A: Nucleic Acid Synthesis

A1: RNA polymerase I

Mode of Action of Fungicides

A2: adenosin-deaminase

# 4: PA-fungicides (PhenylAmides)

# 8: hydroxy (2-amino)-pyrimidines

C1: inhibition of complex I

NADH Oxido-reductase

C4: inhibition of complex III

pyrimidinamine

cyano-imidazole
Cl

H
N

O
O

benalaxyl

metalaxyl

furalaxyl

N
O

NH

N
H

ethirimol

oxadixyl

O
O

N
H

N
H

A3: DNA / RNA synthesis (prop.)

NH
S
N
H

O
N
H

# 22 benzamides and thiazole carboxamides

# 20 phenylureas

F
F

N
H

furametpyr

N
H

phenyl-oxo-ethyl
thiophene amide

thiazole
carboxamides

oxolinic acid
(bactericide)

N
H

Cl

Br

F
F

O
F

ethaboxam

zoxamide

pencycuron

D2:
protein synthesis

D3:
protein synthesis

# 9 Anilino-Pyrimidines
( AP fungicides )

# 23 enopyranuronic acid

# 24 hexopyranosyl antibiotics

E1: Signal transduction (mechanism unknown)

#13 azanaphthalenes

picoxystrobin

phenylbenzamides

O
O

F
F O

furan
carboxamides

N
H

N
H

oxycarboxin
N
H

O
F

NH

H2N

N
N

NH2

NH2

O
O

NH

N
H

flufenoxystrobin

O
O

Cl

HO

# 2 dicarboximides

# 6 phosphorothiolates & dithiolanes

N
Cl

blasticidin-S

F4: cell membrane

permeability,
fatty acids (prop.)

# 14 aromatic hydrocarbons & heteroaromatics

O

NH
N

Cl

D4: protein synthesis

D5: protein synthesis

# 25 glucopyranosyl
antibiotics

# 41 tetracycline antibiotics

E2: Osmotic signal transduction

MAP / histidine- kinase (os-2, HOG1)

OH

HO

OH

N
HN

Cl

HN

H
N

Cl

H
N

OH
OH OH

NH

Cl

tolclofosmethyl

Cl

Cl

O
O

fthalide

cyclopropane carboxamide

Cl
N
Cl

# 46 plant extract.

Cl

pyroquilon

propionamide

Melaleuca alternifolia
N
H

(Tea Tree Extract)

Cl

tricyclazole

# 3 DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors)

(SBI: Class I)

G2:14-Reductase and 8 7-isomerase in sterol

biosynthesis (erg2, erg 24)

H3: trehalase and

inositol biosynthesis

# 5 Amines(Morpholines) (SBI: Class II)

# 26 glucopyranosyl antibiotic

P1: salicylic pathway

P2:

benzothiodiazole BTH

# 40 Carboxylic Acid Amides

(CAA fungicides)

#M9 anthraquinones

N
O

Cl

O
Cl

Cl

Cl
HN

HO

Cl

OH

(CH2) 11 N

fenpropidin

H3C

HO

fenbuconazole

tebuconazole

aldimorph

Cl

N
H

bitertanol

metconazole

F
N

pyrifenox

H4: chitin synthase

O
Cl

bromuconazole

myclobutanil

Si

flusilazole

HO
N

Cl

Cl

triadimenol

Cl

HO

propiconazole

HO

ethylphosphonates

N
Cl

imibenconazole
Cl

Cl

pefurazoate

Cl

amino-pyrazolinones

HO

naftifine
(antimycotic)

Cl

Cl

Cl

N
S

#M10 quinoxalines

Cl

(Giant Knotweed
Extract)

N
S
H S

Zn (NH3)-

captafol

mancozeb

H S
S
N

H
N

N
H

N
S
3 H S

2+

O
N

maneb

H
N

N
H

tolylfluanid

Mn

2+

Zn

Cl

chinomethionat

Cl

#M7 guanidines

Cl

HN

oxpoconazole

prothioconazole

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

H
N

prochloraz

fenpyrazamine

pyributicarb
(herbicide)

