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Sofistik Manual
Sofistik Manual
Substructures
0 General Descriptions
Appendix 0-4:
SOFiSTiK-Manual STAR2
Konstruktionshandlingar
ORT
DATUM
Godknd
Knnedom
NAMN
REV
ANT
NDRINGEN AVSER
KONSTR
GODKND
DATUM
UTARBETAT
TRAGWERKSPLANUNG
INGENIEURBAU
Mnchen
Mannheim
Kln
Hamburg
KONSTR
SOFiSTiK
Mannheim
GRANSK
2002-12-19
KONSTBYGGNADSNR
14-1319-1
2+127
OBJEKT NR
DOKUMENT NR
43 36 05
110K1374
REV
Konstruktionshandlingar
List of revisions
Rev.
No.
Changes
Pages
No.
Changed
by
Date
STAR2
Statics of Beam Structure
Theory of 2nd Order
Version 10.20
STAR2
STAR2
Task Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
2
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.3.3.
2.3.4.
2.4.
2.4.1.
2.4.2.
2.4.3.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.7.1.
2.7.2.
2.7.3.
2.7.4.
2.7.5.
2.8.
Theoretical Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beam Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transfer Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stiffness Matrix of the Entire Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Principle Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Springs, Trusses, Cables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cable Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solution of the Complete System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special Topics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Predeformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Creep and Shrinkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prestress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shear Deformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
21
21
22
22
23
26
26
27
27
29
29
29
29
210
210
210
211
211
212
212
3
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
3.10.
3.11.
3.12.
3.13.
3.14.
3.15.
Input Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ECHO Control of the Output Extent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CTRL Parameters Controlling the Analysis Method . . . . . . . .
GRP Selection of an Element Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
STEX External Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INFL Definition of an Influence Line Loadcase . . . . . . . . . . .
LC Definition of a Loadcase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Definiton of Beam Loads on Beam Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NL Nodal Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SL Point Load on a Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GSL Point Load on a Beam Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UL Uniform Load on a Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GUL Uniform Load on a Beam Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VL Linearly Varying on a Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
31
31
34
36
39
313
314
315
317
319
320
322
325
326
327
STAR2
3.16.
3.17.
3.18.
3.19.
3.20.
3.21.
3.22.
3.23.
330
333
334
335
336
339
345
351
4
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
Output Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Load Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Output of the Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Output during Iterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Convergence Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stiffness Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
41
42
42
42
43
43
44
5
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.5.1.
5.5.2.
5.5.3.
5.6.
5.6.1.
5.6.2.
5.7.
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Training Example of Cantilever Column. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wind Frame with Cable Diagonals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Girder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Threedimensional Frame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction Stages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Single Span Beam with Auxiliary Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Internal Force Redistribution due to Creep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonlinear Material Behaviour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Precast Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steel Frame According to Plastic Zones Theory. . . . . . . . . . . .
Examples in the Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
51
57
510
513
522
522
522
525
532
532
538
545
ii
STAR2
Task Description.
11
STAR2
12
Version 10.20
Theoretical Principles.
2.1.
Introduction
STAR2
The static problem is solved by the deformation method. In any iterative tech
nique, nonlinear properties must be decomposed into several individual lin
ear steps by an iterative method. A closed form solution can be computed by
2nd order theory for such a linear step, if the stiffness and the axial force are
assumed constant.
2.2.
Definitions
AZ, IY
Z or 2
Y or 1
VZ, MY
AY, IZ
Y or 1
Z or 2
VY, MZ
Section forces are positive if they act in the positive directions of the axes at
an end cross section (when moving in the longitudinal direction of the beam).
Version 10.20
21
STAR2
System of coordinates
2.3.
Beam Elements.
2.3.1.
Introduction
The individual beam elements are analysed by the reduction method (method
of transfer matrices) under the assumption of piecewise constant axial force.
The following assumptions are made as well:
The beam axis is a straight line. Broken or curved beams must be replaced
by several straight beam segments. The beam axis coincides with the centro
baric axis. The stiffnesses and the axial force for each particular segment are
averaged from their end values. Therefore, in case of highly varying values,
one should be careful to define a sufficient number of segments (usually 5 to
10).
The theory of 2nd order satisfies the equilibrium conditions for the deformed
structure. The orientation of the beam axes (transverse force instead of shear
force) and the forces (conservative loading) remain unaltered. By contrast,
the theory of 3rd order considers large deformations, which alter the orienta
tion of the local system of coordinates. The 3rd order theory is not yet implem
ented for beam elements. Thus, by 3rd order theory all beam elements are
handled in the same ways as by 2nd order theory.
22
Version 10.20
STAR2
The stiffnesses can be modified due to the material by design only (input re
cord NSTR). They remain constant within an iteration step, whereas without
NSTR they remain constant during the entire analysis.
Torsion according to St. Venant (no lateral warping of the cross section).
Warping and torsion according to theory of 2nd order are not implemented in
STAR2.
The effect of shear deformations due to shear force can be taken into consider
ation.
A deviation between the shear centers and the center of gravity can be ulti
mately considered as a rotation of the principal axes with respect to the sys
tem of coordinates of the beam.
2.3.2.
Transfer Matrices
Each beam is partitioned into n segments defined by n+1 sections. The status
magnitudes are collected into a vector z:
v * x,
N,
d * x, MT,
z +
v * z, d * y, MY, VZ
v * y, d * z, MZ, VY
Components 1 and 2 represent the axial force, 3 and 4 the torsion, 58 the pri
mary bending and 912 the secondary bending. The transfer equation from
section i to section i+1 is given by:
z i)1 + U i @ z i ) pi
where Ui stands for the transfer matrix of the beam segment i and pi for the
component of the loading acting on segment i. The transfer matrix is as
sembled under the familiar assumptions. Its components are:
Normal axial force:
1 CNmitCN + 1 1 ) 1
U * N +
1
2 EA i EAi)1
0
Torsion:
1 CTmitCT + 1 1 ) 1
U * T +
2 GIT i GITi)1
0 1
Version 10.20
23
STAR2
Primary bending:
1
C1 CH @ C2 CH @ C3
0
C0 CH @ C1 CH @ C2
U * P +
C0
C1
0 C4CH
0
0
1
where
CH + 1 1 ) 1
2 EIY i EIY i)1
1 )
1
CSH + 1
2 GAZ i GAZ i)1
KV + CSH 2
CH @ l
+ (CH @ N) @ l
AK + @ 1 ) 2 @ KV
C0 = COS AK
C1 = l SIN AK /
C2 = l2 ( COS AK 1 ) / 2
C3 = l3 ( SIN AK AK ) / 3
C4 = SIN AK / l
Secondary bending:
1
C1 CQ @ C2 CQ @ C3
0
C0
CQ @ C1
CQ @ C2
U * S +
C0
C1
0 C4CQ
0
0
0
1
24
Version 10.20
mx,dmx =
py,dpy =
pz,dpz
my,dmy =
mz,dmz =
STAR2
ky,dky,d2ky,d3ky
kz,dkz,d2kz,d3kz
uy,duy,d2uy,d3uy
uz,duz,d2uz,d3uz
25
STAR2
2.3.3.
2.3.4.
Principle Axes
The separate analysis in the primary and secondary direction is correct only
when the axes y and z are the principal axes of the cross section. If this condi
tion is not satisfied, the deformations are not computed correctly in case of
statically determinate structures, whereas in case of statically indetermi
nate structures the section forces are wrong too. STAR2 transforms all the
26
Version 10.20
STAR2
loads and the section forces of three dimensional structures into the direc
tions of the principal axes. Variable rotation along the length of a beam can
not be considered however. This transformation can be suppressed in special
cases. The principal axes are always taken into consideration correctly dur
ing design, when biaxial bending is active.
2.4.
2.4.1.
Springs
27
STAR2
Iteration methods a / b
Method a should be used by structures, which soften as they are loaded,
whereas method b should be used for stiffening structural members.
The user must take care so that the system does not become unstable in any
step of the iteration through failure of springs or cables. This can happen, for
instance,if one defines additional springs with small stiffness, resulting to a
small remaining stiffness after the main springs failure. This stiffness
should not be less than the stiffness of the main spring divided by 10000.
28
Version 10.20
STAR2
Trusses
Trusses can be analysed by 2nd or 3rd order theory. 2nd order theory is con
sidered as described in /9/; nodal deformations are additionally taken into ac
count in the construction of the element matrices by 3rd order theory.
2.4.3.
Cable Elements
Cable elements are handled similarly to trusses. Cables can not sustain any
compressive forces. 2nd and 3rd order theories are applicable as for trusses.
A correct computation is generally possible through several iterations only.
In order to analyse a cable structure, which is usually stable only under load
ing, by 1st order theory too, it is assumed that the elements are subjected to
a small prestress.
2.5.
A global stiffness matrix is obtained by adding all the individual element stiff
nesses; after incorporating the geometric boundary conditions, the displace
ments and thus the section forces get computed. If nonlinear springs or a re
positioning of the axial force are present, the input of a number of iterations
within the defined limits will force the whole process to be repeated by updat
ing the secant stiffnesses until a solution is obtained.
2.6.
Limitations
29
STAR2
If these criteria are not met, reaction forces will arise on free nodes.
STAR2 sets a constant stiffness for each segment. The buckling length coeffi
cient after Petersen /6/ p.489 reaches a maximum of 1.22 for a conical beam
under its own weight compared to 1.12 for a prismatic beam (8% error). If the
dimensions are changed by just 10% (IValue by 27.1%), reaches 1.14, corre
sponding to an error of about 2%.
2.7.
Special Topics.
2.7.1.
Predeformations
2.7.2.
DIN 1045 requires an estimation of the effects of creep and shrinkage accord
ing to Section 17.4, when the slenderness of the compressed member is
greater than 70 for immovable or 45 for movable structures and at the same
time the eccentricity e/d is smaller than 2.
Creep deformations are computed for the permanent loads acting in the ser
vice state as well as for any prescribed permanent beam deflections and ec
centricities including the unintentional ones.
An approximate method using an increased unintentional eccentricity is de
scribed in note 220 of DAfSt.
STAR2, however, can perform a more accurate check. A loadcase is built for
this purpose from the loads that cause creep. The resulting deformations,
210
Version 10.20
STAR2
2.7.3.
Prestress
A fixed prestress can be specified in GENF for springs and trusses. This acts
by every loadcase and generates corresponding stresses. A prestress for each
individual loadcase can be defined in STAR2 as well.
A statically determinate component of the prestress (NV0,MV0) for each
loadcase can be defined separately for bending beams. Then, depending on
the number of parameters, any variation of these values from constant to
cubic can be assumed along the beam axis. The effect of prestress is twofold.
On one hand, the section forces are modified by the corresponding prestress
values, and on the other hand, deformations result from prestress, which in
turn lead to compulsory forces in cases of statically indeterminate structures.
Prestress is considered differently for cables and for beam elements. A cable
or a truss can be only prestressed through the external system. Therefore, the
prestress is then analysed like a temperature stressing caused by a strain im
posed on the element. Forces are generated within the elements of an unde
formable structure, whereas in deformable structures the prestress deterio
rates due to selfarising deformations. If one wants to receive a defined
prestress, one must employ therefore an element with very small strain stif
fness.
For beams, by contrast, prestress is defined as an independent state of stress
(prestressed concrete). Since the prestress is imposed on the element itself,
the resulting forces on freely deformable beams are the input section forces
themselves. If the deformation is hindered, compulsory forces arise. In the li
miting case, e.g. if a beam is prevented from deforming in the longitudinal
direction, the resulting axial force is null, because the forces imposed by the
prestressing steel are resisted by the support instead of the beam.
2.7.4.
Shear Deformations
The shear deformation can be also taken into account by the beam elements.
The program AQUA defines the standard shear areas for some cross sections.
The internal force variation in statically indeterminate structures may differ
from the one obtained by pure bending theory, if shear deformation is taken
into consideration.
Version 10.20
211
STAR2
2.7.5.
Design
General parameter
Special parameter for ULTI and NSTR
Reinforcement computation
Strain state
The complete theory for these records can be found in the AQB manual. Only
the descriptions of the input records are given in this manual.
If not all of the beams are to be dimensioned in the same way, this can be
avoided by an external iteration via the record processor PS.
2.8.
Literature.
/1/
/2/
R. Uhrig
Zur Berechnung der Schnittkrfte in Stabtragwerken nach
Theorie II. Ordnung, insbesondere der Verzweigungslasten unter
Bercksichtigung der Schubdeformation.
Der Stahlbau (2/1981), S. 3942
/3/
V.Gensichen
Zum Ansatz ungnstiger Vorverformungen bei der Berechnung
ebener Stabwerke nach der Elastizittstheorie II. Ordnung
Der Bauingenieur 56 (1981), S. 17
/4/
/5/
D.Hosser
Tragfhigkeit und Zuverlssigkeit von Stahlbetondruckgliedern
Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fr Massivbau der TH Darmstadt
Heft 28, Wilhelm Ernst&Sohn 1978
212
Version 10.20
STAR2
/6/
Chr. Petersen
Statik und Stabilitt der Baukonstruktionen
Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig, 1980
/7/
/8/
H.Werner
Rechnerorientierte Nachweise an schlanken Massivbauwerken
Beton und Stahlbetonbau 73 (1978),S. 263268
/9/
S. Palkowski
Einige Probleme der statischen Nachweise von
Seilnetzkonstruktionen
Der Bauingenieur 59 (1984), S. 381388
Version 10.20
213
STAR2
214
Version 10.20
Input Description.
