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Petrophysical analysis of well logs for reservoir evaluation: a case study of

“Kadanwari” gas field, middle Indus basin, Pakistan

Article  in  Arabian Journal of Geosciences · March 2019

DOI: 10.1007/s12517-019-4389-x

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Arabian Journal of Geosciences (2019) 12:215
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4389-x

ORIGINAL PAPER

Petrophysical analysis of well logs for reservoir evaluation: a case

study of BKadanwari^ gas field, middle Indus basin, Pakistan
Muhammad Ali 1 & Muhammad Jahangir Khan 1 & Mubarik Ali 1 & Shaista Iftikhar 1

Received: 15 June 2017 / Accepted: 22 February 2019

# Saudi Society for Geosciences 2019

Abstract
Our study focuses on the interpretation of wire-line logs to evaluate the hydrocarbons potential of sandstone reservoir in the
Kadanwari gas field, Sindh, Pakistan. We have considered wire-line logs of four drilled wells (K-01, K-03, K-10, and K-11) in the
research area and interpreted 13 reservoir zones. Analytical reservoir analysis includes the shale content (Vsh), effective porosity
(Øeff), hydrocarbon and water saturation (Shc and Sw), and net pay thickness variations. Hydrocarbon-bearing zone characterized
by high resistivity values, porosity high, permeability high, saturation of water low, and less Vsh suggest clean sand. The
petrophysical analysis revealed the hydrocarbon potential of lower Goru sandstone packages at different levels (2886–
3797 m). The petrophysical parameters of sub-reservoirs were carefully analyzed which are ranked as good quality sand
reservoirs with average effective porosities ranging from 0.11–0.44%, average water saturation ranging from 0.18–0.45%,
hydrocarbon saturation averaging between 0.59–0.86%, and permeability ranging from 10.539 to 477.76 m Darcy. Water
saturation for heterogeneous shaly sand reservoirs was successfully tested by Indonesian model which suggests that Sw in each
well is fewer than 60% therefore over all the region bearing good quality of hydrocarbon potential of the targeted formation and
selected zones. The vertical and horizontal variations of reservoir parameters are studied through constructing the litho-saturation
cross-plots and isoparametric maps of the petrophysical parameters, respectively. The isoparametric maps help to visualize the
geographical distribution of reservoir configuration in the subsurface. The petrophysical estimates of this study appraise the
national conventional fuel treasure of lower Goru formation in Kadanwari gas fields and suggest new prospects to drill more
wells on the central portion of the southwestern part of the study area. The neighboring area to the south of Kadanwari-01 is
economically viable for hydrocarbon exploration. The northeastern side of the study area is avoided due to the high concentration
of water and excessive shale content.

Keywords Well log evaluation . Kadanwari-01 . Kadanwari-03 . Kadanwari-10 . Kadanwari-11 . Hydrocarbons