Cl

H
N

Cl

# U13
flutianil

N
N

thiocarbamates

guanidines

4-quinolyl acetate

# U16
tebufloquin

arylphenylketones

tetrazoyloxime

Cl

Cl

# 36
flusulfamide

O
N
H

# 37
diclomezine

N
H

N
Cl

# 42
methasulfocarb

H2N

H
N

Br

O
O

# U12 dodine

ziram

S
H
N

N
H

Mineral oils, organic oils,

potassium bicarbonate,
material of biological
origin

# U8
metrafenone

HN

N
H

HN

H
N

NH

2+

Zn

mixture of
iminoctadine
and other
polyamines

NH2

iminoctadine

zineb
guazatine

Mode of action of fungicides based on the FRAC fungicide list

(published at www.frac.info/publications )
The groupings can change when new results become known.
Yellow zones represent accepted mode of action groups or in
cases where resistance is known, cross resistance groups. In spite
of this general classification, cases of incomplete or even lacking
cross resistance are known within some groups with some
pathogens.

C: Respiration

# U8
pyriofenone

# U17
picarbutrazox

Although details presented herein are accurate to our knowledge at

the time of publication, neither FRAC nor its member companies
make any representation or warranty with regard to the content of
this presentation, in particular with regard to its correctness and
completeness. Neither FRAC nor its member companies assume
any liability for the content of this presentation or its use.

mode of action group

sub-group

C2: inhibition of complex II:

succinate-dehydrogenase
# 7 SDHI (Succinate dehydrogenase
inhibitors)

NH2

Zn

Legend:

NH2

2+

# U15
oxathiapiprolin

# U14
ferimzone

# U6
cyflufenamid

# 35
triazoxide

CF3

pyridazinones

O
S

benzenesulfonamides

# 34
teclofthalam

propineb
propineb

Cl

N
H

S
N

#M11 maleimides

folpet

thiram

pyrimidinonehydrazones
N

Cl

# 33
phosphorous
acid

O
+

H3PO3

Temporary status; information on mode of action and

/ or resistance risk is still uncertain

FRAC Mode of Action Poster

Updated January 2015

H S
S
N

piperidinyl- thiazole
isoxazoline

phenyl
acetamides

HO

Cl

# 33
fosetyl-al

benzotriazines

thiocarbamates

epoxiconazole

Reynoutria
sachalinensis

Cl

terbinafine
(antimycotic)

fenhexamid

Cl

Al

+++

phosphorous
acid

# 27
cymoxanil

N
H
Cl

N
H

Cl
Cl

H O
O
P
O

triazolinthione

N
H

triflumizole

simeconazole

NC : Not Classified

cyano-methylene
thiazolidine

phthalamic
acid

allylamines

Cl

diniconazole

triticonazole

Cl

cyanoacetamideoxime

Cl

metiram

Unknown Mode of Action

# 18 (SBI class IV)

HO
F

Cl

hexaconazole

G4: Squalene epoxidase in

sterol biosynthesis (erg1)

Cl

Si

Cl

OH

imazalil

Cl
N

O
Cl

hydroxyanilides

N
N

dichlofluanid

ferbam
febram

polyoxin B

# 17 (SBI :Class III)

Cl

OH

difenoconazole

tiadinil

N
H

OH

Cl

G3:3-Keto reductase
in C4-de-methylation
(erg27)

fenarimol

imidazoles

Cl

Cl

Fe

Cl

Cl

Cl

3+

Cl

flutriafol

N
H

Cl

Cl

captan

anilazine

benthiavalicarb

nuarimol

HO

Cl

OH

penconazole

N
H
N

Cl

HO

Cl

valifenalate

Cl

N
N

iprovalicarb

OH

N
S

OH

O
S

Cl
S

#M6 sulphamides

Cl

O
O

HN

triadimefon

OH

plant extract

N
H

OH

N
H

H2N

N
Cl

N
H

O
HO

spiroxamine
Cl

OH

P5:

H
N

O HO

Cl

O
OH

dodemorph

OH

NH2

Cl

Cl

OH

OHO
O

laminarin

O
H
N

Cl

chlorothalonil

O
N

#M3 dithiocarbamates & relatives

OH

OHO
O

Peptidyl pyrimidine nucleoside

Cl

#M4 phthalimides

Cl

H
N

Cl

isotianil

cyproconazole

pyrisoxazole

HO
O

Cl

OH

tridemorph
O

valinamide
carbamates

N
Cl

# 19 polyoxins
spiroketalamines

N
F

pyrimidines

tetraconazole

fluquinconazole

Cl

pyrimorph

HO
HO
OH

N
H

fenpropimorph

n = 10 to 13
n = 12: ~ 70%

polysaccharide

H3C

Cl

Br

mandipropamid

piperalin

Cl

thiadiazole carboxamide

(CH2) n N

#M8 triazines

copper
preparations

OH

Cl

Cl

P4:

F
Cl

Cl

flumorph

dithianon

N
Cl

Cu

P3:

Cl

pyridines

Cl

Cl

sulphur
.

probenazole

Cl

S
O

acibenzolarS-methyl

dimethomorph

Cl

N
N

Cl

OH

validamycin

triforine

OH

N
H

OH

Cl

pyridines

HO

ipconazole

N
Cl

HO

NH

Cl

OH

HO

Cl

azaconazole

mandelic acid
amides

HO

O
O

HO

N
Cl

OH

OH

piperidines

morpholines

Cl

HO

etaconazole

Cl

cinnamic acid
amides

#M1/2 inorganics

O
N

piperazines

#M5 chloronitriles

benzothiazole

triazoles

fenoxanil

M:
Multi
Site Action
#M6
sulphamides

P: Host Plant Defence Induction

H5: cellulose synthase

N
H

1,2,4-thiadiazole

G1: C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis (erg11/cyp51)

Cl

etridiazole

H:Cell Wall Biosynthesis

carpropamid

triazolobenzo-thiazole

prothiocarb

G: Sterol Biosynthesis in membranes

tolprocarb

N
S

dimethachlone

diclocymet

pyrrolo-quinolione

isoprothiolane

Cl

Cl

Cl

H
N

Cl

Cl

trifluoroethyl-carbamate

F7: cell membrane

disruption (prop.)

N
H

iodocarb

# 16.3 Melanin Biosynthesis

Inhibitors: Polyketide
synthase (MBI-P)

carboxamide

isobenzo-furanone

QST 713
FZB24
MBI600
D747

chloroneb

Cl

I3: polyketide
synthase in melanin
biosynthesis

# 16.1 Melanin Biosynthesis # 16.2 Melanin Biosynthesis

Inhibitors:
Inhibitors:
Dehydratase (MBI-D)
Reductase (MBI-R)

Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens
(synonym B. subtilis)
strains:

Cl

Cl

binapacryl

biphenyl

I2: dehydratase in
I1: reductase in
melanin biosynthesis melanin biosynthesis

# 44 Microbial (Bacillus sp.)

propamocarb

fludioxonil

fenpiclonil

N
H

fluoxastrobin

F6: microbial disrupters of

pathogen cell membranes

quintozene
(PCNB)

vinclozolin

Cl

oxytetracycline
(bactericide)

streptomycin
(bactericide)

Cl
Cl

Cl

Cl

edifenphos

procymidone

OH

NH2

I: Melanin Synthesis in Cell Wall

Cl

Cl

O
NH2

N
H

pyribencarb

Cl
S

meptyl dinocap

fluazinam

Cl

Cl

dithiolanes

OH
NH2

pyrimethanil

OH

NH

Cl

dicloran

Cl

tecnazene
(TCNB)

iprobenfos

Cl

Bacillus sp. and

the fungicidal lipopeptides produced

OH

O
P

HO

NH

Chiral

NH2

Cl

HO
HO

Cl

Cl

chlozolinate

# 12 phenylpyrroles (PP- fungicides)

mepanipyrim

O
Cl

pyrazophos

Cl

iprodione

Cl

# 28 carbamates

Cl

proquinazid

fenaminstrobin

F3: lipid peroxidation (prop.)

