Importance of Well Testing in Reservoir Characterization

Important Topics of the Course
1. Principles of Fluid Flow for steady state, semi steady state & non steady state conditions.
2. Diffusivity Equation Derivation & Solutions, Radius of investigation, principle of
superposition, Horner’s approximation.
3. Drill Stem Testing: Equipment, DST chart observation and preliminary interpretation. Well
preparation for testing, Multiple well testing. Effect of reservoir heterogeneities & Well bore
conditions, fractured reservoir application.
4. Pressure Transient Tests: Drawdown and buildup test analysis, determination of
permeability and skin factor, Analysis of pressure-buildup tests distorted by phase
redistribution, Well-test interpretation in hydraulically fractured wells, Interpretation of
well-test data in naturally fractured reservoirs, Wellbore effects, Multilayer reservoirs,
Injection well testing, Multiple well testing, Wireline formation testing. Wireline while
drilling formation testing . Interference testing, Pulse testing.
5. Well-test analysis by use of type curves: Fundamentals of type curves, Ramey’s type
curve, McKinley’s and Gringarten et al type curves.
6. Gas well testing: Basic theory of gas flow in reservoir, Flow-after-flow test, Isochronal test,
etc.
7. Applications of well testing: Well testing in horizontal wells, Extended Reach wells & multi-
laterals wells, tests with and without flow measurement.
8. Computer–aided well test analysis: Derivative plot, diagnostic plot evaluation, data
preparation, nonlinear regression, Introduction to well testing softwares.
1
Well Test : What is it?
Process of Reservoir Characterization
Flow experiment to investigate communicating volume of the reservoir (unlike cores or
logs that provide more or less localized information).
Pressure transient is induced by producing from or injecting into reservoir. Once the well
is shut i.e. production or injection is stopped, second pressure transient is induced.
The area of investigation is proportional to duration of time in which test is conducted.
The pressure transient is function of multiple reservoir characteristics and fluid properties.
Analysis of measured flow rates and pressure gives information about the reservoir, the
well completion, and the reservoir fluid properties. Some parameters estimated are:
– Permeability
– Near-wellbore conditions: damage etc.
– Boundary distance
– Reservoir connected volume
– Average reservoir pressure
– Reservoir temperature (?? )
2
Well Test : How it is done?
Well is allowed to flow
Constant Production
q
Sensor is lowered pwf

Stabilized Pressure
Pwf Pres t
Well Test : How it is done?
Well is Closed,
flowing Q = 0
Constant
Flow drops
Production
to zero.
q
pwf
Pressure Buildup
Stabilized Starts
Pressure
Pwf Pres t
Well Test : Why it should be done?
Well test provides information that can be used for reliable panning of oil and
gas field production and development, and reducing the financial risk in
investment in oil and gas projects. Followings are list of important information
that well test can provide:
• Well test provides information not available in static model of the reservoir.
• Increases reliability of geologic interpretation and reserve estimates.
• Provides actual and potential productivity of the well tested.
• Collects reservoir representative fluid sample for PVT and phase behavior analysis, and
flow assurance studies.
• Helps in identifying well problems such as sand production, asphaltene or paraffin
presence, water or gas coning etc.
5
Well Test : When it should be done?
Well test can be done at any stage of reservoir life cycle. The purpose of
carrying out well test at each stage may be different. Some typical objective of
well test at different stages of reservoir life cycle are given below:
• Exploration: Reservoir and Fluid Properties, Reservoir Deliverability.
• Appraisal or Early Stage of Field Development: Refine previous interpretation.
• Production: Reservoir Management: need for well treatment, interference testing .
6
Types and Purposes of Well Tests
• Pressure transient tests

• Generate and measure pressure changes with time
• Deliverability tests
• Well controlled production
7
Production Data Analysis
Use of Production Data for Well Test Analysis

Reservoir properties
(permeability, skin factor, fracture half-length etc).
Reservoir pore volume
(estimated using long-term production performance).
Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR)
Movable fluid volumes.
8
Well Test : Objectives
• Characterize reservoir
• Estimate average drainage area pressure
• Define reservoir limits
• Diagnose productivity problems
• Evaluate stimulation treatment effectiveness
9
Well Test : Typical Objectives
Check the presence of hydrocarbons in the reservoir
Measure the reservoir fluid flow rate under typical operating conditions
Measurement of reservoir temperature and pressure
Estimate of the flow capacity (Kh) of the producing interval of thickness h
Identify reservoir heterogeneities
Estimate connected volume of the reservoir and establish connectivity among
wells
Evaluate properties of multi-later reservoirs
(A multi-layer test should involve running a production-logging tool (PLT) string to
determine flow contributions from each layer.)
Continued on next slide
10
Well Test : Typical Objectives
Check injective capacity of reservoir
Determine the level of damage or stimulation near the wellbore
Estimate well productivity and absolute open-flow (AOF) potential
Obtain representative fluid samples for PVT and phase behavior analysis and flow
assurance studies
11
Well Test : Issues to Consider Before Well Test
Type of well test depends on –
Fluid type: Oil or Gas, Volatile, Possibility of Hydrates, Sour Crude,
Flow : Injection or Production
Pressure- Temperature Condition: High-Pressure & High-Temperature (HPHT) or normal
Objective of Test: Extended Well Test, Interference, Pulse Test, Multi-rate, Multilayer tests.
Equipments : Downhole and Surface tools, equipments, instruments etc.
Technology: Special technology requirement such as HPHT, viscous crude, hydrate conditions etc.
Cost – rig rates, test duration, services cost
Reservoir Geology: Structure and Stratigraphy
Lead time depends on
Location: remote locations or easily accessible location, offshore/onshore, Arctic Conditions,
Deepwater, Forest Area, Hilly Terrains
Specialized Equipment Requirement: Sour reservoir fluid, local environment rules,
Other condition: logistics, planning, manufacturing of equipment, and transportation to location.
Environment: Special conditions: zero emissions, contingency for spills
12
Well Test : Types: Single and Multi-Well Tests
Well is allowed to flow Single Well Test
Constant Production
q
Sensor is lowered
pwf
Stabilized Pressure
Pwf Pres t
Well is Closed,
flowing Q = 0 Single Well Test
Constant
Flow drops
Production
to zero.
q
pwf
Pressure Buildup
Stabilized Starts
Pressure
Pwf Pres t
Multi Well Test