Introduction
Borehole petrophysics is regarded as a one-dimensional study
of reservoir and hydrocarbon systems in geological environ-
ments (Khan et al. 2017). Petrophysical measurements are
made on cores in the laboratories and/or in open boreholes
to determine the major reservoir properties which include po-
rosity, permeability, fluid saturations, and capillary pressure
Editorial handling: Reza Barati
* Muhammad Jahangir Khan
mjahangir.bukc@bahria.edu.pk
1
Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Bahria University
(Karachi Campus), Karachi, Pakistan
(Nazeer et al. 2016). The Kadanwari gas field (KGF) located
in Khairpur district of Sind province. KGF lies to the west of
the NNW/SSE trending Jacobabad-Khairpur high (Fig. 1).
KGF located in the middle Indus basin, a prolific gas-prone
basin of Pakistan (Kazmi and Jan 1997). The gas was discov-
ered in 1989 through the Kadanwari-01 well, which encoun-
tered gas in lower Goru sandstone of Cretaceous age and
brought on stream on May 1995 (Ahmad and Chaudhry
2002).
KGF consists a number of low relief faults, forming dip
closures in the subsurface which provides a stratigraphic trap-
ping component (Khan and Khan 2018; Ahmad and
Chaudhry 2002). Fault seal is believed to be due to cataclasis
and is apparently capable of withholding pressure differentials
of c. 3500 psi during production (Ahmad et al. 2007). The
reservoir packages were deposited in Cenomanian (97.0 to
 215 Page 2 of 12
90.4 Ma) as lower Goru formation shoreface sands, with trans-
gressive marine shales providing the top seal (Azeem et al.
2017; Ahmad et al. 2004). The trapping mechanism is a com-
plex combination of structural dip, sealing faults, and loss of
reservoir quality to the north (Ahmad et al. 2007). Three tec-
tonic events are responsible for the structural configuration of
KGF, namely, Late Cretaceous uplift and erosion, Late
Paleocene wrench faulting, and Late Tertiary to Recent
uplift/inversion of the Jacobabad High (Kazmi and Jan
1997; Kadri 1995). The wrench faults are particularly signif-
icant since they divide the KGF into reservoir compartments
(K-7/K-9 and K-4 in the south and K-1, K-3, K-6, and K-10,
K-11 in the north, but overall loss of reservoir quality to the
north (Fig. 2). Ahmad and Chaudhry (2002) revealed that
additional compartments and sub-reservoirs within the pro-
duction area have yet to be tested, which motivated us to work
more on an established gas-prone zone. The aim of this study
is to evaluate the hydrocarbons potential of lower Goru reser-
voir in KGF. We have considered wire-line logs, from four
drilled wells (K-01, K-03, K-10, and K-11) in the research
area and interpreted for petrophysical evaluation of lower
Goru sandstone reservoir (LGSR) zones. The wells located
in largely flat sand dunes topography, cut by various irrigation
canals associated with river Indus flowing to the east.
The final tectonic event of Late Tertiary to Recent is an
inversion of the Jacobabad–Khairpur High which has a major
influence on the Kadanwari area. This is an important event as
it has effectively placed the distal parts of the lower Goru
depositional sequences at structurally higher elevations than
the more proximal and better reservoir quality, shoreface top
sets (Nazeer et al. 2016; Kadri 1995). The combination of
stratigraphic and structural traps to occur along the flanks of
the present day high (Ahmad et al. 2004; Milan and Rodgers
1993). The oldest Cretaceous strata in the Kadanwari area are
the organic-rich shales of the Sembar formation, which is the
presumed source of much of the gas in the middle Indus basin
(Baig et al. 2016). This is overlain by the sandy lower Goru
and the shaly upper Goru formations. The reservoir section at
Kadanwari belongs to the lower Goru sand while the sealing is
provided the upper Goru shaly sequence (Fig. 3). The source
of the Goru sands considered to be the Indian shield to the
south and east (Khan and Khan 2018; Nazeer et al. 2016). The
depositional strike of the shoreline sands is assumed to be
approximately north–south, although this may be largely a
function of the present north–south well distribution in the
Kadanwari area (Azeem et al. 2017; Baig et al. 2016).
Data and methods
Wire-line logs data of four wells namely K-01, K-03, K-10,
and K-11 located in Kadanwari concession block (situated
between latitude 27° 18′ 00″ to 27° 00′ 00″ east and longitude
Arab J Geosci (2019) 12:215
69° 06′ 00″ to 69° 21′00 north) used in this study to determine
the formation evaluation through a systematic process of
petrophysical analysis. The raw data was in LAS file format
and well top in notepad file format. Identification of lithology
of the targeted zone (permeable beds), effective porosity of
sand, and pore-fluid types are the key goals. For the
petrophysical logs interpretation, the data need to be in a good