3.1.
Input Language
STAR2
The input is made in the CADINP language (see general manual SOFiSTiK:
FEA / STRUCTURAL Installation and Basics).
3.2.
Input Records
31
STAR2
Record
Items
ECHO
CTRL
GRP
STEX
OPT
OPT
NO
NAME
VAL
VAL
VAL
STIF
SECT
SC
PRES
FACS
FACG
CS
INFL
LC
NL
SL
GSL
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
STEP
NO
NO
NO
DZE
NO
DZE
NO
NO
NO
TTO
NO
CSMA
TITL
FACT
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE
DLX
P1
P
P
DLY
P2
A
A
DLZ
P3
DY
DY
TITL
PF
DZ
DZ
REF
REF
KTYP
KTYP
NOE
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE
REF
TYPE
REF
TYPE
TYPE
FACT
TINC
PHI
KTYP
P
P
PA
A
A
PE
L
L
A
REF
REF
L
NOE
DYA
STEP
DZA
DYE
PA
NOE
P
P
FROM
CFRO
EPS
PE
STEP
DYA
DZA
DYE
TO
CTO
FACV
INC
CINC
FROM
NFRO
NTO
NINC
TFRO
TO
INC
STIF
CSMI
AM1
MOD
MOD
S1
T03
KMOD
CW
AM2
BMOD
BMOD
S2
TVS
KSV
BB
AM3
LCR
STAT
Z1
KTAU
KSB
HMAX
ED
P7
SC1
Z2
TTOL
KMIN
CW
AMAX
P8
SC2
KSV
EGRE
P9
SS1
KSB
NGRE
P10
SS2
SMOD
ZGRP
P11
C1
T01
TANA
P12
C2
T02
KMAX
ALPH
FMAX
SIGS
CRAC
UL
GUL
VL
GVL
CL
TL
LCC
LV
*REIN
*ULTI
*NSTR
SELE
The records marked by * control the design and the stiffness computation.
They are also included in AQB.
The record STEX can be used only for substructuring techniques in combina
tion with HASE.
32
Version 10.20
STAR2
The records HEAD, END and PAGE are described in the general manual SO
FiSTiK: FEA / STRUCTURAL Installation and Basics.
The description of the single records follows.
Version 10.20
33
STAR2
3.3.
Item
Description
OPT
VAL
FORC
DEFO
BDEF
REAC
REIN
NSTR
Reinforcements
Strains and stiffnesses
STEP
FULL
ECHO
Dimension
Default
LIT
FULL
LIT
FULL
The default for options NODE, BEAM, SPRI, BOUN, MAT and SECT as well
as BDEF is NO, for FORC FULL, and for all others YES.
For the effects of all options refer to Chapter 4 (Output description).
34
Version 10.20
STAR2
The option STEP controls the output during nonlinear analyses and its de
fault value is 99. The last iteration is always printed. A negative value for this
option suppresses the output of the initial linear analysis.
Version 10.20
35
STAR2
3.4.
Item
Description
OPT
Control option
VAL
Option value
CTRL
Dimension
Default
LIT
/LIT
CTRL prescribes control parameters of the analysis. The input of a CTRL re
cord with the theory to be used is mandatory. The following particular options
are available:
LIT
Description
Value
De
fault
I
IB
II
IIB
III
IIIB
nIter
nIter
nIter
nIter
nIter
nIter
1
1
1
1
1
1
GEN
GENM
in 0/0
in 0/0
1.0
1.0
AFIX
STYP
36
LIT
CABL
Version 10.20
Group divisor
STAR2
*
When no CTRL record is input, only the loads are stored, or a restart of the
previous analysis takes place in case there arent any loads.
An analysis by 2nd or 3rd order theory requires an initial analysis by 1st order
theory in order to compute the axial loads. Therefore, except for a restart
upon a structure already analysed by 1st order theory, such an analysis must
precede any higher order analysis.
3rd order theory is only considered for truss and cable elements; the difference
between II and IIB as well as between III and IIIB is similarly of importance
only for spring, truss and cable elements.
The input of CTRL I or Ib and ITER greater than 1 results in an analysis with
nonlinear springs by 1st order theory.
The entry for AFIX controls the programs behaviour, when linearly depend
ent degrees of freedom are encountered. Such examples are the continuous
beam, which does not possess any constraints for torsional or axial force, and
any section forces eliminated by hinges or couplings. Degrees of freedom
which do not possess any stiffness, e.g. rotations of a pure truss, are always
suppressed and therefore, they can not be affected by AFIX.
The input parameter STYP is currently used for cable structures in order to
prevent the occurrence of structural instability during iteration. If TRUS is
input, the results must be manually checked at the end of the analysis, to
make sure that all cables carry only tensional forces. A Restart with STYP
CABL must follow otherwise.
In addition, the following options from AQB are available for the design/
strain computation:
AXIA
Type of bending
1 = uniaxial bending (VY=MZ=0)
(default for plane structures)
2 = biaxial bending,
boundary stresses in system of principal axes
(default for threedimensional structures)
VRED
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SMOO
Rounding of moments
0 = no rounding
1 = primary bending only (default)
2 = primary and secondary bending
+128 = no use of reference system
+256 = no shear force conversion by inclined centrobaric axis
+512 = no moment conversion by inclined centrobaric axis
Rounding of the moments takes place only when a support
boundary has been defined in GENF. The shear force at the
support is zero.
INTE
VIIA
VM
Factor with which the axial forces due to shear force from Eqn.
(18) of the AQB manual must be taken up by longitudinal rein
forcement (shift)
0.0 = no consideration (default thus far)
> 0 = factor for value from truss analogy (EC2)
< 0 = factor for cross section height as shift (DIN)
ETOL
IMAX
AMAX
AGEN
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Item
Description
NO
Group number
VAL
Selection
OFF
do not use
YES
use
FULL use and print results
STIF
Stiffness parameters
1
consider rotation of principal
axes
0
do not consider rotation
LIN1 1 + not designed group
LIN0 0 + not designed group
SECT
SC
STAR2
GRP
Dimension
Default
LIT
FULL
LIT
Shear centre
NONE do not consider
YES
consider by loads only
FULL consider fully
LIT
FULL
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Item
Description
Dimension
Default
PRES
Prestress loading
FULL consider all effects
NOTO no torsional components
REST restraint components only
UNRE unrestraint components only
URNT UNRE + NOTO
LIT
FULL
FACS
1.0
FACG
1.0
CS
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Attention:
Only one group selection can be used inside a block for several loadcases.
When no group selection is found, the old one remains in effect along with all
its parameters!
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3.6.
Item
Description
NAME
STAR2
STEX
Dimension
Default
LIT24
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3.7.
INFL Definition of an
Influence Line Loadcase
Item
Description
NO
TITL
INFL
Dimension
Default
LIT24
Required loading
e.g.
Moment
Axial or shear force
Support reaction
Displacement
Unit rotation
Unit displacement
Nodal displacement
Unit load
SL
SL
NL
SL
D.
W.
W.
P.
Example for the influence line of the moment MY at beam 1001 at position
2 by loadcase number 91:
INFL 91
SL 1001 D1 1.0 A 2.0
This concept can be used to compute very particular influence lines too. If e.g.
the influence line for the upper marginal stress of a cross section = N/A
M/W is sought, it can be found by the following input (area A is #10, section
modulus W is #11):
INFL 92
SL 1001 WS 1.0/#10 2.0
SL 1001 D1 1.0/#11 2.0
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3.8.
LC Definition of a Loadcase
Item
Description
NO
STAR2
LC
Dimension
Default
FACT
DLX
DLY
DLZ
0
0
0
TITL
Title of loadcase
LIT24
315
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program SOFiLOAD, if factors for the dead load are defined for DLX, DLY
and DLZ.
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Attention:
The end number is not given any more, as it used to, by the end figure 99, but
through either the specified group divisor (from the database or the value de
fined with CTRL GDIV) or an explicit input of the end number NOE. The load
is limited in either cases, so long as a load length has been defined.
Independently of their actual geometric layout, the beams are interrelated in
the order stored in the database and the numbering increment defined
through STEP. Any entry for REF is taken though into consideration. A warn
ing is issued if the node numbers of two adjacent beams do not match.
Group loads
Explanations about reference system REF:
If a negative A is input, its value will be measured from the end of the beam.
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The eccentricities are defined in the local beam system of the gravity centre
of the beam. Torsional or bending moments are thus generated from loads of
type P.
REF can define the system in which the dimensions of the load (values A and
L) will be input:
S
XX
YY
ZZ
=
=
=
=
SS
XY
XZ
YZ
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3.10.
STAR2
NL Nodal Load
Item
Description
NO
Node number
TYPE
P1
P2
P3
PF
NL
Dimension
Default
LIT
kN, m
kN, m
kN, m
0
0
0
1
=
=
=
=
M
MX
MY
MZ
=
=
=
=
WX
WY
WZ
DX
DY
DZ
Attention!
The specification of a support translation for a coupled degree of freedom
deactivates the coupling. A reinstatement of the coupling condition can not
take place.
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3.11.
Item
Description
NO
Beam number
TYPE
P
A
Load value
Distance of load from beginning of beam
DY
DZ
SL
Dimension
Default
LIT
kN, m
m,
!
0
m
m
0
0
REF
KTYP
Vertex type
POL
discontinuous slope
SPL
continuous slope
LIT
SPL
MS
M1
M2
WS
W1
W2
DS
D1
D2
PX
PY
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MX
MY
MZ
STAR2
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3.12.
Item
Description
NO
TYPE
P
A
Load value
Distance of load from beginning of beam
DY
DZ
GSL
Dimension
Default
LIT
kN, m
m,
!
0
m
m
0
0
REF
KTYP
Vertex type
POL
discontinuous slope
SPL
continuous slope
LIT
SPL
NOE
STEP
*
1
MS
M1
M2
WS
W1
W2
DS
D1
D2
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MX
MY
MZ
STAR2
VS
V1
V2
This defines the vertices of a constant, linear, quadratic or cubic variation, de
pending on the number of these vertices.
For each xvalue only one value per direction should be entered. Jumps in the
variation of the function can be defined by means of two values at a distance
of 0.0001 m. Specifying values for DY or DZ (including 0.) along with VS gen
erates prestress moments V2 or V1 (including 0 !). The default values are not
valid for these parameters.
Only the loads in the defined xregion are applied in case of GSLvariations,
thus at least two entries are necessary. In case of SL on the other hand, the
values for the beginning and/or the end of the beam are automatically sup
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3.13.
Item
Description
NO
Beam number
TYPE
P
A
Load value
Distance of load from beginning of beam
negative: distance measured from end
of beam
Length of the load
(default: to the end of the beam)
REF
STAR2
UL
Dimension
Default
LIT
kN, m
m,
!
0
m,
m,
If the literal CONT is defined for TYPE by UL or GUL, the defaults from the
previous load record are activated.
P (new) = P
A (new) = A+L
(old)
(old)
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3.14.
Item
Description
NO
Beam number
TYPE
P
A
Load value
Distance of load from beginning of beam
negative: distance measured from end
of beam group
Length of the load
(default: to the end of the beam group)
REF
NOE
STEP
GUL
Dimension
Default
LIT
kN, m
m,
!
0
m,
m,
*
1
If the literal CONT is defined for TYPE by UL or GUL , the defaults from the
previous load record are activated.
P (new) = P
A (new) = A+L
(old)
(old)
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VL Linearly Varying on a
Beam
Item
Description
NO
Beam number
TYPE
PA
PE
A
DYA
DZA
DYE
DZE
REF
STAR2
VL
Dimension
Default
LIT
kN, m
kN, m
!
PA
0
m,
m
m
m
m
0
0
DYA
DZA
m,
MS
M1
M2
ES
K1
K2
TS
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T1
T2
PX
PY
PZ
MX
MY
MZ
PXP
PYP
PZP
= Component loads
In case of PXP,PYP and PZP the load values refer to the projected length (e.g.
snow), whereas in case of PX,PY and PZ they refer to the beam axis (e.g. dead
weight).
In case of component loads, the loads act similarly to PX, PY, or PZ. However,
only the components in the corresponding beam directions S, 1 or 2 are ap
plied.
Positive curvature loads cause deformations similar to those from positive
moments.
Positive values of T1, T2 mean that the temperature increases in the direc
tion of the positive 1 or 2 axis. T1, T2 loads can be only set upon beams with
geometrically defined cross sections (AQUA).
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The eccentricities are defined in the local beam system with respect to the
gravity centre of the beam. Torsional or bending moments are thus generated
from loads of type P.
If by VL or GVL the literal CONT is defined for TYPE, the defaults from the
previous load record are activated.
PA (new) = PE
A (new) = A+L
(old)
(old)
101
=
=
PZ
CONT
CONT
PE
PE
PE
100
120
0
L
L
2
5
This input describes a load, which in the first 2 m from the beginning of the
beam climbs from 0 to 100, increases to 120 within another 5 m, and from that
point on it decreases linearly to zero at the end of the beam.
See loading on beam group for explanation of REF
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3.16.
Item
Description
NO
Beam number
TYPE
PA
PE
A
DYA
DZA
DYE
DZE
REF
NOE
STEP
GVL
Dimension
Default
LIT
kN, m
kN, m
!