Pressure and flow are
recorded at offset well.
Well is shut
flowing
in. Well is flowing
q
Sensor is lowered t
in the offset well.
pwf
Pwf Pres Pwf Pres

t
Multi Well Test

Pressure and flow is
Well is flowing.
shut in. Well is Shut in.
flowing.
q
Sensor is lowered t
in the offset well.
pwf
Pwf Pres Pwf Pres

t
Well Test : Types: Draw Down

Well is Shut in.
flowing.
q
Sensor is lowered t
Pwf in the offset well.
pwf
t
Pwf Pres
t
Well Test : Types: Buildup Test

recorded at well.
Well is shut
flowing.
in.
Pws q
Sensor is lowered t
in the offset well.
t pwf
Pwf Pres
t
Well Test : Types: Injection Test
Pressure and flow

recording at the well.
Well is Shut in.
injected.
q
t
p1hr Q =0
Pwf Sensor is lowered
in the offset well.
pwf
Injection Time, t ps
Semi Log Plot
Pwf Pres
t
Well Test : Types: Injection Fall Off Test
Pressure and flow

recording at the well.
Well is shut in.
injected.
q
t
Q =0
Pws p1hr Sensor is lowered
in the offset well.
pwf
Injection Time, t pi
Semi Log Plot
(Horner Plot)
Pwf Pres
t
Well Test : Types: Interference Tests

Well is flowing.
shut in. Well is Shut
shut in. q
Sensor is lowered Q =0
in the offset well. t
Qinj
pwf
pi
Pwf Pres Pwf Pres
t
Well Test : Types: Pulse Tests
Pressure is recorded at
offset well.
Well is flowing.
shut in. Well is Shut in.
flowing. q
At active well
Sensor is lowered q =0
in the offset well. t
At observation well
pwf
Pwf Pres Pwf Pres
t
Flow Regimes
Transient Condition (Const. Rate)
I. p = g(r, t) and = f(r, t);
g and f are functions.
II. Oil well and gas well testing
Flow Regimes
Semi Steady State Condition (Const. Rate)
• Start of realization of effect of boundary
• =0
• = Constant for all r and t
Assumption:
Well is surrounded by outer boundary by impermeable boundary which
stops any fluid flow in the reservoir represented by radial cell.
Flow Regime
Steady State Condition (Const. Rate)
• p = p = Constant, at r = re
• = 0 for all r and t
Well Test : Transient Flow Equation
In steady state, quantity of fluid entering and leaving the porous medium are same.
In case of unsteady state or transient flow, rates of fluid entering and leaving system
the porous medium may not be same; hence, fluid content changes with time.
Mathematical formulation of the equation defining fluid flow in transient state is done
by combining three different equations and two boundary and one initial conditions:
Equations:
o Continuity Equation: Material balance equation:
Mass entering an Mass leaving an
elemental volume of elemental volume of mass accumulated
- =
reservoir during a reservoir during a during a time interval t
time interval t time interval t
o Transport Equation: Describes fluid flow rate entering or leaving the elemental volume.
o Compressibility Equation: Describes change in volume of fluid as function of pressure.
Boundary Conditions:
1. Rate of production is constant.
2. No flow across the boundary and reservoir behaves like infinite reservoir with
radius tending to infinity i.e. r .
Initial Condition:
1. At time t = 0, pressure in the reservoir for all values of r is same.
Following assumptions are made:

• Vertical well, horizontal flow
• Homogenous reservoir
• Fully penetrated
• Single phase fluid
Generalized Transient Flow Equation =
Continuity Equation +
Transport Equation +
Compressibility Equation
Continuity Equation from conservation of mass:

1
r =
r r t
Transport Equation (Darcy Equation):
k p
u=
r
Darcy Units
Q =
Q =C Field Units
Compressibility Equation (from definition of compressibility):
c =
= = c
General equation to define flow of a fluid in a reservoir is given using following

equations (Transient Flow Equation):
1 k p p Darcy Units
r c
r r r t t
0.006328309368552 k p p
r c Field Units
r r r t t
Following assumptions are made:
• Vertical well
• Homogenous reservoir
• Fully penetrated
• Single phase fluid
re
r r+ r
The figure shows the elemental volume located at rw
radius r with thickness of r, height h. u is velocity and
is density of the fluid. Q is flow rate.
h
Mass of fluid entering at radius r+ r in time t = Q
Mass of fluid leaving at radius r in time t = Q
Mass accumulated in time t = rh

