‫احماض نووية‬

Nucleic acids
Bases and nucleotides ‫القواعد والنيوكليوتيدات‬
The nucleic acids play a central role in the storage and expression of
genetic information .They are divided into two major classes:
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) functions solely in information
storage, while ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are involved in most steps
of gene expression and protein biosynthesis. All nucleic acids are
made up from nucleotide components, which in turn consist of a
base, a sugar, and a phosphate residue. DNA and RNA differ from
one another in the type of the sugar and in one of the bases that they
contain.
A. Nucleic acid bases ‫ قواعد الحمض النووي‬-‫أ‬
The bases that occur in nucleic acids are aromatic heterocyclic
compounds derived from either pyrimidine or purine. Five of these
bases are the main components of nucleic acids in all living
creatures. The purine bases adenine and guanine and the pyrimidine
base cytosine (Cyt) are present in both RNA and DNA. In contrast,
uracil (Ura) is only found in RNA. In DNA, uracil is replaced by
thymine (Thy).
B. Nucleosides and nucleotides ‫ النيوكليوسيدات والنيوكليوتيدات‬.‫ب‬
When a nucleic acid base is N-glycosidically linked to ribose or 2deoxyribose ,it yields a
nucleoside. The nucleoside adenosine (A) is formed in this way from adenine and ribose,
for example. The corresponding derivatives of the other bases are called guanosine (G),
uridine (U), thymidine (T) and cytidine (C). When the sugar component is 2-deoxyribose,
the product is a deoxyribonucleoside—e. g., 2-deoxyadenosine (dA). In the cell, the 5_OH
group of the sugar component of the nucleoside is usually esterified with phosphoric acid.
2-Deoxythymidine (dT) therefore gives rise to 2- deoxythymidine-5-monophosphate
(dTMP). The sugars and bases are linked by an N-glycosidic bond between the C-1 of the
sugar and either the N-9 of the purine ring or N-1 of the pyrimidine ring. Polynucleotides
consisting of ribonucleotide components are called ribonucleic acid (RNA), while those
consisting o fdeoxyribonucleotide monomers are called deoxyribonucleic acid

‫ديوكسي ريبونوكليوتيدات وريبونيكليوتيدات من األحماض النووية‬

Deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides of nucleic acids
All nucleotides are shown in their free form at pH 7.0. The nucleotide units of DNA (a)
are usually symbolized as A, G, T, and C, sometimes as dA, dG, dT, and dC; those of RNA
(b) as A, G, U, and C. In their free form the deoxyribonucleotides are commonly
abbreviated dAMP, dGMP, dTMP, and dCMP; the ribonucleotides, AMP, GMP, UMP,
and CMP.

😁‫😁من هون والى األسفل مو داخل‬

Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nitrogen Bases
Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis
‫التخليق الحيوي للبيورين والبيريميدين‬
Two types of pathways lead to nucleotides and nitrogen bases : the de novo
pathways and the salvage pathways. De novo synthesis of nucleotides and
nitrogen bases begin with their metabolic precursors: amino acids, ribose
5phosphate, CO2, and NH3. Salvage pathways recycle the free bases and
nucleosides released from nucleic acid breakdown. Both types of pathways
are important in cellular metabolism. The bases occurring in nucleic acids are
derivatives of the aromatic heterocyclic compounds purine and pyrimidine .
The biosynthesis of these molecules is complex, but is vital for almost all cells.
PURINE BIOSYNTHESIS ‫بيورين البيوس‬
The purine bases are produced de novo by pathways that use amino acids as
precursors and produce nucleotides. Most de novo synthesis occurs in the liver
and the nitrogenous bases and nucleosides are then transported to other tissues
by red blood cells. The brain also synthesizes significant amounts of
nucleotides.
‫ تركيب دي نوفو للنيوكليوتيدات البيورين‬-‫أ‬
A- De Novo Synthesis of the Purine Nucleotides
5-Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) is the activated source of the
ribose moiety. It is synthesized from ATP and ribose 5_-phosphate ,which is
produced from glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway . In the first
committed step of the purine biosynthetic pathway, PRPP reacts with
glutamine .This reaction, which produces
nitrogen 9 of the purine ring. In the next step of the pathway, the entire glycine
molecule is added to the growing precursor. Glycine provides carbons 4 and
5 and nitrogen 7 of the purine ring Subsequently, carbon 8 is provided by
N10-formyl FH4, nitrogen 3 by glutamine, carbon 6 by CO2, nitrogen 1 by
aspartate, and carbon 2 by formyl tetrahydrofolate.