F
F

Cl
O

quinoxyfen

benzyl-carbamates

coumoxystrobin

P
O

kasugamycin

S
N

cyprodinil

N
O

N
H

phosphorothiolates

Cl

Cl

OH
OH

aromatic hydrocarbons

NH

N
O

HN

dihydrodioxazines
triclopyricarb

pyraoxystrobin

F2: phospholipid biosynthesis

methyltransferase

HO

metominostrobin

fenfuram

E3: Osmotic signal transduction

MAP / histidine kinase (os-1, Daf1)

HO

enoxastrobin

Cl

trifloxystrobin

benodanil

OH

fenamidone

H
N

F
F F

dinitrophenyl crotonates

2,6-dinitro-aniline

F: Lipid Synthesis and Membrane Integrity

HN

carboxin

# 29

NH

S
Cl

N
H

C5: uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation

NH
S

flutolanil

O
N N

pyrametostrobin

mepronil
N
H

fentin hydroxide

imidazolinones

kresoxim-methyl

H
N

OH

silthiofam

Sn

famoxadone

O
N
H

Si

O
O

OH

H2N

dimoxystrobin

HN
O

O
O

Cl

oxathiin
carboxamides

pyridine
carboxamides

fluopicolide

quinazolinone

aryloxyquinoline

fluopyram

thifluzamide

E: Signal Transduction

D1: methionine biosynthesis

(cgs gene) (prop.)

benzovindiflupyr

F
N
H

boscalid

D: Amino Acid and Protein Synthesis

Cl

isofetamid

F
F

H
N

mandestrobin
N

Cl

Br

Cl

N
H

N
H

Cl

N
H

orysastrobin

F F

F
F
F

Cl

Cl

N
H

Cl

azoxystrobin

pyridinyl-ethyl
benzamides

Cl

isopyrazam

S O

N
H

pyraclostrobin

penthiopyrad

Sn

oximinoacetates
O

N
H

# 38 thiophenecarboxamides

fentin chloride

C7: ATP production

(prop.)
oxazolidinediones

B5:
delocalisation
of spectrin-like
proteins

Cl

sedaxane

penflufen

pyridinylmethyl-benzamide

Cl

octhilinone

NH

O
O

bixafen

# 43 benzamides

Cl

N
H

Cl

N
O

HO

N
H

diethofencarb

ethylamino-thiazole
carboxamide

toluamide

hymexazole

ametoctradin

amisulbrom

methoxyacetamides

N
H

isothiazolones

Sn

methoxycarbamates

Cl

oximinoacetamides

thiophanatemethyl

N
H

methoxyacrylates

pyrazole -4carboxamides

B4:
cell division
(prop.)

# 31: carboxylic acids

cyazofamid

# 11 QoI fungicides ( Quinone outside Inhibitors )

B3:
-tubulin assembly
in mitosis

A4: DNA topoisomerase type II (gyrase)

# 32: heteroaromatics

tolfenpyrad

diflumetorim

# 7 SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors)

fluxapyroxad

* negative cross-resistance to B1

H
N

S O

C3: inhibition of complex III

cytochrome bc1 (ubiquinol oxidase) at Qo site (cyt b gene)

H
N

carbendazim

isoxazoles

Br

C2: inhibition of complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase

thiabendazole

H
N

# 10 N-phenyl
carbamates

thiophanates

thiophanate

benomyl

N
H

N
H

NH

ofurace

fuberidazole

N
H

H
N

HO

N
H

dimethirimol

oxazolidinones

B2:
-tubulin
assembly
in mitosis*

# 1: MBC fungicides
(= Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates)

benzimidazoles

metalaxyl-M

Cl

fentin acetate

B1: -tubulin assembly in mitosis

N

butyrolactones

N N

bupirimate

HO

benalaxyl-M

C: Respiration

B: Mitosis and Cell Division

NH

NH2

S O

# 30 organo tins

triazolo-pyrimidylamine

sulfamoyl-triazole

cytochrome bc1(ubiquinone reductase)

at Qo site stigmatellin binding sub site)
# 45 QoSI-fungicide (stigmatellin binding type)

Cl

C6: inhibitors
of oxidative
phosphorylation,
ATP synthase

# 21 QiI fungicides (Quinone inside Inhibitors)

pyrazole -5-carboxamide

C8: inhibition of complex III

cytochrome bc1(ubiquinone reductase) at Qi site

# 39 pyrimidinamines pyrazole-MET1

FRAC classification on mode of action 2015 (www.frac.info)

acylalanines
O

C: Respiration

target site of action

(where known) or putative
target site (=prop.)
FRAC code no. (#)
and group name
chemical (sub-) group

thiazole carboxamides

fluoroimide
.