ( ) = L ( = 0 ) =
m D C0 2
1 ln
g 2 2
M ( ) d , (53)
0
M ( ) C0 2 2C0 ln = 0
, (54)
m
2
2m
21
1
M2
C
+ 2C0 1 = 0
0
m2
, < < 1 , (55)
M2
2
2m
5+1
, thence with the aurea ratio, by the following
2
2,79 (
)15 / 7 ;
2,67 (
)13 / 7 + ( ) 21 / 7 ;
4,66 (
) 22 / 7 + ( ) 30 / 7 .
(56)
3. Mathematical connections
Now we take the eqs. (5) and (12) of the Section 1, and the eqs. (18), (21) and (36) of Section 2. We obtain
the following mathematical connections:
F ( x) =
( x + 1) x / 2
Fkx
lim
k F
x
1
eixk
D
( 2 )
1
( 2 ) D
i= 1
Fi
Fx + i
1
( 2 ) D
k2 ~
( k ) dk =
4
k 02 k 2 > 2 +
n 1
n2
k2 ~
( k ) dk =
eixk
1
2
n( n 1)
2( n + 1)
k2 ~
ixk
R D 2m2 ( k ) dk = 1 ; (57)
22
n ( n 1)
1
2
n+ 1
k2 ~
ixk
k02 k 2 > 2 + 2 ( k ) dk = 1
1
( 2 ) D
1
eixk
D
( 2 )
1
( 2 ) D
k2 ~
( k ) dk =
4
n 1
n2
n( n 1)
2( n + 1)
n ( n 1)
1
2
n+ 1
k2 ~
ixk
R D 2m2 ( k ) dk = 1 . (58)
Now we take the eqs. (7h) and (7i) of the Section 1, and the eqs. (18), (21) and (36) of Section 2. We obtain
the following mathematical connections:
1 =
1
eixk
( 2 ) D
( 2 ) D
1 n 1 pi + 1 pn
pn
(
)
dx
=
ln
p
dx
n
pn i = 0 pi x
x
pn
1
1
( 2 ) D
1
pn
k 02 k 2 > 2 +
k2 ~
( k ) dk =
eixk
1
2
k2 ~
( k ) dk =
4
n 1
n2
n( n 1)
2( n + 1)
n ( n 1)
1
2
n+ 1
k2 ~
R D e 2m2 ( k ) dk = 1 ; (59)
ixk
1 = ln ( pn )
1
( 2 ) D
1 n 1 pi + 1 pn
dx = ln ( pn )
pn i = 0 pi x
k 02 k 2 > 2 +
n 1
i= 1
d ( i)
1
pi + 1
k2 ~
( k ) dk =
eixk
1
2
23
1
eixk
( 2 ) D
1
( 2 ) D
k2 ~
( k ) dk =
4
n 1
n2
n( n 1)
2( n + 1)
n ( n 1)
1
2
n+ 1
k2 ~
ixk
R D 2m2 ( k ) dk = 1 . (60)
Acknowledgments
The co-author Nardelli Michele would like to thank Prof. Branko Dragovich of Institute of
Physics of Belgrade (Serbia) for his availability and friendship.
References
[1] Sulle spalle dei giganti - Rosario Turco, Maria Colonnese, Michele Nardelli, Giovanni Di Maria, Francesco
Di Noto, Annarita Tulumello
[2] C solo unacca tra pi e phi - Rosario Turco, Maria Colonnese
[3] Gamma and related functions generalized for sequences -R. L. Ollerton
[4] Ward, M. (1936), un calcolo di sequenze. American Journal of Mathematics 58: 2, pp. 255-266.
[5] Sloane, NJA (2006) On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences - Disponibile online all'indirizzo:
www.research.att.com/ ~ njas / sequenze / (accessed 23 giugno 2005)
[6] Andrews, GE, Askey, R. Ranjan, R. (1999) Funzioni speciali. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its
Applications 71 , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
[7] Branko Dragovich Zeta Strings arXiv:hep-th/0703008v1 1 Mar 2007.
[8] Branko Dragovich Zeta Nonlocal Scalar Fields arXiv:0804.4114v1 [hep-th] 25 Apr
2008.
[9] Branko Dragovich Some Lagrangians with Zeta Function Nonlocality arXiv:0805.0403
v1 [hep-th] 4 May 2008 .
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