[Mass Entering the Volume Element during time t] –[ Mass Leaving the Volume
Element during time t] = [Mass Accumulated during time t]
Q Q = rh
[2 r + r hu rhu ] ] re
= r r+ r
rh r t
rw
[ r+ r u ru ] ]
=
r t
h
When r and 0, above expression can be written as

1 (ru ) )
=
r r t
1 (ru ) )
=
r r t re
r r+ r
Transport Equation (Darcy Equation): rw
k p
u=
r
h
1 k p
(r )= )
r r r t
1 k p Assumption for Darcy’s Equation:
( )= )
r r r t 1. Laminar flow
2. Steady state flow
3. Incompressible fluid
4. Homogenous medium
1 k p
( )= )
r r r t
1 (ru )
LHS =
r r
) P re
RHS = =
t t t t P t r r+ r
rw
Rock compressibility can be written as
c = = c h
) P
RHS = c
t t
1 k p p
r c
r r r t t
General Transient Flow Equation
1 k p p
r c Darcy Units
r r r t t
0.006328309368552 k p p
r c Field Units: t is in days.
r r r t t
This generalized form will be applied to slightly compressible and compressible fluid.
Note that cf is formation compressibility and is density of fluid.
Derivation of Radial Diffusivity Equation for Slightly Compressible Flow:
1. Single phase liquid with small compressibility,

2. Viscosity of the liquid is independent of pressure,
3. Constant and isotropic permeability,
4. Formation pressure gradient and compressibility values are small,
5. Temperature is constant.
Radial Flow for Slightly Compressible Flow:
We have
1
c = c
P P
K P
1 (r [ ]) P
r
= c
r r t t
P P P P P P
c = c c (c + c ) = c
P t t t t t t
K P
1 r K 1 P P P
= +r +r
r r r r r r r
K 1 P P P P K 1 P P P
+r +r = +r +r c ( )
r r r r P r r r r r
( ) term is very small which can be neglected,
K 1 P P P
+ c
r r r t
Diffusivity Equation is then given as

+ = Darcy Units
p 1 p c p
+ = Field Units: t is in days.
is called
r r r 0.006328309368552K t
p 1 p c p
hydraulic diffusivity. + = Field Units: t is in hours.
r r r 0.000263679557023k t
p 1 p c p
+ =
r r r 0.000263679557023K t
Diffusivity Equation in dimensionless form:
P = ;t = ;r =
p 1 p c p
+ =
r r r 0.000263679557023K t
Multiply both sides by r .
Write p(r,t) as pi-p(r,t), since pi is constant, it will not make any change on the
Equation.
Divide both sides by , all parameters in this are independent of time and
radius.
Rearrange the coefficient terms on right hand side.
+ =
+ =
Using definition of dimensionless parameters, above equation can be written as:

p 1 p p
+ =
r r r t
Constant Rate Solution of Diffusivity Equation:
Boundary and Initial Conditions:
(1) p = pi at t = 0 for all values of r. Q = 0.00112712
(2) r = for t > 0. From above equation, r = ;

C = 0.00112712 ; Q is in bbl/day
lim r = for t >0.

(as r tends to 0, it becomes a line source, constant flow rate)
(3) p pi as r
p 1 p c p
+ =
r r r 0.000263679557023K t
In order to find a solution to the equation, we use Boltzmann Transformation:
S= , = , and = ; C = 0.000263679557023
P P S P cr
1 r 1 r S 1 r cr
r S r S 2C Kt
LHS = = =
r r r S r r S 2C Kt
c P c P S c P cr cr c P
RHS = = = =
C K t C K S t C K S 4C Kt 4C Kt C K S
Divide LHS and RHS by
LHS = = = =
RHS = = S
)
+
Let = P’
(1 + S) (1 + S)
S +P SP = P S
S S S S
(1 + S) (1 + S)
S +P SP = P S
S S S S
)
S ln P ln S S + C ; C is a constant
S = ln e and C = ln e , e = C
e e
ln P ln S S + C = ln S + ln e + ln e = ln P =
S S
P e e
= dP = dS
S S S
We have, from our assumption:
lim r = lim r = lim r =
P cr 2 P
lim = lim 2S =
S 2C Kt 2 C hK S C hK
Since S = when r 0, S also 0,

P P
hence, lim 2S = lim 2S =
S C hK S C hK
lim 2S = ,
Since lim e = 1, lim 2S = gives C =

