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sts or logging
methods.
Hubbert and Willis Method
Hubbert and Willis explored the variables involved in initiating a fracture
in formation. According to the authors, the fracture gradient is a function of
overburden stress, formation pressure, and a relationship between the
horizontal and vertical stresses. They believed this stress relationship to be in
the range of 1/3 to 1/2 of the total overburden. Therefore fracture gradient
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min
P/Z
min
= 1/2 [ 1 + (p / z)]
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KII = matrix stress coefficient for the depth at which the value of would be
normal
matrix stress, dimensionless
F = fracture gradient at the point of interest, psi/ft
The matrix stress coefficient relates the actual matrix stress conditions
of the formation to the conditions of matrix stress if the formation were
compacted normally. The authors believed that the conditions necessary for
fracturing the formation would then be similar to those for the normally
compacted formation. The stress coefficient vs. depth is presented in Fig. 2-2.
Matthews and Kelly believed that the coefficient would vary with different
geological conditions. Substituting actual field data of breakdown pressures into
above equation and solving for Ki obtained the values shown. The procedure for
calculating fracture gradients using the Matthews and Kelly technique:
1. Obtain formation fluid pressure, P. This can be measured by drill stem tests,
kick data. logs, or another satisfactory method.
2. Obtain the matrix stress by using above equation and assuming a gradient of
1.0 psi/ft for the overburden.
= S - P
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3. Determine the depth, Di, for which the matrix stress, a, would be the normal
value. Assume that the overburden pressure is 1.0 psi/ft. From this it follows
that:
0.535 Di =
from which the value of Di, can be found.
4. Use the value of Di, apply it to Fig. 1-15 to obtain the corresponding value of
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Ki.
6. Use the value of Dj, and apply it to Fig. 4-2 to obtain the corresponding value
of K,.
Example 2-1:
Casing was set on a Texas Gulf Coast well at 7,200 ft. It was estimated
that formation pressure was equivalent to 11 lb/gal mud. What is the fracture
gradient immediately below the casing seat? Use the Matthews and Kelly
procedure.
Solution:
1. P = (11.0 lb/gal) (0.052) (7,200 ft) = 4,118 psi
2. = S - P = 7,200 - 4,118 = 3082 psi
3. Depth equivalent; 0.535 Di=
Di = / 0.535
where, 0.535 psi/ft is the rock matrix stress,
4. From Fig. 2-2, Ki = 0.695
F = (P / D) + (Ki / D)
3082 / 7200)
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Eaton Model
Eaton extended the concepts presented by Matthews and Kelly to
introduce Poisson's ratio into the expression for the fracture pressure gradient:
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F = [((S - P) / D) ( / (1 - )] + P / D
P = well bore pressure, psi
D = depth, ft
S = overburden stress, psi
= Poisson's ratio
F = fracture gradient, psi/ft
Eaton assumed that both overburden stress and Poisson's ratio were
variable with depth. Using actual field fracture data and log-derived values, he
prepared graphs illustrating these variables. Using a suitable choice for each
variable, the monograph prepared by Eaton. (Fig. 2-4) can be used to calculate a
fracture gradient. A graphical presentation for the Eaton approach provides a
quick solution. The chart (Fig. 2-5) is used in the same manner as the Matthews
and Kelly chart.
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31
Eaton
Figure2-
32
Eaton
Figure 2-7
psi
0.89
psi/ft
34
522
ft,
equivalent
Figure
2-8
integrity test) . In this test, blow-out preventers are closed and then the
pressure is applied incrementally to the shut-in system until the formation
initially
accepts
fluid
(Figure.
9).
2-
Pressure,
psi
Volume
Pumped, bbl
36
Pressure,
psi
3.5
590
45
710
1.5
125
4.5
830
230
950
2.5
350
5.5
990
470
1010
3. The results are plotted on Figure 2-10. It appears that the formation
will begin to fracture when 950 psi is applied.4. Determine the fracture
gradient.Frac. Gradient = {[(11.2 ppg) (0.052) (10000 ft)) + 950} / 10000 ftFrac.
Gradient = 6774 psi / 10000 ftFrac. Gradient = 0.6774 psi/ftFrac. Gradient =
13.02 ppg
Figure 2-10 Results of Example 1-9 Home-work 1
1. A well is drilled to 13500 ft. The entrance into the abnormal pressures at
9000 ft is caused by under compaction. Calculate the expected formation
pressure at 13500 ft. Assume formation fluid and overburden stress gradients
are 0.465 psi/ft and 1.0 psi/ft respectively?
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2. Plot the data given below on a semi-log paper. Where does the entrance into
the abnormal pressure occur? Use Hottman and Johnson procedure to compute
formation pressure at each 1000 ft interval below the entrance into pressures?
Resistivity,
ohm-m
0.54
0.64
0.60
0.70
0.76
0.60
0.70
0.74
0.76
0.82
0.90
0.84
Depth, ft
Resistivity,
ohm-m
6000
6600
7600
8000
8400
9000
9500
10000
10300
11200
11600
12200
0.80
0.76
0.58
0.45
0.36
0.30
0.28
0.29
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
Depth, ft
12400
12700
12900
13000
13100
13300
13600
13900
14300
14500
14700
14900
3.The following sonic log was taken from a well in Oklahama. Plot the data on
semi-log paper. Use Hottman and Johnson technique to calculate the formation
pressure at 11900 ft.
Travel
Time, sec/ft
170
150
142
115
124
108
114
89
95
97
101
Depth, ft
3400
5000
6600
7300
7900
8200
8600
9000
9200
9400
9600
Travel
Time, sec/ft
100
110
100
110
105
105
105
107
118
105
-
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Depth, ft
9800
10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11100
11400
11600
11900
-
4. Determine the fracture gradients for the following condition. Use the
methods of
a)Hubbert and Willis
b)Matthews and Kelly
c)Eaton
Assume Lousiana conditions for the Matthews and Kelly calculations.
Depth, ft
Form. Pressure,
Depth, ft
Form. Pressure,
ppg
ppg
3000
Normal
11000
15.1
13000
13.1
17000
18.0
9000
9.6
4500
9.9
6500
9.2
10500
Normal
8000
10.2
15000
15.6
5. Prepare a graph of fracture gradients vs. depth for the methods used in the
above problem (Prob. 4). Assume normal formation pressures.
6. Calculate the fracture gradient for the following set of deep water
conditions.
Freeboard: 50 ft
Water Depth: 1700 ft
Casing Depth below ssea floor: 6000 ft
7. Use the following leak-off test data to determine the formation fracture
gradient. Casing was set at 12000 ft and the mud weight is 13.9 ppg.
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Volume Pumped,
Pressure, psi
Volume Pumped,
bbl
Pressure, psi
bbl
3.5
760
175
650
400
4.5
740
2.5
590
830
680
40