PA
0
m,
m
m
m
m
0
0
DYA
DZA
m,
S
*
1
MS
M1
M2
ES
K1
K2
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PX
PY
PZ
MX
MY
MZ
PXP
PYP
PZP
STAR2
= Component loads
In case of PXP,PYP and PZP the load values refer to the projected length (e.g.
snow), whereas in case of PX,PY and PZ they refer to the beam axis (e.g. dead
weight).
In case of component loads, the loads act similarly to PX, PY, or PZ. However,
only the components in the corresponding beam directions S, 1 or 2 are ap
plied.
Positive curvature loads cause deformations similar to those from positive
moments.
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Positive values of T1, T2 mean that the temperature increases in the direc
tion of the positive 1 or 2 axis. T1, T2 loads can be only set upon beams with
geometrically defined crosssections (AQUA).
The eccentricities are defined in the local beam system with respect to the
gravity centre of the beam. Torsional or bending moments are thus generated
from loads of type P.
If by VL or GVL the literal CONT is defined for TYPE, the defaults from the
previous load record are activated.
PA (new) = PE (old)
A (new) = A+L (old)
Roof loads etc. can be defined easier this way, e.g:
VL
101
=
=
PZ
CONT
CONT
PE
PE
PE
100
120
0
L
L
2
5
This input describes a load, which in the first 2 m from the beginning of the
beam climbs from 0 to 100, increases to 120 within another 5 m, and from that
point on it decreases linearly to zero at the end of the beam.
See loading on beam group for explanation of REF
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3.17.
CL Loading of Cables
Item
Description
NO
Cable number
TYPE
Load value
STAR2
CL
Dimension
Default
LIT
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
()
(kN)
(_C)
The loads are converted by the program to corresponding nodal loads. The
cable sag can be calculated by the expression:
fo +
p @ l 2
8H o
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3.18.
TL Loading of Trusses
Item
Description
NO
Truss number
TYPE
Load value
TL
Dimension
Default
LIT
334
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
()
(kN)
(_C)
Version 10.20
Item
Description
NO
FACT
STAR2
LCC
Dimension
Default
Number of a loadcase
Factor for load values
FROM
TO
INC
FROM
1
NFRO
NTO
NINC
NFRO
1
TFRO
TTO
TINC
TFRO
1
CFRO
CTO
CINC
CFRO
1
By entering LCC, all previously generated loads of the given loadcase, pro
vided they fall within the specified range, get multiplied by the factor and
added to the current loadcase. This does not hold for dead weight loads (record
LC).
The input of NO and FACT suffices when loads are to imported for all el
ements or nodes.
Creep loadcases from AQB have also still residual stresses, these can not be
incorporated with LCC.
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3.20.
Item
Description
NO
LV
Dimension
Default
PHI
EPS
Creep factor
Shrinkage coefficient
0
0
FACV
FROM
TO
INC
FROM
1
STIF
NO
CSMI
CSMA
CSMI
KTYP
LIT
SPL
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f
* 1.0
1 ) f
The stiffnesses can be used by another loadcase too, so long as all in
volved beams exist as well. For applications and further explanations
refer to Chapter 5.5.
3. The input of CSMI/CSMA results in the calculation of the prestress
loads from the prestressing cables stored in the database. Such loads
will usually have already been generated by GEOS. However, these
loads can be also computed by STAR2 for cases of structural system
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3.21.
DESI
Item
Description
AM1
AM2
AM3
ED
REIN
Dimension
Default
0.1
0.8
3.5
0/00
0.02
0.001
AMAX
Maximum reinforcement
EC2
8%
DIN
9%
EGRE
NGRE
ZGRP
TANA
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Item
Description
Dimension
Default
MOD
Design mode
SECT Reinforcement in cut
BEAM Reinforcement in beam
SPAN Reinforcement in span
GLOB Reinforcement in all effective
beams
TOTL Reinforcement in all beams
LIT
SECT
RMOD
LIT
SING
LCR
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
*
*
*
*
0.20
In the record BEAM the user can define explicitly if this is a bending or com
ressed member. The default value is compressed member if the excentricity
of the load < ED and the magnitude of the compression force > NGRE A r.
The minimum reinforcements AM1 to AM3 apply to all cross sections; they
are input as a percentage of the section area.
The relevant value is the maximum of the minimum reinforcements:
Absolute minimum reinforcement (AM1/AM2)
Minimum reinforcement of statcally required section
Minimum reinforcement defined in cross section program AQUA
Minimum reinforcement stored in the database
Any number of types of reinforcement distribution can be stored in the data
base. Under number LCR, the most recently calculated reinforcement for
graphic depictions and for determinations of strain is stored. LCR=0 is re
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served for the minimum reinforcement. This makes it possible, for instance,
to design some load cases in advance and to prescribe their reinforcements
locally or globally as defaults. The input value RMOD refers to the minimum
and stirrup reinforcement:
SING
SAVE
SUPE
SUPE cannot be used during an iteration, since then the maximum reinforce
ment for an iteration step will no longer be reduced. STAR2 therefore ignores
a specification of SUPE, as long as convergence has not been reached. AQB
can still update the reinforcements at a later time: DESI STAT NO needs to
be specified in that case.
A specification of BEAM, SPAN, GLOB or TOTL under MOD refers to sec
tions with the same section number. For all connected ranges with the same
section, the maximum for the range is incorporated as the minimum rein
forcement. The design is done separately in each case for each load, however,
so that the user can recognize the relevant load cases.
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Distribution of reinforcements
Use of minimum reinforcement in ultimate load design has a detrimental ef
fect on the shear reinforcement, since the lever of internal forces is reduced.
The user can take the appropriate precautions by specifying a minimum lever
arm in AQUA.
Since this effect is especially strong with tendons, AQBS can give special ef
fect to the latter in ultimate load design. This option is controlled with ZGRP:
ZGRP = 0
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ZGRP < 0
If ZGRP < > 0 has been specified, the tendons are grouped into tendon groups.
The group is a whole number proportion which comes from dividing the
identification number of the tendon by ZGRP. Group 0 is specified with its
whole area, the upper group as needed. Any group higher than 4 is assigned
group 4. The group number of the tendons is independent of the group number
of the nonprestressed reinforcement.
Assume that tendons with the numbers 1, 21, 22 and 101 have been defined.
With the appropriate inputs for ZGRP, the following division is obtained:
ZGRP
ZGRP
0
10
Default
5
Typical
0.5 50
When designing, the strain plane is iterated by the BFGS method. The
required reinforcement is determined in the innermost loop according
to the minimum of the squared errors. The default value for P8 leads
to the same dimensions for the errors. The value of P7 has been deter
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F1 = P7 (zmaxzmin)P8
F2 = P7 (ymaxymin)P8
Default
1.0
Typical
0.21.0
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3.22.
Item
REIN NSTR
DESI
Dimension
Default
MOD
Design mode
SECT Reinforcement in cut
BEAM Reinforcement in beam
SPAN Reinforcement in span
GLOB Reinforcement in all effective
beams
TOTL Reinforcement in all beams
LIT
RMOD
LIT
STAT
LIT
SERV
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Item
Description
Dimension
Default
SC1
SC2
SS1
SS2
C1
C2
S1
S2
Z1
o/oo
o/oo
o/oo
o/oo
o/oo
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
o/oo
KSV
KSB
UL
UL
SMOD
LIT
Z2
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Description
T01
T02
T03
TVS
KTAU
TTOL
Dimension
Default
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
T02
/LIT
0.02
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GEBR
BRUC
DIN
DINA
DINL
DINC
EC2
EC2A
EC2B
OE
OEB
SIA
SIAB
BS
BSU
ACI
AASH
1.75
1.00
1.50
1.30
1.30
1.10
1.50
1.30
1.35
1.50
1.30
1.20
1.00
1.50
1.30
0.90
0.90
SC2
SS1
SS2
C1
C2
S1
S2
Z1
Z2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.1
2.1
5.0
5.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
20.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
When designing for ultimate load or combinations with divided safety factors,
the load factor must be contained in the internal forces and moments. One
way to accomplish this is with the COMB records.
The maximum strain depends on the stressstrain curve. The value of 2.2 is
reduced for example at the old DIN or high strength concrete automatically.
Note:
The statically determined portion of the forces and moments of prestressing
is always deducted when determining the external forces and moments. This
contribution is found from the location of the tendons and their tensile force.
The specification of MOD and RMOD describe the handling of the minimum
reinforcement. This is explained in more detail in the record REIN. The va
lues which are input there serve as the defaults for the values in this record.
For stirrup reinforcement only the values of the record REIN are used.
A specifiaction of the bifurcation factor BETA in record BEAM is changed to
additional moments according to DIN 1045 17.4.3 resp. Eurocode 4.3.5.6.
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resp. DIN 1045 neu 5.6.4. resp. OeNORM B 4700 2.4.3.. The design will al
ways generate both bending axis. The output of the extra moments is given
with the stresses of the combinations.
This design operation is also suitable for nonreinforced sections. In that case
the program produces internal forces and moments which are in the same
proportion to each other as the external forces and moments. The safety fac
tors SC1 and SC2 have to be defined dependent on the design code. The pro
gram then shows the relative load carrying capacity and prints a warning if
this should fall below 1.0.
The values Z1 and Z2 do not limit the range of possible strains, but the maxi
mum corresponding values are used as strain increments for the tension
members in the section. This is necessary, for instance, when designing with
partial prestressing under DIN 4227 Part 2.
With KSV and KSB will be controlled the material law. You may enter:
EL
ELD
SL
SLD
UL
ULD
PL
PLD
The calculation can be carried out with other material values than those de
fined in AQUA by entering a numerical value fpor KSV/KSB. The entered
value is then added to all material numbers. If the input value KSV or KSB
is defined with 100 more than its value, then the partial safety coefficients
which are defined in AQUA are not selected. This is normally the case be
cause of the different safety coefficients of individual loadcase combinations.
If this value is increased by 200, then the stressstrain curve for the service
bility limit will be used if such a law has been defined in AQUA.
The shear design finds the lever of internal forces for all load cases with com
pression and tension forces in the section, and finds the shear stress and
shear reinforcement resulting from shearing force and torsion. The shear
stress limits are set automatically depending on SMOD and the material. De
viating values for the shear stress limits can be defined with a record STRE
(under 4227 only) or T01 to TVS. Since in case of excess of the shear stress
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limits no design more occurs, this with a tolerance can be exceeded onto own
responsibility of the user.
Consideration of the displacement of the envelope line of the tensile force
(shift rule) depends upon the CTRL option VM.
If a section is to be considered as a plate has already been defined with the
section itself. The definition of KTAU is thus only effective for those sections.
By entering 4253 this OENORM design code will by in effect. Then instead
of decreasing the stress TVS, the inclination of the truss according to
12.2.2.(3) will be decreased.
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Version 10.20
3.23.
REIN DESI
Item
Description
KMOD
STAR2
NSTR
Dimension
Default
Determining stiffness
S0
State definition without
change of stiffnesses
S1
Secant stiffness from given
curvatures
SN
Secant stiffness from given
moments
K0
Plastic strains without itera
tion
K1
Plastic strains from given
curvatures
KN
Plastic strains from given
moments
T0
Tangent stiffness without
iteration
T1
Tangent stiffness from given
curvatures
TN
Tangent stiffness from given
moments
S0/S1
KSV
KSB
*
*
KMIN
KMAX
Minimum stiffness
Maximum stiffness
0.01
4.00
ALPH
FMAX
Damping factor
Acceleration factor
0.4
5.0
Version 10.20
351
STAR2
Item
Description
Dimension
Default
SIGS
N/mm2
CRAC
LIT
CW
BB
mm/
0.2/1
0.5
HMAX
CW
m
mm/
0.8
CW
Very large (fully plastic) strains will be created which are in the same
ratio as given moment and shear force. Internal forces will be calcu
352
Version 10.20
STAR2
lated which are not exactly with the same ratio, but the points will be
on the interaktion curve.
Design plasticplastic
When iterating between STAR2 and AQB a calculation according to the
yield zone theory is allowed.
The design check of the b/tratio has differences for the elastic region and the
fully plastic region. As an interpolation is not foreseen, AQB will use the more
restrictive formulas whenever the maximum stress is within 1 o/oo of the
yield limit. With NSTR DEHN S0 table 15 of DIN 18800 is used, for all other
cases table 18.
Different variants are provided for determining the strain condition, because
of the complicated iterative calculation with STAR2 (see Section 2.7.6.). Se
lecting another method than S0 only makes sense within AQB if an iterative
calculation in alternation with STAR2 is being used, see procedure PS (cf.
5.2.2. prefabricated column).
The calculation can be carried out with different material values and safeties.
This is controlled via KSV and KSB. With that one can define for example also
deviating stressstrain curves for the service state. Meant in this case:
EL
ELD
SL
SLD
UL
ULD
PL
PLD
TS0
353
STAR2
The calculation can be carried out with other material values than those de
fined in AQUA by entering a numerical value for KSV and KSB (=ULD). The
entered value is then added to all material numbers. If the input value KSV
or KSB is defined with 100 more than its value, then the partial safety coeffi
cients which are defined in AQUA are not selected (=ULM). If this value is
increased by 200, then the stressstrain curve for the servicebility limit will
be used if such a law has been defined in AQUA (=SL).
To calculate the correct strain condition, knowledge of the actual existing re
inforcement is needed. If the latter was not defined in AQUA as the minimum
reinforcement, then an appropriate DESI record needs to have been calcu
lated in advance. The most recently determined distribution of reinforce
ments for each case is saved in the database. This is not valid, however, for
the intenal forces and moments of the load case 0 !