P e e
= dP = dS
S C hK S C hK S
Integrating both sides we get, dP = dS = dS
e
P = dS P r, t = P Ei S
C hK S C hK
e e
dS = Ei S or dr = Ei S
S r
cr
P r, t = P E S = E
C hK C hK 4C Kt
cr
P r, t = P 70.60248380469 E 948.1205248619
hK Kt
cr
P r, t = P E
C hK 4C Kt
If C1 is 1 above equation reduces to expression for pressure as function of radius and
time in Darcy units i.e.
cr Darcy Units
P r, t = P E
hK 4Kt
Using field units, the solution using values for C1 and C2, reduces to
cr Field Units,
P r, t = P 70.60248380469 E 948.1205248619
hK Kt t is in hours
cr cr cr
S= = = 948.1205248619
4C Kt 4 0.000263679557023 Kt Kt
= = 70.60248380469
C hK 0.00112712 hK hK
cr Darcy Units
P r, t = P E
Kh 4Kt
cr Field Units, t is
P r, t = P 70.60248380469 E 948.1205248619 in hours
Kh Kt
When x <0.01,
Ei x = Ei x = ln x or Ei x = ln x = ln
4Kt
P r, t = P ln Darcy Units
Kh cr
cr
P r, t = P 70.60248380469 ln 948.1205248619
Kh Kt
cr
P r, t = P 70.60248380469 2.303 log 948.1205248619
Kh Kt
cr
P r, t = P 162.60 log 948.1205248619
Kh Kt
Kt
P r, t = P 162.60 log 3.23 Field Units
Kh cr
120
100
80
(1/s) e-S
60
40
20
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
S
10.00000
When x <0.01,
1.00000
Ei x = Ei x = ln 1.781x
0.10000
Ei(S)
0.01000
0.00100
0.00010
0.00001
0.0001 0.0010 0.0100 0.1000 1.0000 10.0000
S
Solution of Diffusivity Equation in Dimensionless Form:
P = ;t = ;r =
Solution of Diffusivity Equation i.e. pressure as function of radius and time is as follows:
cr
P r, t = P 70.60248380469 E 948.1205248619
hK Kt
Q B cr
P P r, t = 70.60248380469 E 948.1205248619
hK Kt
P P r, t cr r
= E 948.1205248619
Q B Kt r
70.60248380469
hK
P = ;t = ;r =
r
P P r, t r
= E
Q B Kt
70.60248380469
hK 948.1205248619 cr
r
P P r, t r
= E
Q B 4.0 0.000264 Kt
2.0 0.00708 hK cr
1 r
P = E
2 4t
1 r
P = E
2 4t
Solutions for above equation:
Case-1
For an infinite acting reservoir i.e. rD , Chatas and Lee found that PD is function of tD
only , and proposed following expressions to calculate PD:
t
t < 0.01; p = 2
t > 100; P = 0.5 ln t + 0.80907

Case-1 (continued)
For 0.02 < tD 1000, expression for PD is given as follows:
P
= 0.8085064 + 0.29302022 ln t + 3.5264177 10 ln t 1.4036304 10 ln t
2.6723117 10
4.7722225 10 t + 5.1240532 10 t 2.3033017 10 t
t
Case-2
For finite radial system, PD is function of both, tD and rD. Finite acting reservoir, Chatas
(1956) proposed following simplified form of expression for PD:
r External radius
r = =
r Wellbore radius
0.5 + 2t r 4 ln r 2r 1
P = for 0.25 < t and 0.25r <t
r 1 4 r 1
Case-2 (Continued)
2t
P = + ln r 0.75 for r 1
r
1 t t
P = ln + 0.80907 for > 25
2 r r
Example Question:
Given data: Assuming infinite acting reservoir, calculate
1 Q 300 STB/day bottomhole flowing pressure after one hour.
2 Bo 1.25 bbl/STB
3 o 1.5 cP
4 Ct 1.20E-05 psi-1
5 Ko 60 mD
6 h 15 feet
7 pi 4000 psi
8 0.15
9 rw 0.25
1 r
P = E
2 4t
Example Question:
P = ;t = ;r =
tD = 93866.67, pD = 6.129
Q B
= 6.129 p p r , t = 6.129
0.00708Kh
p 0.25,1 = 3458.95 psi

= 88.277
Example Question: Chart Title
4050
1 hour
4000
3950 8 hour
24 hour
Pressure, psia
3900
3850
3800
3750
3700
3650
3600
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Radius, ft
r
P r, t = P 44.1265E 4.2665 10
t
Derivation of Radial Diffusivity Equation for Compressible Flow:
1. Single phase REAL gas,

2. Temperature is constant.
Generalized Equation for Transient Flow

1 k p p
r c Darcy Units
r r r t t
0.006328309368552 k p p
r c Field Units: t is in days.
r r r t t
1 k p p
r c
r r r t t Darcy Units
For compressible real gas,

PM 1 1 Z
= ; and c =
ZRT p Z p
PM
1 k PM p PM p ZRT
r = c
r r ZRT r ZRT t t
P
1 k P p P p Z
r = c
r r Z r Z t t
P
1 k P p P p Z p
r = c
r r Z r Z t p t
P
P p Z p P p 1 p Z p
RHS = c = c
Z t p t Z t Z Z p t
P p P 1 1 Z p P p P p P p
RHS = c = c c = c +c
Z t Z p Z p t Z t Z t Z t
P p
RHS = c
Z t
1 P p
LHS = K r
r r Z r
1 p p p c p
K r =
r r Z r Z t
1 p p p p
K r c Darcy Units
r r Z r Z t
1 p p c p p
K r = Field Units: t is in days.
r r Z r 0.006328309368552 Z t
1 p p c p p
K r = Field Units: t is in hours.
r r Z r 0.000263679557023 Z t
Z and are both functions of pressure, hence, above equation is non-linear.