condition. The borehole circumstances and mud types can
effect on the quality of the logs and make some problem in
log interpretation or cause stationary reading of logs which are
not correct and lead to misunderstanding of logs (Cudjoe et al.
2016; Nazeer et al. 2016). The permeable zones are recog-
nized by the existence of mud cake, the separation between
deep resistivity (LLD) and micro-spherically focused (MSF)
logs and formations with high porosity and low gamma-ray
and density-neutron reading alike porosity (Khan and Khan
2018; Azeem et al. 2017). The petrophysical logs have qual-
ities without any evidence of stationary readings (Fig. 4).
The well data imported on BPrizm^ utility of Geographic
discovery software for petrophysical studies, whereas the spa-
tial variation of results was contoured on BGeoAtlas^ utility of
the same suit. Well tops help out to customize the LGSR and
zone definition in open hole wire-line logs. The process of
reservoir evaluation is structured on wire-line logs analyses
rely on pre-established calculations/formulae, cross-plots and
charts widely adopted for estimation of petrophysical param-
eters especially concerning to lithology, effective porosity
(Øeff), volume of shale (Vsh), saturation of water (Sw), and
saturation of hydrocarbon or gas (Shc or Sg) through the com-
puter application (Geographic Discovery). The permeability
(K) of the reservoir zone, bulk volume of water (BVW) in the
reservoir zone of LGSR, and bulk volume of gas (BVG) have
been estimated from Sw and related factors. Picket plot charts
(LLD VS Øeff cross-plot) are prepared to define the resistivity
of formation water (Rw) which it used to find out the empirical
value of Sw and then Shc of the proposed zones. The vertical
dispersal of hydrocarbon existences is defined and presented
through the construction of the litho-saturation cross-plots.
Litho-saturation cross-plots depict the content of rock and
content of fluids with depth through the studied wells. The
content of reservoir rock includes matrix and shale, while
the content of fluids includes hydrocarbon and water.
Results and discussion
The results of this study are primarily based on a petrophysical
evaluation of selected zones of LGSR. The semi-quantitative
and qualitative interpretations could be grouped into a)
Interpretation of Lithology of selected LGSR and b)
Petrophysical parameter examination of the reservoir.
1. Interpretation of lithology
Arab J Geosci (2019) 12:215
Fig. 1 Site map of Kadanwari gas
field bounded by other gas fields
in the gas-prone basin. Kadanwari
is situated in the middle Indus
basin of Pakistan and on the
southern side of the Jacobabad
High
Interpretation of borehole lithology is the primary informa-
tion usually done by wire-line logs (GR, CALI, SP, NPHI,
RHOB, DT, and LLD, LLS, MSFL) (Cudjoe et al. 2016;
Asquith et al. 2004). We have interpreted the lithology of the
zone of interests LGSR from a combination of wire-line logs
(GR, CALI, LLD, NPHI, RHOB, MSFL, etc.) which is a
reconnaissance kind of information in formation evaluation
procedures. The caliper log is always related to the bit size
log. If it shows a lower value than the bit size, the formation is
permeable zone; otherwise, the formation is affected by the
breakout/washout effects and is an impermeable zone (Fig. 5).
The formation lithology in the well is interpreted using the
natural gamma ray, which is used for differentiating between
clean sands formations and shale formations. The more
impеrmeable zones show shale intervals with a high value of
the concentration of clay minerals which decrease the perme-
ability and effective porosity. Permeable zones are expected to
be one of the leading mineralogies (sandstone/limestone/do-
lomite), but in this research, sandstones are the only leading
mineralogy in permeable portion (Mahbaz 2011; Olurotimi
2013). According to the density/neutron logs, approximately
most of the formations have clay contents. In some conditions,
Page 3 of 12 215
it is claimed that there is a shale formation according to high
values for gamma ray, density log, and neutron log, but resis-
tivity logs increase, in this circumstance, the sharp increase in
resistivity logs is due to a diagenetic process like compaction
or cementation and there is no water content in this condition
between water bearings decrease the resistivity (Fig. 6).
2. Petrophysical parameters
In petroleum exploration, the knowledge of petrophysical
parameters such as Vsh, ∅eff, Sw, and Shc are significant.
(a) Estimation of shale content of the reservoir
We have adopted Dolan’s (1990) method to estimate the
shale content of the selected zones of LGSR by utilizing the
GR log. The GR index is a ratio defined in Eq. (1). The value
of GR shale ranged (140–250) API and GR clean sand ranged
(2–130) API.
GR log–GRmin
Gamma ray index ¼ ð1Þ
GR max–GRmin
 215 Page 4 of 12 Arab J Geosci (2019) 12:215