Static calculation with nonlinear stiffnesses in AQB is successful only if
STAR2 is called again with a new iteration as a restart after AQB, and this
process is repeated until convergence occurs. Thus it is recommended to de
fine these records within STAR2 and to increase the number of iterations
within STAR2.
Selection of the optimum iteration method is difficult. The user should start
with SN for lightly loaded systems and with S1 for more heavily loaded sys
tems, and should then shift to K1 or K0 if necessary. When there are many
similar systems, it pays to find the optimum method by experimentation.
To prevent endangering the iteration procedure, only changes of stiffness of
a certain magnitude are permitted. A value of 0.4 for ALPH means that in
each step the stiffness can decrease at most to 1/(1+0.4) times its value, or in
crease at most to 1/(10.4) times its value. Independently of that, the stiff
nesses remain limited to the range between KMIN and KMAX, referenced to
the elastic stiffness.
With critical systems, which exceed their loading capacity in the course of the
iteration, it may be necessary to limit the maximum acceleration factor with
FMAX. A value of less than 1.0 damps the iteration procedure. A value of 0.0
turns the procedure off. The default of FMAX is 2.0 at a calculation with
NSTR KMOD SN and CTRL INTE 4.
With default of CRAC a check of the crack width and/or the limit diameter
with the diameters defined in AQUA and possible reference areas is led. The
parameter CW then has various meanings:
354
Version 10.20
STAR2
Version 10.20
CW = 1.0
CW = 0.75
CW = 0.50
(default)
355
STAR2
356
Version 10.20
STAR2
Output Description.
4.1.
Load Assembly
Provided that loads were generated, the global factor for each loadcase as well
as the dead weight components and all other loads of the loadcase (multiplied
by the factor) are output.
The load type and the direction of the beam loads is given by a four letter
combination:
a b c d
Possible values for a:
S
U
V
C
Single load
Uniform load
Variable load
Cubic load
(values generated by program)
for b:
L
P
for c:
P
M
W
D
U
T
V
E
K
Force
Moment
Displacement
Rotation
Initial deformation
Temperature
Prestress
Strain
Curvature
for d:
S
1
2
X
Y
Z
Local directions
Version 10.20
Global directions
41
STAR2
4.2.
Nodes and support conditions as well as all elements can be output. This is
done by merely inputting the corresponding ECHO options NODE, BEAM,
SPRI, BOUN or FULL. ECHO NODE FULL causes the additional output of
the equation numbers of the degrees of freedom. This is helpful in detecting
movable parts of the structure.
Every time the equation system is reassembled, its parameters are output to
the protocol file.
4.3.
Results
The beam section forces and possibly the deformations are output for each
section as well as for all positions, at which point loads are applied. The sign
convention can be found in Section 2.2. In case of SECT and DEFO, YES re
sults in a printout of values at explicit output sections only. Values at posi
tions between sections where point loads are applied are printed using FULL.
Values at all sections are printed using EXTR.
Where applicable, the internal forces and deformations of springs, truss and
cable elements are output.
The displacements and rotations of nodes are output in mm and 0/00, respect
ively, in the directions of the coordinates. Rotations are positive clockwise.
Forces arise at all nodes with supports, couplings or elastic foundations.
These are output as follows:
ECHO REAC YES
ECHO REAC FULL
ECHO REAC EXTR
only reactions
reactions + coupling forces
all nodal forces (accuracy check)
When forces are exerted on a free node, then either a support has been erron
eously specified or the machines accuracy is not sufficient for solving the sys
tem.
The sum of the reaction forces is an important index for the completeness of
the loads.
4.4.
A printout of the 1st iteration step (1st order theory) as well as a printout
after the last step take place when nothing is input. If convergence is reached
within the specified limits, its results are output too.
42
Version 10.20
STAR2
Output after every nth step can be requested by ECHO STEP. The output
of the initial linear analysis can be suppressed by using ECHO STEP 99.
4.5.
Convergence Criteria
It gets checked by every iteration step, whether the accuracy lies within the
prescribed limits. This is performed separately for forces, moments, displace
ments and rotations. The procedure is the following:
The difference between the result value during the current and the one
during the previous iteration is determined at each result point. This
difference must be smaller than the absolute result value multiplied by
the precision tolerance. If the value is smaller than the largest value
encountered in the structure times the precision tolerance, the percen
tage difference is not computed. This way very small values, which e.g.
oscillate around zero from one iteration to the other, thus generating
very high percentage changes, get no consideration at all.
A summary of these values is printed at the beginning of each output iter
ation. These values are also output to the screen or to the protocol file for all
iterations.
4.6.
Design Output
Design results are output after every iteration which was requested by
ECHO STEP, as well as after reaching convergence. There are three tables:
1. Design results of the individual loadcases
(only by ECHO REIN FULL)
2. Design parameters
3. Accumulation of the computed reinforcement
The design parameter tables include for each section:
Beamno
x(m)
NCS
LC
NI
MyI/MzI
Version 10.20
Beam number
Xvalue of the beam section
Cross section number
Loadcase number
Internal axial force in kN
Internal moments in kNm
43
STAR2
e1
e2
yN
zN
sc/ss
RELTRA
As
R
If the strength of the cross section is not exhausted, the internal section forces
are larger than the external forces by the factor RELTRA. If the cross section
is overstressed, RELTRA can be smaller than 1.0 as well. If the minimum re
inforcement of the statically required cross section is critical, the internal sec
tion forces are computed using the minimum reinforcement percentage,
while the reinforcement is already reduced by the factor. The indication "not
recommended" appears, when a cross section is not designed due to low stres
sing. The absolute limit strain EGRE defined in record REIN serves as cri
terion in this case.
The global parameters of the design (limit strains, safety factors and mini
mum reinforcement ratios) are output in a preceding table.
The maximum reinforcement ratios are output in an additional table. (By
GLOB and TOTL for each cross section, by SPAN and BEAM for the begin
ning of each region, by SECT for each section).
4.7.
Stiffness Computation
44
Beam number
Xvalue of beam section
Cross section number
Loadcase number
Internal axial force
Strain at gravity centre in 0/00
Version 10.20
STAR2
Internal moment
Internal moment
Curvatures in (1/km)
Effective Emodulus
Effective Emodulus
Height of compressive zone
EXTR
Table omitted
Table as described above
In addition, the maximum and minimum
strains and stresses of the full cross section
(Q), the prestressing steel (S) and the plain
reinforcement (B).
Stress and strain at all points of the cross
section
Remark:
The effective Emoduli are corrected after output in order to improve conver
gence as well as to conform to current maximum and minimum values. These
values are secant moduli and they can even be larger than the elastic
Emoduli in case of oblique bending.
The maximum strains for prestressing steel are given as differences from the
concrete strains, not as total values.
Version 10.20
45
STAR2
46
Version 10.20
Examples
5.1.
STAR2
The elastically restrained cantilever column from /6/, Page 344, is used as an
example (see figure):
Cantilever column
The cross section is generated by the program AQUA and the following input:
PROG
HEAD
HEAD
STEE
SECT
END
AQUA
EXAMPLE 1 : ELASTICALLY RESTRAINED CANTILEVER SUPPORT
SEE PETERSEN 2. EDITION PAGE 344
1 ST 37
1 ; PROF 1 IPB 500
Version 10.20
51
STAR2
In order to obtain intermediate results, the beam was subdivided into 3 seg
ments. The input for GENF is:
PROG
HEAD
HEAD
NODE
BEAM
SPRI
END
GENF
EXAMPLE 1 : ELASTICALLY RESTRAINED CANTILEVER SUPPORT
SEE PETERSEN 2. EDITION PAGE 344
1 0 0 PP ; NODE 2 8 0
1 1 2 NCS 1 DIV 3
1 1 DZ 1.0 CM 1.447E5
MIN
.000
.000
.000
MAX
8.000
.000
.000
MATERIALS
No. 1 ST 37 (DIN 17100)
Youngsmodulus
210000
[MPa]
Safetyfactor
1.00
[]
PoissonRatio
0.30
[]
Yield stress fy
240.00
[MPa]
Shearmodulus
81000
[MPa]
Tens. strength
370.00
[MPa]
Compression modulus 171821
[MPa]
Ultim. plast. strain
0.00 [o/oo]
Weight
78.5 [kN/m3]
Relaxation at .55ft
0.00
[]
Weight buoyancy
0.0 [kN/m3]
Relaxation at .70ft
0.00
[]
Temp.elongat.coeff.1.20E05
[]
national bond coeff.
0.00
[]
EC2 bondcoeff. K1
0.00
[]
Hardening modulus
0.00
[MPa]
C R O S S S E C T I O N S
S T A T I C
P R O P E R T I E S
No MNo
A[m2] Ay/Az/Ayz Iy/Iz/Iyz
ys/zs y/zsc
modules
gam
MNs
It[m4]
[m2]
[m4]
[m]
[m]
[MPa] [kN/m3]
1
1 2.3864E02 1.400E02 1.073E03
.000
.000
210000
78.5
4.925E06 6.694E03 1.260E04
.000
.000
81000
= IPB 500
B E A M
E L E M E N T S
beam
node
x[m] NoS Ref
1
1
.000
1
2.667
1
5.333
1
2
8.000
1
52
hinges
Version 10.20
CP[kN/m]
STAR2
CQ[kN/m]
CM[kNm] Np[kN]
1.447E+05
STAR2
ANALYSIS UNDER 1.71TIMES LOAD AFTER 2ND ORDER THEORY
II 2
1.71
PY 35
PX 1150
The analysis gets started with the above input. An output of the loads comes
first:
L O A D C A S E
load factor
factor
dlx
factor
dly
factor
dlz
1
1.710
.000
.000
.000
N O D A L
L O A D S
node
PX[kN]
PY[kN]
2
1966.5
2
59.9
PZ[kN]
MX[kNm]
MY[kNm]
MZ[kNm]
The input loads have already been multiplied here by the safety factor.
A printout of the results from 1st order theory follows, and then from 2nd
order theory:
linear
results
Loadfactor 1.71
B E A M
F O R C E S
A N D
M O M E N T S
Loadcase
1
2nd Order Theory Iteration 0
beam
X
N
VZ
MY
No
[m]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
1
.00
1966.5
59.9 478.80
2.67
1966.5
59.9 319.18
5.33
1966.5
59.9 159.62
8.00
1966.5
59.9
.00
F O R C E S AND
D I S P L A C E M E N T S
Loadcase
1
2nd Order Theory Iteration 0
Version 10.20
OF
S P R I N G S
53
STAR2
Number
1
N O D A L
Loadcase
nodes
No
1
2
P[kN]
.0
PV[kN]
.0
M[kNm]
478.80
u[mm]
.000
uq[mm] phi[mrad]
.000
3.309
D I S P L A C E M E N T S
AND
R E A C T I O N S
2nd Order Theory Iteration 0
uX
uY
PHIZ
PX
PY
MZ
[mm]
[mm] [mrad]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
.000
.000
3.309 1966.5
59.9 478.80
3.139 72.686 11.809
1
S U M
PX [kN]
1966.5
1966.5
Loads
Reactions
PY [kN]
59.9
59.9
PZ [kN]
.0
.0
The sum of the reaction forces should be checked for correctness every time;
it is an indication for the completeness of the loads.
Since the axial force is statically determinate, one iteration is sufficient for
obtaining results by 2nd order theory; additional results were not requested
by the record CTRL. The program, however, can determine only through a
2nd iteration that nothing has changed from the previous one, and only then
can it terminate the analysis.
second order theory results
iteration 2
Loadfactor 1.71
C O N V E R G E N C E
A C H I E V E D
accuracy:
absolute
relative
achieved
limit
achieved
limit
( kN, kNm, m, rad)
(percent)
forces
0.000E+00 1.966E+01
1.00
moments
0.000E+00 6.898E+00
1.00
displacements
0.000E+00 1.073E03
1.00
rotations
0.000E+00 1.762E04
1.00
B E A M
F O R C E S
A N D
M O M E N T S
Nonlinear loadcase
1
2nd Order Theory Iteration
beam
X
N
VZ
MY
No
[m]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
1
.00
1966.5
59.9 689.78
2.67
1966.5
59.9 485.03
5.33
1966.5
59.9 250.32
8.00
1966.5
59.9
.00
F O R C E S
AND
Nonlinear loadcase
Number
P[kN]
54
D I S P L A C E M E N T S
OF
S P R I N G S
1
2nd Order Theory Iteration 2
PV[kN]
M[kNm]
u[mm]
uq[mm] phi[mrad]
Version 10.20
.0
.0
689.78
STAR2
.000
.000
4.767
N O D A L
D I S P L A C E M E N T S
AND
R E A C T I O N S
Nonlinear loadcase
1
2nd Order Theory Iteration 2
nodes
uX
uY
PHIZ
PX
PY
MZ
No
[mm]
[mm] [mrad]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
1
.000
.000
4.767 1966.5
59.9 689.78
2
3.139 107.288 17.618
S U M
Loads
Reactions
PX [kN]
1966.5
1966.5
PY [kN]
59.9
59.9
PZ [kN]
.0
.0
The moment by 2nd order theory is somewhat smaller than the one calculated
by Petersen; this can be traced back to the fact, that the "DischingerFor
mula" used by Petersen can not produce results better than the exact solution
computed by STAR2.