Non-linearity of the equation is removed by using “Real Gas Pseudo Pressure” in

place of pressure. Real gas pseudo pressure is denoted as m(p) function or (p)
function and expressed as shown below:
2p
m p or p = dp
Z
Conversion of pressure to real gas pressure to real gas pseudo

pressure and vice-versa are required.
How do we do that ?
Gas Well Testing
Radial Flow for Highly Compressible Fluids (gases):
Pressure µ Z
(psia) (cP)
400 0.0129 0.9370
800 0.0139 0.8820 Our objective is to find
1200 0.0153 0.8320 real gas pseudo pressure as
1600 0.0168 0.7940 function of pressure or we
2000 0.0184 0.7700 have to find real gas pseudo
2400 0.0201 0.7630 pressure for each of pressure
2800 0.0217 0.7750 point given in the table.
3200 0.0234 0.7970
3600 0.0250 0.8270
4000 0.0266 0.8600
4400 0.0283 0.8960
Source : Dake, L., P., 1994. Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering 65

Gas Well Testing
This is average of 2P/µz value at a2p
given pressure i.e.
pXAvg m p = pXAvg
Avg = Z
pi (psia) 2p/µZ
0 0 0
400 66391.03 33195.52 13278206.65 13278206.65
800 130507.84 98449.44 39379774.37 52657981.02
1200 188536.95 159522.40 63808958.37 116466939.39
1600 239894.45 214215.70 85686279.94 202153219.33
2000 282326.37 261110.41 104444163.15 306597382.47
2400 312982.92 297654.65 119061858.43 425659240.90
2800 332986.47 322984.70 129193879.06 554853119.96
3200 343167.22 338076.85 135230738.28 690083858.24
3600 348246.67 345706.95 138282778.74 828366636.97
4000 349711.49 348979.08 139591632.55 967958269.52
4400 346924.36 348317.92 139327169.18 1107285438.70
Source : Dake, L., P., 1994. Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering 66

Gas Well Testing
67
m p 2p
=
p Z
m p m p p 2p p p Z m p
= = ; Hence, =
r p r Z r r 2p r
m p m p p 2p p p Z m p
= = ; Hence, =
t p t Z t t 2p t
1 p p p p
K r c
r r Z r Z t
1 p Z m p p Z m p
K r c
r r Z 2p r Z 2p t
1 m p m p
Kr c
r r r t
1 m p c m p
r =
r r r K t
1 m p 1 m p m p c m p
r = +r =
r r r r r r K t
1 m p 1 m p m p c m p
r = +r =
r r r r r r K t
m p 1 m p c m p Darcy Units
+ =
r r r K t
m p 1 m p c m p Field Units: t is in days.
+ =
r r r 0.006328309368552K t
m p 1 m p c m p
+ = Field Units: t is in hours.
r r r 0.000263679557023K t
Above equation gives real gas pseudo pressure as function of radius and time.
Solutions to Radial Diffusivity Equation for Compressible Flow:
1. Exact Solution (Solution will be in m(p) function form)

2. Pressure squared (p2) approximation method,
3. Pressure (p) method.
m p 1 m p c m p
+ = Darcy Units
r r r K t
m p 1 m p c m p
+ = Field Units: t is in days.
r r r 0.006328309368552K t
m p 1 m p c m p
+ = Field Units: t is in hours.
r r r 0.000263679557023K t
Boundary and Initial Conditions:
(1) m(p) = m(pi) at t = 0 for all values of r. SCF K rh m p
Q = 0.111938
day T r
)
(2) r = for t > 0. From above equation, r
)
= ;
C = 0.111938; Qg is in SCF/day
lim r = for t >0.
(as r tends to 0, it becomes a line source, constant flow rate)
(3) m(p m(pi) as r
SCF 5.615T P K mD rh ft p psi
Q = 0.00112712
day P ZT cP r ft
SCF 5.615T P K rh Z m p
Q = 0.00112712
day P ZT 2p r
SCF P K rh Z m p
Q = 0.223875
day ZT 2p r
SCF 1 K rh m p
Q = 0.111938
day T 1 r
SCF K rh m p
Q = 0.111938
day T r
SCF K rh m p
Q = 0.111938
day T r
)
From above equation, r = ;
C = 0.111938 ; Q is in SCF/day
m(p) 1 m(p) c m(p)
+ =
r r r 0.000263679557023K t
In order to find a solution to the equation, we use Boltzmann Transformation:
S= , = , and = ; C = 0.000263679557023
m(P) m(P) S m(P) cr
1 r 1 r S 1 r cr
r S r S 2C Kt
LHS = = =
r r r S r r S 2C Kt
c m(P) c m(P)P S c m(P) cr cr c m(P)
RHS = = = =
C K t C K S t C K S 4C Kt 4C Kt C K S
Divide LHS and RHS by

m(P) cr m(P) cr
r 2C Kt cr 1 C Kt r 2C Kt 1
S S
LHS = =
S 2C Kt r c S 2
m(P) cr m(P)
S 4C Kt S
= =
S S
) ) ) )
RHS = = S
)
) ) ) )
+
Let = m(P)’
m(P) m(P) (1 + S) m(P) (1 + S)
S + m(P) Sm(P) = m(P) S
S S S m(P) S
m(P) m(P) (1 + S) m(P) (1 + S)
S + m(P) Sm(P) = m(P) S
S S S m(P) S
)
S ln m(P) ln S S + C ; C is a constant
S = ln e and C = ln e , e = C
e e
ln m(P) ln S S + C = ln S + ln e + ln e = ln m(P) =
S S
m(P) e e
= dm(P) = dS
S S S
We have, from our assumption:
) ) )
lim r = lim r = lim r =
m(P) c r 2 Q T m(P) Q T
lim = lim 2S =
S 2C Kt 2 C Kh S C Kh
Since S = when r 0, S also 0,