Fig. 2 Base map of the dataset

used in this study. Fault-bounded
compartments in KGF and the
lower Goru gas reservoir sand
level 2000 m highlighted in gray
color (modified after Khan and
Khan 2018)

The shale content is variable in the selected zones in the
understudy boreholes. The Bshale-profile^ highlights the in-
fluence of clay or shale in tens of meter of LGSR zones.
(b) Estimation of effective porosity of the reservoir
Data for density log and neutron log is not reliable as many
zones affected by borehole irregularities (washout/breakout).
The data quality is not too good evident by caliper log (Fig. 4,
track 4), so we have calculated porosity from the sonic log.
The porosity of the selected zones of LGSR is computed from
Sonic–Raymer porosity model (Eq. 2) applied on each zone in
each well. The results are detracted from shale volume and
shale porosity to get trustworthy results where the density
curve is badly affected by washouts (Rider 1990; Asquith
and Krygowski 1982).
ΔT –ΔTma
Sonic porosity ¼ ØSonic ¼ ð2Þ
ΔTf –ΔTma
ΔTsh–ΔTma
Shale porosity ¼ Øsh ¼ ð3Þ
ΔTf –ΔTma
Once porosities have been determined from both Eqs. (2)
and (3) than we calculated total effective porosity from Eq. (4)
Øeff Sonic ¼ ðØSonic −V sh  ØSH Þ ð4Þ
(c) The formation of water resistivity for water saturation
are unavailable for lower Goru formation (Khan and Khan
2018). The unavailability of temperature log and mud filtrate
resistivity, we adopted the Pickett plot method to know a, m,
and n and formation water salinity in each well. Determination
of the petrophysical exponents Bn^, Ba,^ and Bm^ are demand-
ing for the accurate estimation of water saturation. In this
method, water saturation BSw^ and resistivity index BI^ are
calculated from log–log plot of deep resistivity (LLD) vs po-
rosity (∅eff). This technique not only gives an estimation of
water saturation but also help in the determination of (1) for-
mation water resistivity (Rw) and cementation factor Bm^ and
matrix parameter for porosity logs. The Pickett plot method
based on the observation that true resistivity is a function of
porosity, water saturation, and cementation factor. In this
study, different values of Bm^ are ranging from 1.70 to 1.82
which indicate the presence of consolidated sandstones and
increase the cementation factor that reduces the porosity.
Formation water resistivity (Rw) was estimated from the resis-
tivity of sodium chloride solutions as depicted in standard
Schlumberger chart at reservoir temperature (180 °F) and for-
mation water salinity, which found equivalent to 0.03 (ohm
m). The cementation exponent (m), saturation exponent (n),
tortuosity factor (a). and the salinity value of 200,000 ppm
sodium chloride was tested and matched using the Pickett plot
for each well as shown in Fig. 7. The values of these param-
eters given in Table 1.
(d) Water saturation of reservoir

Archie’s equation factors (tortuosity factor a, cementation Once ∅eff of the targeted zones has been calculated, we
factor m, and saturation exponent n) and formation resistivity have adopted the empirical computation proposed by
Arab J Geosci (2019) 12:215 Page 5 of 12 215

Fig. 3 The columnar diagram

depicts chronological order of
basin-fill sedimentary deposits,
lithologies of formation group,
petroleum system contribution
(source, reservoir, seal) of known
fields, and major tectonic event of
middle Indus basin (modified
after Ahmad and Chaudhry 2002)