In a second computation the column is analysed for 1,50times bigger load
and an 1/250 oblique position of the cantilever. The oblique position is given
as a point beam load and it is not multiplied by the safety factor (see check
output of the loads).
The input is as follows:
PROG STAR2
HEAD LOADING CASE 2:
CTRL II 2
ECHO LOAD
LC 2 1.50
LCC 1
SL 1 U2 0.032 8
END
2
1.500
.000
.000
.000
N O D A L
L O A D S
node
PX[kN]
PY[kN]
2
1725.0
2
52.5
Version 10.20
PZ[kN]
MX[kNm]
MY[kNm]
MZ[kNm]
55
STAR2
B E A M
L O A D S
Beamno type
a[m]
1 VLU2
.00
l[m]
8.00
load1
.00
The sign of the oblique position must be input in the local coordinate system
of the beam. For the selected system of coordinates (zaxis pointing to the
back), the positive zregion is to the right of the beam direction.
The following values result from 2nd order theory:
second order theory results
iteration 2
Loadfactor 1.50
C O N V E R G E N C E
A C H I E V E D
accuracy:
absolute
relative
achieved
limit
achieved
limit
( kN, kNm, m, rad)
(percent)
forces
0.000E+00 1.725E+01
1.00
moments
0.000E+00 6.485E+00
1.00
displacements
0.000E+00 1.324E03
1.00
rotations
0.000E+00 2.049E04
1.00
B E A M
F O R C E S
A N D
M O M E N T S
Nonlinear loadcase
2
2nd Order Theory Iteration
beam
X
N
VZ
MY
No
[m]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
1
.00
1725.0
52.5 648.47
2.67
1725.0
52.5 452.93
5.33
1725.0
52.5 232.83
8.00
1725.0
52.5
.00
F O R C E S
AND
Nonlinear loadcase
Number
P[kN]
1
.0
D I S P L A C E M E N T S
OF
S P R I N G S
2
2nd Order Theory Iteration 2
PV[kN]
M[kNm]
u[mm]
uq[mm] phi[mrad]
.0
648.47
.000
.000
4.482
N O D A L
D I S P L A C E M E N T S
AND
R E A C T I O N S
Nonlinear loadcase
2
2nd Order Theory Iteration 2
nodes
uX
uY
PHIZ
PX
PY
MZ
No
[mm]
[mm] [mrad]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
1
.000
.000
4.482 1725.0
52.5 648.47
2
2.754 100.449 16.489
S U M
Loads
Reactions
56
PX [kN]
1725.0
1725.0
PY [kN]
52.5
52.5
PZ [kN]
.0
.0
Version 10.20
STAR2
5.2.
Presented below is a wind frame crossed with tensile diagonals, which serves
as an example for the application of the nonlinear effects of truss and cable
elements.
Wind frame
The input for the program GENF reads as follows:
PROG GENF
HEAD CABLE ELEMENT LATERAL BRACING
NODE 1 0 0 F ; 2 0 3 ; 3 3 3 ; 4 3 0 F
MAT 1
SVAL 1 1 .001
TRUS (1 3 1) (1 1) (2 1)
CABL 11 1 3 ; 12 2 4
END
Version 10.20
57
STAR2
MIN
MAX
.000
3.000
.000
3.000
.000
.000
M A T E R I A L S
No. 1
Youngmodule
30000
[MPa]
Safetyfactor
1.00
[]
PoissonRatio
.20
[]
Shearmodule
12500
[MPa]
Compress.module
16667
[MPa]
Weight
25.0 [kN/m3]
Weight buoyancy
15.0 [kN/m3]
Temperat. coeff. 1.00E05
[]
C R O S S S E C T I O N S
S T A T I C
P R O P E R T I E S
No MNo
A[m2] Ay/Az/Ayz Iy/Iz/Iyz
ys/zs y/zsc
modules
gam
MNs
It[m4]
[m2]
[m4]
[m]
[m]
[MPa] [kN/m]
1
1 1.0000E03
8.333E11
.000
.000
30000
25.0
1.520E04
8.333E11
.000
.000
12500
T R U S S
Number
1
2
3
E L E M E N T S
Nodeno
section
1
2
1
2
3
1
3
4
1
L[m]
3.000
3.000
3.000
Np[kN]
C A B L E
Number
11
12
E L E M E N T S
Nodeno
section
1
3
1
2
4
1
L[m]
4.243
4.243
Np[kN]
Both loading cases are analysed using two data blocks of STAR2 input. This
is usually required by nonlinear loadcases. A maximum of 5 iterations is al
lowed by the CTRL record, while the input of ECHO STEP 1 requests a print
out after every iteration for the observation of the iteration progress.
PROG
HEAD
CTRL
ECHO
LC 1
NL 2
END
CTRL
ECHO
LC 2
58
STAR2
WIND TO THE LEFT WIND TO THE RIGHT
II 5
STEP 1
PX 10
II 5
STEP 1
Version 10.20
STAR2
NL 3 PX 10
END
The results for loadcase 1 after the linear analysis as well as after the 2nd
iteration are given in the next pages.
linear
results
Loadfactor 1.00
F O R C E S
IN
T R U S S E L E M E N T S
Loadcase
1
2nd Order Theory Iteration 0
Number
N[kN]
u[mm]
1
5.6
.558
2
4.4
.442
3
4.4
.442
F O R C E S
IN
C A B L E E L E M E N T S
Loadcase
1
2nd Order Theory Iteration 0
Number
N[kN]
u[mm]
uq[mm]
11
6.3
.884
12
7.9
1.115
N O D A L
Loadcase
nodes
No
1
2
3
4
D I S P L A C E M E N T S
AND
R E A C T I O N S
2nd Order Theory Iteration 0
uX
uY
PHIZ
PX
PY
MZ
[mm]
[mm] [mrad]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
.000
.000
.000
4.4
10.0
.00
2.135
.558
.000
1.693
.442
.000
.000
.000
.000
5.6
10.0
.00
S U M
Loads
Reactions
PX [kN]
10.0
10.0
PY [kN]
.0
.0
PZ [kN]
.0
.0
C O N V E R G E N C E
A C H I E V E D
accuracy:
absolute
relative
achieved
limit
achieved
limit
( kN, kNm, m, rad)
(percent)
forces
1.639E02 1.415E01
1.00
moments
0.000E+00 1.000E05
1.00
displacements
3.455E06 4.830E05
1.00
rotations
0.000E+00 1.000E05
1.00
Version 10.20
59
STAR2
F O R C E S
IN
T R U S S E L E M E N T S
Nonlinear loadcase
1
2nd Order Theory Iteration
Number
N[kN]
u[mm]
1
.0
.000
2
10.0
1.000
3
10.0
1.000
F O R C E S
IN
C A B L E E L E M E N T S
Nonlinear loadcase
1
2nd Order Theory Iteration
Number
N[kN]
u[mm]
uq[mm]
11
14.1
2.001
12
.0
3.415
N O D A L
D I S P L A C E M E N T S
AND
R E A C T I O N S
Nonlinear loadcase
1
2nd Order Theory Iteration 2
nodes
uX
uY
PHIZ
PX
PY
MZ
No
[mm]
[mm] [mrad]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
1
.000
.000
.000
10.0
10.0
.00
2
4.830
.000
.000
3
3.830 1.000
.000
4
.000
.000
.000
.0
10.0
.00
S U M
Loads
Reactions
PX [kN]
10.0
10.0
PY [kN]
.0
.0
PZ [kN]
.0
.0
If vertical loads are applied in this example too, both cables will be subjected
to compression. The structure is then movable. One should additionally intro
duce either prestress (followup drawing of the tension jacks) or auxiliary el
ements with approximately 1 0/00 of the cable elongation stiffness.
5.3.
Girder.
Girders lie in the XY plane and they are loaded perpendicularly to their
plane. The Zaxis points downwards in this case. The encountered section
forces are Vz, Mt and My (corresponding to the crosssectional parameters Az,
It and Iy). The analysis of girders is possible by 1st order theory only.
510
Version 10.20
STAR2
Girder
A 2span girder with 3 main girders serves as an example. The outer main
girder is loaded by 50 kN/m. The input data for GENF and STAR2 read:
PROG GENF
HEAD GIRDER
SYST GIRD
CONC 1 B 25
SVAL 1 1 1 IT .024279
SVAL 2 1 1 IT .002794
NODE 1 0 7 ; 7 24 7 ;
MESH 1 7 27 21 6 2
$ FIXED NODES
NODE (1 21 10) FIX PZ
BEAM ( 1 6 1) ( 1 1)
BEAM (11 16 1) (11 1)
BEAM (21 26 1) (21 1)
BEAM (31 37 1) ( 1 1)
BEAM (41 47 1) (11 1)
END
IY .030375
IY .003125
21 0 0 ; 27 24 0
and:
PROG STAR2
HEAD GRIDWORK
CTRL I
LC 1
UL (1 6 1) PZ 50
END
511
STAR2
B E A M
F O R C E S
A N D
M O M E N T S
Loadcase
1
beam
X
VZ
MT
MY
No
[m]
[kN]
[kNm]
[kNm]
1
.00
206.2
43.39
13.41
1.00
156.2
43.39
167.77
2.00
106.2
43.39
298.95
3.00
56.2
43.39
380.14
4.00
6.2
43.39
411.32
2
.00
40.8
8.45
407.19
1.00
9.2
8.45
422.99
2.00
59.2
8.45
388.79
3.00
109.2
8.45
304.58
4.00
159.2
8.45
170.38
3
.00
142.9
27.81
178.84 ... and so on
512
Version 10.20
STAR2
5.4.
Threedimensional Frame.
Version 10.20
513
STAR2
AQUA
POS D2: WINDBREAK
1 ST 37
1 ; PROF 1 SH 100 100 4
2 ; PROF 2 SH 100 100 4
3 ; PLAT 1
0
0
95 141
2
95 141 178
85
3 178 85 100
20
4 100
20 100
140
5 100 140
0
140
6
0 140
0
0
SECT 4 ; PLAT 1
0
0 185
274
2 185 274 102
330
3 102 330
7
189
4
7 189 55
97
5 55
97 83
56
6 83
56
0
0
7
7 189 88
330
8 88 330 169
274
9 169 274 55
97
SECT 5 ..... (not printed here)
END
5
=
=
=
=
=
5.6
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
514
Version 10.20
STAR2
PROG GENF
HEAD POS D2: WINDBREAK
SYST SPAC
NODE 1 3.00 0.00 4.25
2 2.00 0.60 5.9
3 1.00 0.00 4.25
4 2.00 0.00 2.65 YP
5 0.00 0.00 2.65
11 3.00 1.66 4.25
12 3.27 1.66 3.85 PP
NODE 21 3.00 3.32 4.25
22 2.00 2.72 5.9
23 1.00 3.32 4.25
24 2.00 3.32 2.65 YP
25 0.00 3.32 2.65
NODE 6 3.1 0.00 5.90 F $ REFERENCE NODE
7 2
3.40 2.65 F
8 2
3.40 5.90 F
9 3.1 3.40 2.65 F
10 3.1 0.00 4.25 F
NODE 11 FIX KF 12
ADEF 1 ; BDIV .07 ; .66 ; .66 ; .66 ; .07 .07
ADEF 2 ; BDIV .67 ; .66 ; .66 ; .66 ; .67 .67
ADEF 3 ; BDIV .67 ; .66 ; .33 .33
ADEF 4 ; BDIV .33 ; .66 ; .67 .67
BEAM 1 1 11 10 4 NBD 3
2 2 22
6 5 NBD 1
3 11 21 10 4 NBD 4
4 4 24
9 3 NBD 2
5 5 25 56 1 NBD 2
10 4 5 9 2 DIV 2 ; 11 24 25 9 2 DIV 2
20 4 3 7 1 DIV 2 ; 21 24 23 7 1 DIV 2
30 5 3 0 1 DIV 2 ; 31 25 23 0 1 DIV 2
40 3 1 0 2 DIV 2 ; 41 23 21 0 2 DIV 2
50 4 1 0 1 DIV 2 ; 51 24 21 0 1 DIV 2
60 1 2 0 1 DIV 2 ; 61 21 22 0 1 DIV 2
70 3 2 0 1 DIV 2 ; 71 23 22 0 1 DIV 2
END
C O O R D I N A T E S
AND
S U P P O R T S
X[m]
Y[m]
Z[m] Support Conditions
Version 10.20
515
STAR2
1
3.000
.000
4.250
2
2.000
.600
5.900
3
1.000
.000
4.250
4
2.000
.000
2.650
5
.000
.000
2.650
6
3.100
.000
5.900
7
2.000
3.400
2.650
8
2.000
3.400
5.900
9
3.100
3.400
2.650
10
3.100
.000
4.250
11
3.000
1.660
4.250
12
3.270
1.660
3.850
21
3.000
3.320
4.250
22
2.000
2.720
5.900
23
1.000
3.320
4.250
24
2.000
3.320
2.650
25
.000
3.320
2.650
MIN
.000
.000
5.900
MAX
3.270
3.400
2.650
PX
PZ
PX
PX
PX
PX
PX
PY
PY
PY
PY
PY
PZ
PZ
PZ
PZ
PZ
PX
PY
PZ
PX
MX
MX
MX
MX
MX
MY
MY
MY
MY
MY
MZ
MZ
MZ
MZ
MZ
MB
MB
MB
MB
MB
K I N E M A T I C
C O N S T R A I N T S
Node LV type reference
dx
11
1
KF
12
.270
PZ
dy
.000
dz
df
.400
MATERIALS
No. 1 ST 37 (DIN 17100)
Youngsmodulus
210000
[MPa]
Safetyfactor
1.10
[]
PoissonRatio
0.30
[]
Yield stress fy
240.00 [MPa]
Shearmodulus
81000
[MPa]
Tens. strength ft
370.00 [MPa]
Compression modulus
171821
[MPa]
Ultim. plast. strain 0.00 [o/oo]
Weight
78.5 [kN/m3]
Relaxation at .55ft
0.00
[]
Weight buoyancy
0.0 [kN/m3]
Relaxation at .70ft
0.00
[]
Temp.elongat.coeff. 1.20E05
[]
national bond coeff. 0.00
[]
CROSSSECTIONS STATIC PROPERTIES
No MNo
A[m2] Ay/Az/Ayz Iy/Iz/Iyz
MNs
It[m4]
[m2]
[m4]
1
=
SH 100 x 100 x 4
1 1.5244E03 6.420E04 2.332E06
3.572E06 6.420E04 2.332E06
2
=
SH 100 x 100 x 4
1 1.5244E03 6.420E04 2.332E06
3.572E06 6.420E04 2.332E06
3
1 3.8047E03 6.895E04 3.216E05
1.997E05 1.816E03 1.152E05
2.660E038.612E06
516
ys/zs
[m]
y/zsc
[m]
modules
[MPa]
gam
[kN/m]
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
210000
81000
0.12
0.000
0.000
0.075
0.008
0.000
0.000
0.058
0.005
210000
81000
210000
81000
0.12
0.30
Version 10.20
B E A M
beam
1
10
11
20
21
30
E L E M E N T S
node
x[m] NoS
1
.000
4
.670
4
1.330
4
11
1.660
4
2
.000
5
.070
5
.730
5
1.390
5
2.050
5
22
2.120
5
11
.000
4
.330
4
.990
4
21
1.660
4
4
.000
3
.670
3
1.330
3
1.990
3
2.650
3
24
3.320
3
5
0.000
1
0.670
1
1.330
1
1.990
1
2.650
1
25
3.320
1
4
0.000
2
1.000
2
5
2.000
2
24
0.000
2
1.000
2
25
2.000
2
4
0.000
1
0.943
1
3
1.887
1
24
0.000
1
0.943
1
23
1.887
1
5
0.000
1
Version 10.20
Ref
STAR2
0.001
0.190
0.002
0.133
210000
81000
0.59
0.002
0.152
0.054
0.045
210000
81000
0.37
hinges
0.56
1.000
.000
.000
1.000
.000
.000
0.00 0.83
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
517
STAR2
31
3
25
23
0.943
1.887
0.000
0.943
1.887
1
1
1
1
1
0.00
1.00
0.00
and so on
The secondary beams were analysed first, and their reaction forces were used
as loads. The input for STAR2 reads:
PROG STAR2
HEAD POS D2: WINDBREAK
CTRL I
LC 1 DLZ 1
SL 2 PZ 1.05 (.07 2.05
SL 5 PZ 0.70 (.67 2.65
SL 4 PZ 0.35 (.67 2.65
SL 1 PZ .7 .67 ; = = =
3 PZ .7 .33 ; = = =
UL 30 PZ .18 ; 31 ==
UL 50 PZ .18 ; 51 ==
UL 60 PZ .18 ; 61 ==
UL 70 PZ .18 ; 71 ==
END
.66)
.66)
.66)
1.33
.99
1
1.000
.000
.000
1.000
B E A M
L O A D S
Beamno type
a[m]
1 SLPZ
.67
1 SLPZ
1.33
2 SLPZ
.07
2 SLPZ
.73
2 SLPZ
1.39
2 SLPZ
2.05
3 SLPZ
.33
3 SLPZ
.99
4 SLPZ
.67
4 SLPZ
1.33
4 SLPZ
1.99
4 SLPZ
2.65
5 SLPZ
.67
518
l[m]
load1
.70
.70
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
.70
.70
.35
.35
.35
.35
.70
Version 10.20
ELPZ
ELPZ
ELPZ
GLPZ
GLPZ
GLPZ
GLPZ
GLPZ
GLPZ
GLPZ
GLPZ
1.330
1.990
2.650
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.887
1.887
1.887
1.887
2.021
2.021
2.021
2.021
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
STAR2
KN
KN
KN
KN/M
KN/M
KN/M
KN/M
KN/M
KN/M
KN/M
KN/M
linear
results
Loadfactor 1.00
B E A M
F O R C E S
A N D
D I S P L A C E M E N T S
Loadcase
1
beam
X
N
VY
VZ
MT
MY
No
[m]
[kN]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
[kNm]
1
.00
.6
.9
2.9
.19
.39
.67
.6
.9
2.5
.19
1.40
.67
.6
.9
1.8
.19
1.40
1.33
.6
.9
1.4
.19
2.44
1.33
.6
.9
.7
.19
2.44
1.66
.6
.9
.5
.19
2.64
2
.00
1.4
.0
2.5
.14
.26
.07
1.4
.0
2.5
.14
.09
.07
1.4
.0
1.4
.08
.09
.73
1.4
.0
1.2
.07
.77
.73
1.4
.0
.1
.01
.77
1.39
1.4
.0
.1
.01
.77
1.39
1.4
.0
1.2
.07
.77
2.05
1.4
.0
1.4
.08
.09
2.05
1.4
.0
2.5
.14
.09
2.12
1.4
.0
2.5
.14
.26
3
.00
.6
.9
.5
.19
2.64
.33
.6
.9
.7
.19
2.44
.33
.6
.9
1.4
.19
2.44
.99
.6
.9
1.8
.19
1.40
.99
.6
.9
2.5
.19
1.40
1.66
.6
.9
2.9
.19
.39
4
.00
.4
.0
1.2
.02
.13
.67
.4
.0
1.0
.02
.60
.67
.4
.0
.6
.01
.60
1.33
.4
.0
.4
.01
.97
1.33
.4
.0
.1
.00
.97
1.99
.4
.0
.1
.00
.97
1.99
.4
.0
.4
.01
.97
Version 10.20
MZ
[kNm]
.11
.51
.51
1.12
1.12
1.43
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
1.43
1.12
1.12
.51
.51
.11
.09
.09
.09
.09
.09
.09
.09
519
STAR2
2.65
2.65
3.32
.00
.67
.67
1.33
1.33
1.99
1.99
2.65
2.65
3.32
.4
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.0
.0
.0
1.3
1.3
.7
.6
.0
.0
.6
.7
1.3
1.3
.6
1.0
1.2
.9
.8
.5
.4
.0
.0
.4
.5
.8
.9
.01
.02
.02
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.60
.60
.13
.47
.12
.12
.40
.40
.40
.40
.12
.12
.47
.09
.09
.09
.57
.29
.29
.72
.72
.72
.72
.29
.29
.57
. . .
and so on
Loadcase
nodes
No
4
12
24
N O D A L
Loadcase
nodes
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
21
22
23
24
25
1
PX
[kN]
.9
1.9
.9
PY
[kN]
.0
.0
.0
PZ
[kN]
11.2
1.0
11.2
MX
[kNm]
.00
.00
.00
MY
[kNm]
.00
.00
.00
MZ
[kNm]
.00
.00
.00
PHIY
[mrad]
.294
.135
.158
.175
.172
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.372
.372
.294
.135
.158
.175
.172
PHIZ
[mrad]
.094
.004
.128
.060
.228
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.094
.004
.128
.060
.228
D I S P L A C E M E N T S
1
uX
[mm]
.260
.535
.290
.000
.007
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.149
.000
.260
.535
.290
.000
.007
uY
[mm]
.001
.001
.068
.001
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.001
.068
.001
.002
uZ
[mm]
.122
.061
.218
.000
.419
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.101
.000
.122
.061
.218
.000
.419
PHIX
[mrad]
.185
.084
.069
.166
1.040
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.185
.084
.069
.166
1.040
S U M
PX [kN]
520
PY [kN]
PZ [kN]
Version 10.20
.0
.0
.0
.0
STAR2
21.4
21.4
The structure, the loading and the section forces can be represented graphi
cally by GRAF:
PROG
SIZE
LC 1
BEAM
BEAM
END
GRAF
4 0 ; VIEW STAN 1.5 1 1 POSZ
LP2 1
N 5 ; MY 1 ; MZ 1
Version 10.20
521
STAR2
5.5.
Construction Stages.
5.5.1.
Introduction
5.5.2.
A 60 m long beam, fixed at both ends, is put together from two prefabricated
parts and an auxiliary support. It is subjected to gravity loading. The auxili
ary support is removed after establishing a monolithic connection.
522
Version 10.20
STAR2
F O R C E S
1
Version 10.20
A N D
M O M E N T S
523
STAR2
beam
No
1001
X
[m]
.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
1002
.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
N
[kN]
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
VZ
[kN]
150.0
100.0
50.0
.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
MY
[kNm]
.00
625.00
1000.00
1125.00
1000.00
625.00
.00
.00
625.00
1000.00
1125.00
1000.00
625.00
.00
Only the support rearrangement due to the modification of the statical sys
tem is to be analysed here. Additional loads are usually applied at this point.
The internally generated curvatures appear in the load printout:
B E A M
L O A D S
Beamno type
a[m]
l[m]
1001 ULPY
.00 30.00
1001 CLK1
.00
5.00
1001 CLK1
5.00
5.00
1001 CLK1 10.00
5.00
1001 CLK1 15.00
5.00
524
load1
10.00
.00
.08
.13
.15
Version 10.20
CLK1
CLK1
ULPY
CLK1
CLK1
CLK1
CLK1
CLK1
CLK1
20.00
25.00
.00
.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
5.00
5.00
30.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
.13
.08
10.00
.00
.08
.13
.15
.13
.08
STAR2
.08 1/KM
.00 1/KM
KN/M
.08 1/KM
.13 1/KM
.15 1/KM
.13 1/KM
.08 1/KM
.00 1/KM
5.5.3.
It can not be the task of this manual to offer a complete review of the various
theories on creep. The method implemented in STAR2, by which the stresses
of any loadcase can be converted to creep deformations, allows the consider
ation of all theories through proper manipulation of the input (with corre
sponding input expense).
The creep law describes the relationship between creep deformations and act
ing stress:
Version 10.20
525
STAR2
eps +
f @ s
Eb
Whether one for the chronological process onto a product accretion according
to the ageing theory (older theories and EC2) or applied a sum approach ac
cording to the theory of the structure crawling elastically (DIN4227) is not for
this method decisive. Here only the entire coefficient is necessary.
The creep law holds, in general, only for constant acting stress. This is only
the case though for statically determinate structures and 1st order theory. In
such case the creep factor PHI of the record LV is identical to the creep coeffi
cient. The system undergoes force free deformations in this case.
The stress in statically indeterminate structures, however, changes due to
constraints. With the above accretion and full creep coefficient one receives
wrong results. Even if construction stages must be considered, this accretion
is inadequate. A relatively complicated differential equation results which,
of course, can not be solved by STAR2.
One has now the choice between two procedures:
A numeric integration of the differential equations with the socalled Euler
method is most general. This subdivides the creep process into intervals, at
which in each case the stress at the beginning of the interval about the inter
val unchangeable performing is accepted. A relatively large number of inter
vals (5 to 20) is required though for obtaining good results.
Better accuracy can be reached if an average creep stress is used. DIN 4227
allows the calculation in a single interval with an average creep stress, so long
as the final stress does not differ from the initial value by more than 30 per
cent. Unfortunately the final value is usually not known in advance, thus this
method is not generally practicable.
It is however possible to receive valid results with an interval also with
changeable stresses. One must introduce for this purpose creep factors which
consider this effect.
An acceptable solution is offered by the Trost method with a relaxation coeffi
cient. Instead of the complicated differential equation, an introductory analy
sis results in an algebraic relation with a relaxation coefficient which can be
usually assumed equal to = 0.8 without significant loss of accuracy.
t + 01 ) f )
526
Ds
E 1 ) f
Version 10.20
STAR2
These coefficients are defined also by the kind and manner of the load. The
resulting decrease of the restraint section forces for progressively applied re
straining is
Z + Z R @
1
1 ) f
Z + Z 0 @ 1 *
f
1 ) f
Twospan beam
The structure is defined with two groups in GENF:
PROG GENF
HEAD CONTINUOUS BEAM BY CONSTRUCTION STAGES
SYST GDIV 1000
NODE 1 0 0 PP ; 2 20. 0 PP ; 3 40 0 PP
MAT 1 ; SREC 1 MNO 1 H 1.5 B 4.0
GRP 1; BEAM 1001 1 2 DIV 5
GRP 2; BEAM 2001 2 3 DIV 5
END
The first construction phase (left singlespan beam) as well as the second one
are defined in STAR2 as described in the previous chapter. In addition, the
socalled singlecasting phase is analysed, which would be the case if the sys
tem were constructed monolithically in one phase.
Version 10.20
527
STAR2
PROG
HEAD
CTRL
LC 1
END
HEAD
CTRL
LC 2
LV 1
END
HEAD
CTRL
LC 3
END
STAR2
CONSTRUCTION PHASE 1
I ; GRP 1 ; ECHO BDEF
; UL 1001 PY 30.0
CONSTRUCTION PHASE 2
I ; GRP 1,2 ; ECHO BDEF
; UL 1001,2001 PY 30.0
PHI 1 FROM 1001
POURING PHASE
I ; GRP 1,2 ; ECHO BDEF
; UL 1001,2001 PY 30.0
O M E N T S
MY
[kNm]
.00
810.00
1140.00
990.00
360.00
750.00
750.00
360.00
990.00
1140.00
810.00
.00
u
[mm]
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
uz
[mm]
.000
.284
.498
.569
.427
.000
.000
.673
1.195
1.266
.815
.000
PHIY
[mrad]
.074
.065
.039
.006
.068
.148
.148
.167
.082
.049
.169
.222
528
Version 10.20
STAR2
STAR2
CREEP OF THE MOMENT DIFFERENCE
I ; GRP 1,2
; UL 1001,2001 PY 30.0
PHI 0.11304 FROM 1001
results in a completely useless value of 2550 kNm. This error is due to the fact
that only the stress at the beginning of the creep is used in the calculations.
One can achieve an improvement by subdividing the creep into intervals.
The total creep coefficients are 2.18 for the right part and 2.62 for the left. A
subdivision into 6 time intervals with approximately equal creep coefficients
results in:
Start
I
kv
Age
li
0.50
45
70
Days 0.66
Days 0.76
Version 10.20
kf
PHI Age
Value
re
0.40
Days 0.44
Days 0.58
15
40
kf
PHI
Value
0.48
529
STAR2
II
0.11 105 Days 0.86 0.24 75
Days 0.78 0.44
III
0.19 205 Days 1.03 0.41 175 Days 1.00 0.52
IV
0.13 445 Days 1.18 0.35 415 Days 1.16 0.37
V
0.05 1045 Days 1.27 0.20 1015 Days 1.25 0.20
VI
0.02
Days 1.55 0.58
Days 1.55 0.61
1.00
2.18
2.62
The stresses are now processed for each one of the six creep intervals with the
corresponding creep increments:
PROG
HEAD
CTRL
LC 3
LV 2
END
HEAD
CTRL
LC 4
LV 3
END
HEAD
CTRL
LC 5
LV 4
END
HEAD
CTRL
LC 6
LV 5
END
HEAD
CTRL
LC 7
LV 6
END
HEAD
CTRL
LC 8
LV 7
END
STAR2
EULERMETHOD CREEP TIME SEGMENT 1
I ; GRP 1,2
; UL 1001,2001 PY 30.0
PHI 0.401 FROM 1001 ; 2 PHI 0.481 FROM 2001
EULERMETHOD CREEP TIME SEGMENT 2
I ; GRP 1,2
; UL 1001,2001 PY 30.0
PHI 0.241 FROM 1001 ; 3 PHI 0.441 FROM 2001
EULERMETHOD CREEP TIME SEGMENT 3
I ; GRP 1,2
; UL 1001,2001 PY 30.0
PHI 0.411 FROM 1001 ; 4 PHI 0.521 FROM 2001
EULERMETHOD CREEP TIME SEGMENT 4
I ; GRP 1,2
; UL 1001,2001 PY 30.0
PHI 0.351 FROM 1001 ; 5 PHI 0.371 FROM 2001
EULERMETHOD CREEP TIME SEGMENT 5
I ; GRP 1,2
; UL 1001,2001 PY 30.0
PHI 0.201 FROM 1001 ; 6 PHI 0.201 FROM 2001
EULERMETHOD CREEP TIME SEGMENT 6
I ; GRP 1,2
; UL 1001,2001 PY 30.0
PHI 0.581 FROM 1001 ; 7 PHI 0.611 FROM 2001
The support moment reaches a final value of 1469 kNm. This computation
overestimates the creep deformations by about 8 percent. An improvement
is reached, of course, if one defines the creep coefficients multiplied by the re
530
Version 10.20
STAR2
laxation coefficient 0.8. A moment of 1430 kNm is obtained in such case. If one
though assumes that a sudden restraint is creeping here, and applies the fac
tor /(1+) instead, the resulting value is 1412 kNm.
The support moments take the following values:
Variantion
750.00
1080.00
1222.80
1351.70
1405.09
1424.07
1469.25
kNm
kNm
kNm
kNm
kNm
kNm
kNm
Variantion
750.00
1014.00
1146.19
1277.81
1341.80
1367.11
1430.37
kNm
kNm
kNm
kNm
kNm
kNm
kNm
Variantion /(1+)
750.00
993.75
1126.89
1253.00
1321.92
1352.55
1411.97
kNm
kNm
kNm
kNm
kNm
kNm
kNm
In this last case one should even do without the creep intervals and compute
in one total step. The best value so far of 1365 kNm results that way. The input
for that is:
PROG
HEAD
CTRL
LC 9
LV 2
END
STAR2
EULERMETHOD CREEP PHI/(1+RHO*PHI) GENERAL STEP
I ; GRP 1,2 ; ECHO BDEF
; UL 1001,2001 PY 30.0
PHI 0.7941 FROM 1001 ; 2 PHI 0.8461 FROM 2001
Contemplation on limit values for the support moment shows that the value
by PHI should lie between 0.0 and 1.0 only. The creep must therefore be
subdivided at least in such a way that all intervals lie within that range. In
the case of direct specification according to the last input these limit values
are automatically observed. PHI=1.0 results for =0.0 and PHI=0.0 results
for =.
The separate consideration of the delayed elastic components would have re
quired an immense increase of the input effort, which is justifiable in very sel
dom cases only.
One more important piece of advice. If one is interested in the deformations,
one must take into consideration that each analysis step calculates the incre
mental deformations only.
When a construction phase is analysed as repetition, i.e. same system with
same loads and LV 1.0, the same section forces are reported. The applied
loads though as well as the deformations are zero.
Version 10.20
531
STAR2
Because of that the deformations of the loadcase 2 analysed here are identical
to those of a loadcase by which only the left beam is loaded are identical. The
deformations are:
Beam
No
1001
x
(m)
0.00
4.00
8.00
12.00
16.00
20.00
2001 0.00
4.00
8.00
12.00
16.00
20.00
Loadcase 1
uz
PHIY
(mm)
(o/oo)
0.000
0.296
1.100
0.235
1.764
0.088
1.764
0.088
1.100
0.235
0.000
0.296
Loadcase 2
uz
PHIY
(mm)
(o/oo)
0.000
0.074
0.284
0.065
0.498
0.039
0.569
0.006
0.427
0.068
0.000
0.148
0.000
0.148
0.673
0.167
1.195
0.082
1.266
0.049
0.815
0.169
0.000
0.222
Loadcase 9
uz
PHIY
(mm)
(o/oo)
0.000
0.116
0.414
0.081
0.597
0.007
0.482
0.060
0.185
0.076
0.000
0.004
0.000
0.004
0.220
0.085
0.544
0.064
0.663
0.010
0.457
0.090
0.000
0.127
5.6.
5.6.1.
Precast Column
The illustrated 2story precast column will be examined by 2nd order theory
with nonlinear material behaviour:
532
Version 10.20
STAR2
Precast column
The input of the cross section occurs with AQUA
PROG
HEAD
ECHO
CONC
SECT
AQUA
EXAMPLE 1 PRECAST MEMBER SUPPORT
FULL
1 B 45 ; STEE 2 BST 420
1 ; POLY OPZ ; VERT 1 0.2 0.2 ; 2 0.2 0.2
RF 1 0.16 0.16 1.13 ; 2 0.16 ==
RF 3 0.16 .16 1.13 ; 4 0.16 ==
END
GENF
PRECAST MEMBER SUPPORT
FRAM GDIR NEGX
1 0 0 F
2 6 0 PY
3 12 0
BEAM 1 1 2 DIV 4
2 2 3 DIV 4
END
The first check is a regular design of the structure. For this purpose, the loads
are defined and an analysis by 1st order theory is carried out with STAR2. The
STAR2 input for that reads:
Version 10.20
533
STAR2
PROG STAR2
CTRL I
LC 1 1.00 ; NL 2 PX 300. ; 3 == ; 3 PY 20
END
B E A M
F O R C E S
A N D
M O M E N T S
Loadcase
1
beam
X
N
VZ
MY
No
[m]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
1
.00
600.0
30.0
60.00
1.50
600.0
30.0
15.00
3.00
600.0
30.0
30.00
4.50
600.0
30.0
75.00
6.00
600.0
30.0 120.00
2
.00
300.0
20.0 120.00
1.50
300.0
20.0
90.00
3.00
300.0
20.0
60.00
4.50
300.0
20.0
30.00
6.00
300.0
20.0
.00
N O D A L
Loadcase
nodes
No
1
2
3
D I S P L A C E M E N T S
AND
R E A C T I O N S
1
uX
[mm]
.000
.608
.912
uY
[mm]
.000
.000
31.926
PHIZ
[mrad]
.000
2.280
6.841
PX
[kN]
600.0
.0
PY
[kN]
30.0
50.0
MZ
[kNm]
60.00
.00
AQB
REGULAR DIMENSIONING
REIN
BEAM SAVE
534
Version 10.20
SS2 PIIa
2.10
7
S2
Z1
5.00 2.00
STAR2
Z2
5.00
min.reinf.
requ.sect.
.80
maximum
reinforc.
9.00
R E Q U I R E D
R E I N F O R C E M E N T S
Beam
x(m) NCS LC
Ni
Myi/Mzi e1/yn e2/zn
(KN)
(KNm) (o/oo / mm)
1
.000 1
1 1328.38
132.84 3.50
.90
1.500 1
1 1977.27
49.43 3.20 .40
3.000 1
1 1715.05
85.75 3.50 .17
4.500 1
1 1182.11
147.77 3.50 1.49
6.000 1
1
768.33
153.67 3.50 4.69
2
.000 1
1
300.00
120.00 1.90 5.00
1.500 1
1
356.43
106.93 1.98 5.00
3.000 1
1
768.33
153.67 3.50 4.69
4.500 1
1 1328.38
132.84 3.50
.90
6.000 1
1 2313.14
.00 2.00 2.00
nue
C/S
1.99
2.10
2.10
1.93
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.99
2.10
rel
Tra
2.21
3.30
2.86
1.97
1.28
1.00
1.19
2.56
4.43
7.71
As L
(cm2)
5.78 0
4.52 0
4.52 0
6.50 0
10.00 0
18.42 0
10.77 0
5.00 0
4.52 0
4.52 0
L O N G I T U D I N A L
R E I N F O R C E M E N T S
Note: Layer includes reinforcements for torsion if followed by T
Note: Layer has only compression reinforcements if followed by
Beamno
x(m) NCS mue
AsSum Lay0&5 Lay1&6 Lay2&7 Lay3&8 Lay4&9
[]
[cm2]
[cm2]
[cm2]
[cm2]
[cm2]
[cm2]
1
.000 1
.62
10.00
10.0
2
.000 1 1.15
18.42
18.4
Reinforcements converted to minimum reinforcements
The maximum values of reinforcement for each span are presented in the
table "Longitudinal reinforcement" and they are output at the beginning of
each span. The first table appears only when ECHO REIN is used.
PROG
HEAD
ECHO
CTRL
LC 1
ULTI
END
STAR2
COMPUTATION AFTER 2ND ORDER THEORY AND NEW STIFFNESS
REIN
II 20
1.75
BEAM ULTI S2 3.0 ; NSTR SN
Version 10.20
535
STAR2
initiates the analysis for 1.75 times bigger load by 2nd order theory. It is of ad
vantage in case of heavily stressed members to reduce the maximum limit
strain to 0.003, so that the cross section does not become too weak. Conver
gence will be reached after a number of iterations and the computed state will
be output.
second order theory results
iteration 6
Loadfactor 1.75
C O N V E R G E N C E
A C H I E V E D
accuracy:
absolute
relative
achieved
limit
achieved
limit
( kN, kNm, m, rad)
(percent)
forces
3.009E01 1.050E+01
1.00
moments
1.244E+00 3.220E+00
1.00
displacements
1.069E03 2.133E03
1.00
rotations
2.253E04 4.393E04
1.00
B E A M
F O R C E S
A N D
M O M E N T S
Nonlinear loadcase
1
2nd Order Theory Iteration
beam
X
N
VZ
MY
No
[m]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
1
.00
1050.0
85.0
187.73
1.50
1050.0
85.0
56.87
3.00
1050.0
85.0
76.60
4.50
1050.0
85.0 206.51
6.00
1050.0
85.0 322.00
2
.00
525.0
35.0 322.00
1.50
525.0
35.0 251.43
3.00
525.0
35.0 171.65
4.50
525.0
35.0
86.83
6.00
525.0
35.0
.00
N O D A L
D I S P L A C E M E N T S
AND
R E A C T I O N S
Nonlinear loadcase
1
2nd Order Theory Iteration 6
nodes
uX
uY
PHIZ
PX
PY
MZ
No
[mm]
[mm] [mrad]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
1
.000
.000
.000 1050.0
85.0 187.73
2
1.064
.000 15.202
.0 120.0
.00
3
1.596 213.339 43.935
U L T I M A T E
L O A D
D E S I G N
========================================================================
Design for ultimate loads DIN 1045/4227
uniaxial bending
Safety factors SC1 SC2 SS1 SS2 PIIa
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
7
Strain limits
C1
C2
S1
S2
Z1
Z2
536
Version 10.20
3.00
3.00 2.00
0.000
1.500
3.000
4.500
6.000
0.000
1.500
3.000
4.500
6.000
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Ni
[kN]
1578.2
3511.9
3138.1
1362.2
1050.0
525.0
525.0
525.0
1758.0
4857.6
STAR2
5.00
min.reinf.
requ.sect.
.80
Myi/Mzi
[kNm]
282.26
190.58
228.46
267.67
321.80
321.80
251.26
171.52
290.57
0.00
e1/yn
[o/oo
3.17
3.50
3.50
2.64
2.21
1.68
1.57
1.42
3.50
2.00
maximum
reinforc.
9.00
e2/zn
/ mm]
3.00
0.09
0.29
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.77
2.00
nue
C/S
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
rel
tra
1.50
3.34
2.99
1.30
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
3.35
9.25
As L
[cm2]
8.5 0
4.5 0
4.5 0
9.9 0
26.0 0
36.3 0
25.5 0
13.2 0
4.5 0
4.5 0
L O N G I T U D I N A L
R E I N F O R C E M E N T S
Note: Layer includes reinforcements for torsion if followed by T
Note: Layer has only compression reinforcements if followed by
Beamno
x(m) NCS mue
AsSum Lay0&5 Lay1&6 Lay2&7 Lay3&8 Lay4&9
[]
[cm2]
[cm2]
[cm2]
[cm2]
[cm2]
[cm2]
1
.000 1 1.63
26.05
26.0
2
.000 1 2.27
36.33
36.3
Parameters for nonlinear stresses
Iteration for all forces and moments
Material of sections uses Ultimate Limit strainstress law without
safety factors
Material of reinforcementsuses Ultimate Limit strainstress law without
safety factors
N O N L I N E A R
S T R E S S E S
Beam
x(m) NCS LC
Ni
e0
[kN] [o/oo]
1
.000 1
1 1050.07 .091
1.500 1
1 1050.01 .230
3.000 1
1 1050.04 .232
4.500 1
1 1050.00 .041
6.000 1
1 1050.01
.685
2
.000 1
1
525.01
.920
1.500 1
1
525.00
.317
3.000 1
1
525.07
.119
Version 10.20
Myi/Mzi
Ky/Kz
[kNm] [1/km]
187.73
4.618
56.87
.875
76.60 1.180
206.51 5.442
322.00 14.470
322.00 13.006
251.43 7.180
171.65 4.365
Ey/Ezeff
x
[MPa] [cm]
19056.0 22.0
30462.7 40.0
30428.5 39.6
17786.9 20.8
10430.8 15.3
11605.1 12.9
16415.5 15.6
18431.0 17.3
537
STAR2
4.500
6.000
1
1
1
1
525.02
525.03
.068
.106
86.83
.00
1.592
.000
25565.0
37000.0
24.3
40.0
Iteration of stiffness
SN
Deviation of Moments
.000
Deviation of Shear
.000
Minimum stiffness
.010
Maximum stiffness
4.000
Crisfield faktors
.038
.780
The reinforcement was assumed constant for each beam in this example. This
is usually best, because it corresponds to normal practice and because this
way the support becomes stiffer and the deformations, which in turn induce
additional stresses, remain small. For long structural members of course it
is more economical to graduate the reinforcement along the length. In such
cases the value SECT should be input for ULTI instead of BEAM. The follow
ing table compares the reinforcement for the two distinct options. Interest
ingly, the maximum value of the uniform reinforcement per span is markedly
smaller than the graduate one.
x= 0.00
1.50
3.00
4.50
6.00
0.00
1.50
3.00
4.50
6.00
a) 26.05
...
36.33
...
b) 11.70
4.52
4.52 18.89 39.60 50.00 37.43 22.39
6.56
4.52
5.6.2.
538
Version 10.20
STAR2
18800 Parts 1 and 2. The design parameters of the plastic hinges theory are
used, because DIN 18800 does not contain any simplified rules for the plastic
zones theory. The new EC3 (ENV 1993) will include the plastic zones theory
among the codes design methods for the check of the flexural buckling
strength.
PROG
HEAD
STEE
SECT
END
AQUA
FRAME MANUAL STAR 2/3
1 ST 37
1 ; PROF 1 IPE 360
PROG GENF
HEAD FRAME MANUAL
SYST FRAM
NODE 1 0 6 F ;
2 0 0
;
BEAM 1 1 2 DIV
2 2 12 DIV
3 12 11 DIV
END
PROG
HEAD
CTRL
LC 1
LC 2
LC 3
LC 4
STAR 2/3
11 15 6 F
12 15 0
9
20
9
STAR2
LOAD CASES
0
DLY 1.0 ; UL 2 PY 4.2
; NL 2 PX 12
; UL 2 PY
6
; VL 1 U2 0 0.0234
3 U2 0.0234 0
$ PERMANENT LOAD
$ WIND
$ SNOW
$ PREDEFORMATION AFTER DIN 18800 PART 2
END
The number of the beam segments has an important influence on the result,
since it affects the accuracy of the modelling of the plastic zones.
The geometrical equivalent imperfections are input as separate loadcase (for
a frame height of 6 m and for 2 vertical loadcarrying posts the results are:
r1 = 0,91 ; r2 = 0,85 ; inclined position by 2,34 cm according to DIN 18800 Part
2).
The input of an analysis by plastic zone theory with STAR2 has the following
form:
PROG STAR2
HEAD GENERAL LOAD CASE
LC 10 ; LCC 1 1.35 ; 2 1.35 ; 3 1.5 ; 4 1.0
Version 10.20
539
STAR2
The input CTRL INTE 2 activates the interaction between shear and axial
stresses, which should not be ignored because it accounts for the effect of
shear forces and torsional moments upon the longitudinal stress capacity.
In each iteration the program computes for each section the actual stresses
and curvatures and from them new secant stiffnesses. In this analysis this
is also performed for the shear stiffness. The number of required iterations
depends on the problem; relocation of the axial forces, restiffening of plastic
zones and consideration of the shear stresses may lead to a large number of
iterations until equilibrium is found. There is no example known, however,
to have required more than 100 iterations for reaching equilibrium.
The results of the linear theory are presented first:
L O A D C A S E
load factor
factor
dlx
factor
dly
factor
dlz
N O D A L
node
2
10
1.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
L O A D S
PX[kN]
PY[kN]
16.2
PZ[kN]
MX[kNm]
MY[kNm]
MZ[kNm]
B E A M
L O A D S
Beamno type
a[m]
l[m]
load1
load2 [dim] ya[m] za[m] ye[m] ze[m]
1 VLU2
0.00
6.00
0.00
23.40 MM
2 ULPY
0.00 15.00
5.67
KN/M
2 ULPY
0.00 15.00
9.00
KN/M
3 VLU2
0.00
6.00 23.40
0.00 MM
linear
results
Loadfactor 1.00
B E A M
F O R C E S
A N D
M O M E N T S
Loadcase 10
2nd Order Theory Iteration 0
beam
X
N
VZ
MY
No
[m]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
1 0.00
107.7
47.9
77.07
0.67
107.7
47.9
45.11
1.33
107.7
47.9
13.21
2.00
107.7
47.9
18.75
2.67
107.7
47.9
50.70
540
Version 10.20
107.7
107.7
107.7
107.7
107.7
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
112.3
112.3
112.3
112.3
112.3
112.3
112.3
112.3
112.3
112.3
N O D A L
D I S P
Loadcase 10
2nd
nodes
uX
No
[mm]
1
0.000
2
8.587
11
0.000
12
7.957
Version 10.20
47.9
47.9
47.9
47.9
47.9
107.7
96.7
85.7
74.7
63.7
52.7
41.7
30.7
19.7
8.7
2.3
13.3
24.3
35.3
46.3
57.3
68.3
79.3
90.3
101.3
112.3
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
64.1
STAR2
82.61
114.57
146.52
178.43
210.38
210.38
133.70
65.27
5.09
46.83
90.51
125.93
153.10
172.02
182.69
185.10
179.27
165.18
142.84
112.24
73.40
26.30
29.04
92.64
164.49
244.60
244.60
201.84
159.14
116.38
73.62
30.92
11.84
54.60
97.30
140.06
L A C E M E N T S
AND
R E A C T I O N S
Order Theory Iteration 0
uY
PHIZ
PX
PY
MZ
[mm] [mrad]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
0.000
0.000
47.9 107.7
77.07
0.423 11.702
0.000
0.000
64.1 112.3 140.06
0.441 9.177
541
STAR2
After 9 iterations, STAR2 announces convergence and one obtains the final
moment distribution as well as the nonlinear stiffnesses.
Moment distribution
The following output of AQB is given here in excerpts as an extra. Four lines
per section are output due to the ECHOoption. The first line contains axial
force, strain at the gravity centre, moment and curvature, as well as the effec
tive Emodulus. The second and third line contain the maximum and the
minimum strains and stresses of the cross section as well as the location of
the neutral axis.
Lastly, the fourth line contains the available remaining plastic shear force
and the effective shear modulus. A shear hinge has practically formed at the
right corner. The plastified regions can be easily recognised from the reduced
E and Gmoduli. The drawings show bending moments and stiffnesses, as
they can be plotted with GRAF by BEAM MY and BEAM EIY or GAZ.
B E A M
F O R C E S
A N D
M O M E N T S
Nonlinear loadcase 10
2nd Order Theory Iteration 9
beam
X
N
VZ
MY
No
[m]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
1 0.00
109.5
45.3
56.39
0.67
109.5
45.3
26.41
1.33
109.5
45.3
3.57
2.00
109.5
45.3
33.58
2.67
109.5
45.3
63.54
3.33
109.5
45.3
93.36
4.00
109.5
45.3 123.08
542
Version 10.20
109.5
109.5
109.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
110.6
110.6
110.6
110.6
110.6
110.6
110.6
110.6
110.6
110.6
N O D A L
D I S P
Nonlinear loadcase
nodes
uX
No
[mm]
1
0.000
2
18.120
11
0.000
12
17.516
45.3
45.3
45.3
109.5
98.5
87.5
76.5
65.5
54.5
43.5
32.5
21.5
10.5
0.5
11.6
22.6
33.6
44.6
55.6
66.6
77.6
88.6
99.6
110.6
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
61.5
STAR2
152.60
181.84
210.83
210.83
131.97
61.22
1.34
55.65
101.64
139.27
168.49
189.26
201.57
205.40
200.73
187.57
165.95
135.89
97.43
50.60
4.53
67.92
139.48
219.07
219.07
178.22
136.97
95.45
53.78
12.08
29.69
71.42
112.98
154.41
L A C E M E N T S
AND
R E A C T I O N S
10
2nd Order Theory Iteration 9
uY
PHIZ
PX
PY
MZ
[mm] [mrad]
[kN]
[kN]
[kNm]
0.000
0.000
45.3 109.5
56.39
0.430 15.709
0.000
0.000
61.5 110.6 154.41
0.434 11.557
Version 10.20
543
STAR2
N O N L I N E A R
S T R E S S E S
Beam
x(m) NCS LC
Ni
e0 Myi/Mzi
Ky/Kz
Ey/Ezeff
x
[kN] [o/oo]
[kNm] [1/km]
[MPa] [cm])
e(o/oo) s(N/mm2) As(cm2) muez rw(mm) D(mm)
2
0.000 1 10
62.08 0.215 215.74 11.891
111481.4 19.2
sect. c
2.280 218.18 neut. axis
Z 1.8 (cm)
1.849
218.18
Vzi
141.78
GEFF
59497.9
0.750 1 10
62.08 0.045 136.56 4.395
190909.1 18.4
sect.
0.808 154.25 neut. axis
Z 1.0 (cm)
0.719
137.18
Vzi
234.23
GEFF
73426.6
1.500 1 10
62.08 0.045
65.41 2.105
190909.1 19.5
sect.
0.410
78.33 neut. axis
Z 2.1 (cm)
0.321
61.26
Vzi
290.34
GEFF
73426.6
....
6.750 1 10
62.09 0.067
200.11
6.611
185993.6 18.4
sect.
1.215 218.18 neut. axis Z
1.0 (cm)
1.081
206.44
Vzi
43.67
GEFF
73210.0
7.500 1 10
61.97 0.100
204.50
7.007
179322.5 18.8
sect.
1.316 218.18 neut.axis Z
1.4 (cm)
1.117
213.29
Vzi
1.02
GEFF
73426.6
8.250 1 10
62.09 0.069
200.41
6.636
185564.2 18.4
sect. 1.221 218.18 neut. axis
Z
1.0 (cm)
1.084
206.89
Vzi
44.93
GEFF
73283.2
....
13.500 1 10
62.08 0.045
65.47 2.107
190909.1 19.5
sect.
0.411
78.39 neut. axis
Z 2.1 (cm)
0.321
61.32
Vzi
290.65
GEFF
73426.6
14.250 1 10
62.08 0.045 136.63 4.397
190909.1 18.4
sect
. 0.808 154.32 neut. axis
Z 1.0 (cm)
0.719
137.25
Vzi
234.59
GEFF
73426.6
15.000 1 10
62.08 0.293 218.32 16.247
82567.3 19.2
sect
. 3.114 218.18 neut. axis
Z 1.8 (cm)
2.529
218.18
Vzi
111.65
GEFF
391.4
Maximum Usage of Allowable Forces
N[]
Vy[]
Vz[]
Mt[]
0.071
0.000
0.302
0.000
544
My[]
1.113
Mz[]
0.000
Mb[]
0.000
Mt2[]
0.000
Tot[]
1.154
Version 10.20
STAR2
Bending stiffnesses
Shear stiffnesses
5.7.
Version 10.20
545
STAR2
546
Version 10.20