m(P) Q T m(P) Q T
hence, lim 2S = lim 2S =
S C Kh S C Kh
lim 2S = ,
Since lim e = 1, lim 2S = gives C =

m(P) Q T e Q T e
= dm(P) = dS
S C hk S C hk S
Integrating both sides we get, dm(P) = dS = dS
Q T e Q T
m(P) m(P ) = dS m(P) = m(P Ei S
C hk S C hk
e e
dS = Ei S or dr = Ei r
S r
Q T
m(P) = m(P E S
C hk
Q T Q T Q T
= = 0.710907
C hK 0.111938 hK hK
Unit of Qg is SCF per day. If unit is MSCF/day,
= 0.710907 1000 = 710.907
If S is small, E S = ln S = 2.303 log + log S
cr cr cr
S= = = 948.1205248619
4C Kt 4 0.000263679557023 Kt Kt
Q T Q T cr
m(P) = m(P E S = m(p 710.907 2.303 log 948.1205248619 + log 1.781
C hk hK Kt
Q T cr
m P = m p 1637 log 948.1205248619 0.250664
hK Kt
Q T cr
m P = m p 1637 log 2.97686 0.250664
hK Kt
Q T Kt
m(P) = m(p 1637 log 3.23
hK cr
Q T Kt
m P = m p 1637 log 3.23
hK cr
Q T Kt
m p m p = 1637 log 3.23
hK cr
Dimensionless form for the solution:
Q T Q T cr
m(P) = m(P E S = m(p 710.907 2.303 log 948.1205248619 + log 1.781
C hk hK Kt
Q T Q T cr
m(P) = m(P E S = m(p 710.907 2.303 log 948.1205248619 + log 1.781
C hk hK Kt
Q T Q T cr
m(P) = m(P E S = m(p 1637 log 948.1205248619 + log 1.781
C hk hK Kt
Q T Q T Kt
m(P) = m(P E S = m(p 1637 log log 1.781
C hk hK 948.1205248619 cr
Q T Q T Kt 1
m(P) = m(P E S = m(p 1637 log = 1.781
C hk hK 948.1205248619 cr
Q T Q T 0.000264Kt 1
m(P) = m(P E S = m(p 1637 log 4
C hk hK cr
Q T Q T 4t 0.000264Kt
m(P ) = m(P E S = m(p 1637 log t =
C hk hK cr
2. Pressure squared (p2) approximation method (Pressure < 2000 psia)
2p
m p or p = dp
Z
Take average value of Z i.e. Z at P +P
2 P=
m p or p = pdp 2
Z
2 p p
m p m p = pdp pdp =
Z Z = 1.781
Q T Kt
m p m p = 1637 log 3.23
hK cr
0.000264Kt
Q Kt t =
p p = 1637 log 3.23 cr
hK cr
Q 4t
p p = 1637 log
hK
3. Pressure approximation method
ZT
B = 0.0050346
p
Z 0.00504346T
=
p B
p p
m p m p =2 dp dp
Z Z
0.0050346 0.0050346
m p m p = 2T dp dp
B B
Fetkovich (1973) suggested that for pressure > 3000 psia, B is constant. Hence,
0.010069T
m p m p = p p
B
3. Pressure approximation method
0.010069T
m p m p = p p
B
0.010069T Q T Kt
p p = 1637 log 3.23
B hK cr
Q B Kt
p p = 162.575(10 ) log 3.23
hK cr
Q B 4t
p p = 162.575(10 ) log
hK
Example Question
P (psia) g (cP) Z Given data:
0 0.01270 1.000 1Q MSCF/day 2000
400 0.01286 0.937
800 0.01390 0.882 2T 0F 140
1200 0.01530 0.832 3 Ct psi-1 3X10-4
1600 0.01680 0.794 4K mD 65
2000 0.01840 0.770
5h feet 15
2400 0.02010 0.763
2800 0.02170 0.775 6 pi psi 4400
3200 0.02340 0.797 7 0.15
3600 0.02500 0.827 8 rw feet 0.30
4000 0.02660 0.860
4400 0.02831 0.896
For transient flow condition find the bottomhole flowing pressure after 1.5 hours.
Use exact solution method.
Example Question
P = ;t = ;r =
Q T 4t
m(P ) = m(p 1637 log
hK
Q 4t
p p = 1637 log
hK
Q B 4t
p p = 162.575(10 ) log
hK
For transient flow condition find the bottomhole flowing pressure after 1.5 hours.
Well Test : Inclusion of Skin in Transient Flow Equations
Concept of Skin and Its Inclusion in Flow Equations:
Damaged Zone
Permeability Ks
1. Positive Skin
Pressure Wellbore damage due to mud filtrate,
cement slurry etc. enter formation during
Undamaged Zone
drilling, completion or workover operation.
Permeability K
Damaged formation zone with altered
Pwf with undamaged
permeability is called Skin Zone.
permeability
2. Negative Skin
Pwf with damaged Well stimulation due to acid treatment or
permeability fracturing causes improvement in the
formation permeability around the wellbore
rskin Radius
rw Additional pressure drop due to decreased
permeability is referred to as pskin
Permeability, Ks
1. Positive Skin
Improved
Wellbore damage due to mud filtrate,
cement slurry etc. enter formation during
drilling, completion or workover operation.
Unaltered Zone
Permeability K
Damaged formation zone with altered
permeability is called Skin Zone.
Pressure
2. Negative Skin
Well stimulation due to acid treatment or
fracturing causes improvement in the
formation permeability around the wellbore
Radius
rw Additional pressure drop due to decreased
permeability is referred to as pskin
p in skin zone p in skin zone