Poupon and Leveaux (1971) to estimate the water satu- (Asquith et al. 2004). The Indonesian equation for water sat-
ration. The Indonesian equation (Eq. 5) is applied to uration8is as
2 follow:
calculate Sw by utilizing the necessary values of vari- 0 1 12 39 −1n
>
> ! m >
>
< 6 V 2−V sh 2 B ∅ C 7>
> 1
=
ables derived in Table 1. Whereas, the values for shale 6 e 7
S w ¼ Rt 6 sh
þB C7
@ Rw A 5> ð5Þ
resistivity (Rsh) were manually picked from the logs for >
> 4 RSh >
every well. This technique was used effectively and ex- >
: >
;
tensively in petrophysical studies for the shaly sand res-
ervoir in the worldwide oil and gas fields, as more The numerical estimates of all proposed prospect zones
acceptable consequences acquired with this equation referred in Table 2. Sw in each well is fewer than 60%
 215 Page 6 of 12
Fig. 4 The conventional logs overview from the depth 3658 to 3680 m.
There is no evidence of stationary reading. The pink shaded areas in the
track 4 show the washout effect. The red shaded area in track 5 shows the
borehole diameter increase with depth. In track 3 shows the gamma-ray
therefore over all the region bearing good quality of hydrocar-
bon potential of the targeted formation and selected zones.
Water saturation for heterogeneous shaly sand reservoirs was
successfully tested by the Indonesian model.
(e) Hydrocarbon saturation of reservoir
The estimation of Shc of the targeted zones is the final goal.
The quantitative estimate of Shc is made with reference to the
percentage weight of Sw in each zone encountered in each
well. Hydrocarbon-bearing zone characterized with high re-
sistivity values, the separations of LLD, LLS, and MSFL sug-
gest the presence of hydrocarbon but discrimination between
fluid type (oil and gas) at this stage is still quizzing. ILD tool
identifies hydrocarbon pays in water zones. Gas-bearing
zones have higher log response than the water zones
(Olurotimi 2013). ILD normally has values less than 35
(ohm m) for the reservoir in the water zone. The deep and
short resistivity log is a good tool because their difference
discriminates the gas-bearing zone with the water zone and
the difference is greater in the permeable zone than the tight
zone. The hydrocarbon type (either gas or oil) is delineated
through neutron and density log crossover (Fig. 8, track-9)
and resistivity log analyses. Moreover, we have analyzed the
litho-saturation cross-plot of targeted zones in understudy
wells. An exemplary display of K-01 well (3510–3530 m),
Arab J Geosci (2019) 12:215
reading which indicates the permeable zone. In track 7, the separation
between LLD and MSFL shows the permeable zones. Tack 6 shows the
volume of shale in percentage
showing that LGSR treasured with hydrocarbon sub-
reservoir intervals, where the mean value of water saturation
is 38% and net pay of zone thickness is 8.23 m (Fig. 8). The
BVW (product of porosity and water saturation) has been
estimated from the Indonesian model’s water saturation of
gas sands which range from 0.024 to 0.07 respectively.
Detailed results of BVW (product of porosity and gas satura-
tion) are shown in the table. These values are indicating that
the grain size of this reservoir sand is coarse to medium and
very fine, respectively.
We have investigated understudy wells (K-01, K-03, K-10,
and K-11) and found 13 hydrocarbon zones. The numerical
estimates of all proposed prospect zones are summarized in
Table 2 which are further used for areal maps preparation
(isoparametric maps).
Lateral variation of petrophysical
characteristics
The isoperimetric maps of shale content of the reservoir, res-
ervoir porosity, water and hydrocarbon saturations, and gross
thickness are prepared to evaluate the spatial distribution of
hydrocarbons potential in the study area. Geographical distri-
bution of petrophysical parameters estimated for various po-
tential zones demonstrated in Fig. 9.
Arab J Geosci (2019) 12:215
Fig. 5 Permeable zones are recognized from different depth. No presence of mud cake because of borehole irregularities. The most significant useful
wire-line logs for this purpose are GR, Vsh (track 3), DT (track 6), RHOB (track 6), and NPHI (track 6) logs validated by the resistivity response (track 5)
The volume of shale variation map (Fig. 9a) is a significant
indicator to evaluate reservoir distribution in the research area,
with the low values of shale content 10.4% in Kadanwari-01
to 16.2% in Kadanwari-03. The content of shale reductions at
a southwestern and northwestern portion, while the increase is
seen in the eastern and southeastern portion of the research
area. The data in a different well within the net pay interval
averaged arithmetically and posted on a map for contouring/
interpolation.
Effective porosity distribution map shows (Fig. 9b) that the
utmost recurrent porosity ranges between 8.6% at Kadanaweri-
01 to 19.1% at Kadanwari-10. The maximum value of effective
porosity is present at the northeastern portions of the research
area, while the lowermost value of effective porosity is at the
southeastern and southwestern portion. This might indicate the
modification of porosity of rock with geological time and de-
positional environment into the rock which influences the po-
rosity deficiency or vice versa. The petrographic analysis sug-
gests that this preservation of porosity and lack of cementation
are probably due to the presence of early diagenetic, grain-coat-
ing, chloritic clays, which inhibited cement growth (Ahmad
et al. 2004).
Page 7 of 12 215
The distribution of water saturation shows (Fig. 9c) that the
maximum existence of Sw is noticed within the range of
13.0% in Kadanweri-10 to 4.13% in Kadanwari-11. The con-
centration of Sw originates at the southeastern and northern
portions in the research area while the lowermost value of
water saturation is attributed to the northeastern and central
portions.
The spatial distribution map (Fig. 9d) of hydrocarbon sat-
uration of the selected zones ranges from 60 to 80% in the
research area. Shc saturation is maximum in the eastern and
northeastern portions and reduces in the southwestern portion
of the understudy region (3510–3530 m), showing that lower
Goru formation (zone) reveals a lot of hydrocarbon sub-
reservoir intervals, where the mean value of water saturation
is 38%.
Reservoir thickness of net pay distribution shown (Fig. 9e)
that the net pay thickness of sub-reservoirs range between
3.40 m in Kadanwari-11 to 8.23 m in Kadanwari-01. The
maximum net pay thickness zone is concentrated in the south-
ern part of the study area and reduced in the northwestern and
northeastern parts of the research area. The distribution map of
net pay thickness shows that the southern portion of the
 215 Page 8 of 12 Arab J Geosci (2019) 12:215

Fig. 6 Lithology indicator logs for LGSR: the separation between LLD and MSFL and high porosity (according to acoustic log with low values), low
gamma ray, and similar porosity reading of density neutron are indicated the permeable zone

Fig. 7 Picket plots for knowing the water saturation parameters (a, m, and n) and formation water salinity for well K-01 of the understudied area
Arab J Geosci (2019) 12:215 Page 9 of 12 215

Table 1 The basic parameters estimated for lower Goru sandstone in trend of the direction of deposition of lower Goru is N-S
understudy wells
direction. The petrophysical estimations of the research area
Well ID Rw m a n suggest new prospects. Prospects are those potential zones
where exploration wells are recommended to drill based on
Kadanwari-01 0.30 1.80 0.68 2.0 four main constituents: a suitable trap, seal, reservoir, and a
Kadanwari-03 0.33 1.82 0.68 2.0 source rock maturation and migration of hydrocarbon to the
Kadanwari-10 0.22 1.76 0.68 2.0 trap (Vinassa et al. 2015).
Kadanwari-11 0.27 1.80 0.68 2.0

research area is the most favorable portion for petroleum Conclusion

accumulations.
Isochore map is a map which indicates true vertical
thicknеss. The thickness contour of the zone is slightly SSE-
NNW as shown in Fig. 9 f. This might intimate local change in
shoreline direction at the time of deposition. No anomalous
thickness trend is observed in the studied area. There is a
potential to drill more wells on the central portion of the south-
western part of the study area. For more hydrocarbon from the
lower Goru area, the neighboring area of south of Kadanwari-
01 is economically viable for hydrocarbon exploration. The
northeastern side of the study area is to be avoided due to the
high concentration of water and increase of shale content.
Moreover, these thickness distributions mimic the general
& The petrophysical logs data for density log and neutron log
is not reliable as many zones affected by borehole irregu-
larities (washout/breakout). We have calculated porosity
from the sonic log. The computed porosity by Sonic–
Raymer model was proved as a more reliable model for
the calculation of porosity for heterogeneous shaly sand
reservoir where bad hole condition present.
& Extraordinary similarity was attained in four wells Pickett
plot matching. For reservoir salinity and formation water
resistivity, three factors (a, m, and n) were calculated from
the matching of these wells. Similar calculated values show
for Ba^ and Bn^. For Bm,^ the values vary from well to well

Table 2 Summary of petrophysical estimates in the proposed zones of LGSR

Well Proposed zone ∅eff Vsh K Sw Sg BVW BVG HCPV

K-01 Zone ID Type Top Base Thickness % % mD % % % % %

Zone_1 Gross 3510 3531 20.6 8.55 10.35 239.29 37.53 62.47 2.43 7.45 3.8276
Pay 3515 3529 8
Zone_2 Gross 3570 3585 15 10.79 10.25 477.46 20.12 79.88 1.56 9.23 4.5886
Pay 3572 3585 11
Zone_3 Gross 3642 3645 3.1 9.53 23.48 78.634 29.13 70.87 0.73 2.80 1.4189
Pay 3643 3644 1
Zone_4 Gross 3669 3673 4 8.48 18.77 182.95 18.66 81.34 1.03 7.45 1.1094
Pay 3671 3673 2.2
Zone_5 Gross 3675 3681 6.4 7.98 14.82 125.82 26.44 73.56 1.70 6.28 1.243
Pay 3677 3678 1.7
Zone_6 Gross 3710 3745 35.3 10.45 6.01 259.47 18.58 81.42 1.74 8.71 9.9788
Pay 3710 3735 25.5
Zone_7 Gross 3752 3775 23.2 7.81 9.63 151.72 27.00 73.00 1.56 6.25 5.8764
Pay 3753 3775 7.68
Zone_8 Gross 3782 3797 15.3 16.85 7.49 25,596 20.54 79.46 15.33 15.33 7.6042
Pay 3782 3797 14.6
K-03 Zone_1 Gross 2885 2888 2.4 11.13 16.22 393.86 38.27 61.73 6.88 6.88 0.4911
Pay 2886 2888 2
Zone_2 Gross 3346 3354 8.1 7.32 12.92 113.58 40.22 59.78 4.95 4.95 0.7823
Pay 3352 3354 2
K-10 Zone_1 Gross 3330 3333 3 19.14 12.24 45.02 13.04 86.96 2.52 16.61 1.1796
Pay 3331 3333 1.8
Zone_2 Gross 3342 3346 3.5 5.88 17.50 10.539 29.90 70.10 1.44 4.44 1.3151
Pay 3343 3345 1.6
K-11 Zone_1 Gross 3299 3305 6.1 14.06 14.82 30.938 38.02 61.98 5.47 8.59 1.7525
Pay 3303 3304 1.64
 215 Page 10 of 12 Arab J Geosci (2019) 12:215

Fig. 8 Litho-saturation cross-plot of lower Goru formation (zone) in Kadanwari-01 well (3510–3530 m), showing that lower Goru formation (zone)
reveals a lot of hydrocarbon sub-reservoir intervals, where the mean value of water saturation is 38%

ranged from (1.8–1.85). These values were used for the in- increase in lower Goru formation increases at northeastern and
terpretation of well logs. Strict procedure used in calculating northwestern side.
values of (a, m, and n) in water saturation model because the
incorrect values may over/underestimates the producible/
poor zones. Nomenclature
& The deep and short resistivity log is a good tool because
their difference discriminates the gas-bearing zone with BVW bulk volume of water, percentage (%)
the water zone and the difference is greater in the perme- BVG bulk volume of gas, percentage (%)
able zone than the tight zone. Well 01, 03, 10, and 11 are CALI caliper log, bit size, inch
found to have main hydrocarbon zones. Gas-bearing DT sonic log, μs/ft.
zones have higher log response than the water zones. GR gamma ray log, API units
& The petrophysical analysis of KGF revealed that the field GRlog GR log reading at a definite point on log
is a prolific gas zone. Thirteen reservoir zones (well 01, GRmin gamma ray minimum on log
well 03, well 10, and well 11) were delineated with GRmax gamma ray maximum along log
petrophysical parameters evaluation (average porosities K permeability expressed in millidarcy.
ranging from 0.11–0.44, average water saturation ranging K-01 Kadanwari-01, well name
from 0.18–0.45, and hydrocarbon saturation averaging K-03 Kadanwari-03
between 0.59–0.86). K-10 Kadanwari-10
K-11 Kadanwari-11
KGF Kadanwari gas field
LGSR lower Goru sandstone reservoir
Recommendations LLD deep resistivity log, ohm m
m cementation factor, unitless
It is recommended to drill more wells into/for the central part n Archie constant
of the southwestern and southeastern part of the study area in NPHI neutron porosity log, p.u.
the south of Kadanwari-01 well, for more hydrocarbon pro- Phi_A average porosity, percentage (%)
duction from lower Goru, and for more favorable economic Phissh porosity of shale, percentage (%)
conditions. It is also suggested to avoid drilling into/for the 푅t true resistivity at 100% water saturation,
areas of high concentrations of water saturation northeastern ohm
and northwestern part of the area. Because the shale content 푅w water resistivity, ohm
Arab J Geosci (2019) 12:215 Page 11 of 12 215

Fig. 9 Lateral distribution of estimated petrophysical parameters in Hydrocarbon saturation map (measured in percentage) of the zone. e
LGSR zones. a Shale content variation map (measured in percentage) Net pay thickness map (measured in meter) of zones. f True vertical
of zones. b Effective porosity (measured in percentage) of zones. c thicknеss of reservoir map (measured in meter)
Water saturation map (measured in percentage) of zones. d

Rsh clay or shale resistivity, ohm Shc=Sg hydrocarbon (gas) saturation, percentage
RHOB density log, gm/cm3 (%)
SP spontaneous potential log, mV ΔTsh interval transit time of shale
Sw water saturation, percentage (%) Δtma interval transit time of matrix
 215 Page 12 of 12
ΔT interval transit time of formation
Vsh=Vshl volume of Shale
ØSonic=Phie_S effective porosity by sonic log, percentage
(%)
Øsh shale porosity by sonic log expressed in
porosity units, p.u.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the professional help of
geologist/petrophysicist of the Pakistan Petroleum Limited, Karachi.
The authors are thankful to the potential reviewers for their critical insight
and positive criticism. The authors utilized the resources of Digital
Geophysical Data Lab (founded by Professor Mubarik Ali as PPL
Chair), at Bahria Uni., Karachi Campus.
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