pskin = due to K
skin
- due to K
bbl k mD 2 ft p psi
q = 0.00112712 Field Units
day cP r ft
bbl k mD 2 ft p psi
q = C
day cP r ft Field Units
bbl k mD 2 ft p psi
q = Darcy Units
day cP r ft
bbl K mD 2 ft p psi
q = C Field Units
day cP r ft
p in skin zone p in skin zone
r
pskin = due to K
skin
- due to K
P=P P = ln
C Kh r Field Units
r r r
P=P P = ln
r Darcy Units pskin = C K h
ln
r - C Kh
ln
r
K r
pskin = 1 ln
C Kh K r
Van Everdingen defined skin by following expression:
141.24q
pskin = S= S Field Units
C Kh Kh K r
S= 1 ln
pskin = S K r
Kh Darcy Units
Preal = Pideal + Pskin
Actual Pressure Drop = Pressure Drop Assuming Unchanged Formation +

Pressure Drop due to Skin
Without Skin
With Skin
4Kt
P r, t = P ln 4Kt
Kh cr P r, t = P ln + 2S
Kh cr
4Kt
P P r, t = ln
Kh cr
4Kt
P P r, t = ln + S
Kh cr Kh
4Kt
P P r, t = ln + 2S
Kh cr Kh
4Kt
P P r, t = ln + 2S
Kh cr
Without Skin With Skin
Kt Kt 141.24q
P r, t = P 162.60 log 3.23 P P r, t = 162.60 log 3.23 + S
Kh cr Kh cr Kh
Kt Kt
P P r, t = 162.60 log 3.23 P P r, t = 162.60 log 3.23 + 0.87S
Kh cr Kh cr
Well Test : Types: Draw Down

Well is Shut in.
flowing.
q
Sensor is lowered t
Pwf in the offset well.
pwf
t
Pwf Pres
t
Introduction to application of Transient Flow Equation to Oil Well Test:
Kt
P r, t = P 162.60 log 3.23 + 0.87S
Kh cr
Kt
P = P 162.60 log 3.23 + 0.87S
Kh cr
K
P = P 162.60 log t + log 3.23 + 0.87S
Kh cr
K
P = P 162.60 log 162.60 + log 3.23 + 0.87S
Kh Kh cr
For a plot of Pwf and Log (t), gradient (m) will have value of 162.60 .
If q, , and h are known, permeability can be found.
Introduction to application of Transient Flow Equation to Oil Well Test:
K
P = P 162.60 log 162.60 + log 3.23 + 0.87S
Kh Kh cr
Let t be 1 hour and Pwf at this time be denoted by Pwf-1hr. Expression for S can be derived as follows:
K
P = P 162.60 log 162.60 + log 3.23 + 0.87S
Kh Kh cr
K
P = P 162.60 + log 3.23 + 0.87S
Kh cr = Calculated earlier.
P P K
S = 1.151 log + 3.23
162.60 cr
Kh
=m
STB/da
Pressure Draw Down Example
y 1500 Flow Time Pwf Flow Time Pwf
Calculation
hr 100 Hrs psia Hrs psia
ft 20 0 3510 30 2713
ft 0.33 1 2927 40 2660
0.18 2 2910 50 2607
1/psi 1.500E-05 3 2898 60 2555
cp 0.18 4 2889 70 2505
rb/stb 1.2 5 2879 80 2453
7.5 2858 90 2402
10 2840 100 2351
15 2804
20 2772
3000
m = 67 psia
K= =218.42 mD 2800
S = 3.64 2600
Pwf, psia
2400
2200
2000
1 10 100
Time, hours
Well Test : Types: Buildup Test

recorded at well.
Well is shut
flowing.
in.
Pws q
Sensor is lowered t
in the offset well.
t pwf
Pwf Pres
t
Superposition Theorem: General Theory of Well Testing
What is principle of superposition ?
Mathematical interpretation: Any sum of individual solutions of a 2nd
order linear differential equation is also solution to that differential
equation.
101
What is principle of superposition in well test?

Case: When well produced at several rates, then how do we find the
pressure of well as function of time and pressure?
Answer is in principle of superposition.

Pressure drop in above case is sum of individual pressure drops
corresponding to different flow rates.
102
Let us assume, a well produced at rates q1, q2 and q3 at times 0, t1, t2,
and production continues until time t3.
Applying the principle of superposition, implies
Pressure drop as function of time and radius will be equal to sum of
following pressure drops:
1. Pressure drop due to rate q1 flowing since time t= 0 to time t = t3.
2. Pressure drop due to rate q2-q1 flowing since time t= t1 to time t = t3.
3. Pressure drop due to rate q3-q2 flowing since time t= t2 to time t = t3.
103
Graphical representation of the well that produced at rates q1, q2 and q3
at times 0, t1, t2, and production continues until time t3.
104
105
106
So we can say: We can generalise this:

Rate Active for Time Rate Active for Time
q1 t3 q1 tn
q2 –q1 t3-t1 q2 –q1 tn-t1
q3 – q2 t3-t2 q3 – q2 tn-t2
………. ………
qn- qn-1 tn-tn-1
kh p p
Recalling = PD (tD)+ S =q p T +S
Basic Equation for Pressure Time Rate Data Collected in a Well Test
kh
p p q q p (t t ) +q S
Use of this equation on following slides.

107
Single Rate Drawdown Test:
o Single constant rate for an extended period.
n =1
q1 = q kh
q1 = q
tD1 = tD kh
p p = q q p (t t ) +q S
kh
p p = q p (t ) + qS
kh
p p = p (t ) + S
q
Recovery Trend
Pressure Buildup Test (the Hornor Plot):
Single constant rate q for total time t, and then closed in i.e q = 0. After that the well is
closed in and well bore pressure i.e. pwf is equal to pws is recorded as function of
closed in time t.
n = 2; q0 = 0; q1 = q; q2 = 0 ; tD0 = 0; tD1 = t; tD2 = t+ t ; pwf2 =pws
q
kh
p p = q q p (t t ) +q S
t t
kh pws
p p = q q p (t t ) +q S
pwf
t t
Diffusivity Equation for Radial Flow: Reminder
In terms of dimensionless parameters:

1 p p
r =
r r r t
r = ;t = ; p r ,t = p p
cr
p=p Ei
kh kt
rD
r
kh p p 1 r
Ei
2 kt
4
cr
pD tD
1 r
p Ei
2 4t
If skin is present then, = pD + S 111

cr
p=p Ei
kh kt
rD
r
kh p p 1 r
Ei
141.2q B 2 0.000263kt
4
cr
pD
1 r tD
p Ei
2 4t
112
4kt
p =p ln + 2S
kh cr
At r = rw , rD = 1 and p is pwf
kh p p 1 4 kt
= ln + 2S
2 cr
pD + S tD
1 4t
p = ln
2
If skin is present then, = pD + S 113
Pressure Buildup Test (the Hornor Plot):
p p = q q p t t + q q p t t +q S
= qp t+ t 0 + q p t+ t t + 0S
= qp t + t + q p t
= q[p t + t p t ]
p p = [p t+ t p t ] = ln
t+ t
p p = 162.6 log
kh t
Multi Rate Drawdown Test :
Well flows at series of increasing or decreasing different rates for
different periods. The series can be arbitrary as well.
p p = q q p (t t ) +q S
= p (t t ) +S
Recovery Trend GOR

Multi Rate Drawdown Test :
Recovery Trend GOR

Importance of Well Testing in Reservoir Characterization

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Importance of Well Testing in Reservoir Characterization

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Important Topics of the Course

Well is allowed to flow

Sensor is lowered pwf

• Pressure transient tests

Use of Production Data for Well Test Analysis

• Define reservoir limits

• Diagnose productivity problems

• Evaluate stimulation treatment effectiveness

Continued on next slide

Well is allowed to flow Single Well Test

Multi Well Test

Pwf Pres Pwf Pres

Multi Well Test

Pwf Pres Pwf Pres

Pressure and flow is

Pressure and flow are

Pressure and flow

Pressure and flow

Pressure and flow is

• = Constant for all r and t

Following assumptions are made:

Continuity Equation from conservation of mass:

General equation to define flow of a fluid in a reservoir is given using following

Mass of fluid leaving at radius r in time t = Q

Mass accumulated in time t = rh

When r and 0, above expression can be written as

1. Single phase liquid with small compressibility,

Diffusivity Equation is then given as

Using definition of dimensionless parameters, above equation can be written as:

(2) r = for t > 0. From above equation, r = ;

lim r = for t >0.

In order to find a solution to the equation, we use Boltzmann Transformation:

Since S = when r 0, S also 0,

Since lim e = 1, lim 2S = gives C =

t > 100; P = 0.5 ln t + 0.80907

p 0.25,1 = 3458.95 psi

1. Single phase REAL gas,

Generalized Equation for Transient Flow

For compressible real gas,

Z and are both functions of pressure, hence, above equation is non-linear.

Non-linearity of the equation is removed by using “Real Gas Pseudo Pressure” in

Conversion of pressure to real gas pressure to real gas pseudo

Source : Dake, L., P., 1994. Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering 65

Source : Dake, L., P., 1994. Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering 66

1. Exact Solution (Solution will be in m(p) function form)

In order to find a solution to the equation, we use Boltzmann Transformation:

Divide LHS and RHS by

Since S = when r 0, S also 0,

Since lim e = 1, lim 2S = gives C =

Unit of Qg is SCF per day. If unit is MSCF/day,

= 0.710907 1000 = 710.907

If S is small, E S = ln S = 2.303 log + log S

p in skin zone p in skin zone

Preal = Pideal + Pskin

Actual Pressure Drop = Pressure Drop Assuming Unchanged Formation +

Pressure and flow is

Pressure and flow are

What is principle of superposition in well test?

Answer is in principle of superposition.

So we can say: We can generalise this:

Use of this equation on following slides.

In terms of dimensionless parameters: