Дискретна 1 - ЦЕЛ МАТЕРИЈАЛ

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AB x (xA xB) x (xB xA);
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n-

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Page 12
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o AU=A

o AUU=U

o AUA=A

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o A U (B U C) = (A U B) U C

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Page 13
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, |A|+|B| ,
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AB= B A
Page 14
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A =
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Page 16
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. f,
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fog e ja C a :
(fog)(x) = f(g(x))
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{(x,y)|xA, yB f(x)=y}
Page 17
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Nm S S
m, m, |S|=m.
.
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f:BS B e .
Page 18
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: N .
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f:N2N f(n)=2n N 2N.
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Page 19
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, 1
1
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Page 20
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- .
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- : a | b: a b
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: a, b, c .
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o
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a | b, a | c a | (b + c).
a | b a | bc c Z.
a | b, b | c a | c.
: ( ) a d .
q r, 0r<d,
a = dq + r.
. ( ) d ,
q a r .
: q=a div d ,
r=a mod d

. a, b m . a b
m m | (a - b).
: a b (mod m)
: a b (mod m) a mod m = b mod m.
: m .
a b (mod m) k a = b + km.
: m .
a b (mod m) c d (mod m),
Page 21
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a + c b + d (mod m)
ac bd (mod m).

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2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59,61,67,71,73,79,83,89,97
1
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n
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n=mk
m k n. n n,
n,
n> n n>n
.
(Euclid):
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: p1, p2 , pn. q = p1p2 pn + 1.
q , pi
q i.
pi | p1p2 pn.
a | b, a | c a | (b + c).
pi | (q - p1p2 pn) = 1.
: x
x/ln(x) 1 x .
a b d d
|ad|b
- (a,b)

( 1) .
: a b (a,b) = 1
Page 22
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a1, a2, an ( )
.
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(ai, aj) = 1 1 i < j n.
a b :
=
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a b
a b.
- (a, b)
(a,b)=
a b . a*b =(a,b) * (a, b)

n
n = akbk+ ak-1bk-1+ + a1b + a0 ,
k N, 0 ai < b
b n (akak-1 a1a0)b.
b = 2
b = 16
o
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b=10 (): 10 : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
b=2 (): 2 : 0,1. (Bits=binary digits.)
b=8 (): 8 : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
b=16 (): 16 : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

a = bq + r, a, b, q, r . (a, b) = (b, r).
: b
b r .
d b, d a-bq=r.
d r, (a b) d
b r. b
b r.
, d b r. bq+r=. d
, d b. ,
b r b.
Page 23
//
n b>1:
, n mod b.
n / .
, n (=0).

M ( )
Te P(n) n,
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:
P(1)
k1, (P(k) P(k+1))
n1 P(n)

n1 P(n) :
n1, k1 (P(k)P(k+1)), 2
k1 (k<n) (P(k) P(k+1)), .., (P(1) P(2)) (P(2) P(3)) (P(n-1) P(n)).

n1 P(1) P(n); P(1) P(n).
n1 P(n).

n P(n)
- ( ): P(1)
- : k, k<n P(k) P(k+1).
o :
kN, P(k). ( )
, , P(+1).
n P(n).
nc P(n)
cZ, c1. ,
P(c) P(1), kc (P(k) P(k+1)).
nc P(an) {an}.
.
Page 24
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( )
:
P(1)
k1: (1ik P(i)) P(k+1)
:. n1: P(n)

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i=k.

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: f:NS (
S) an=f(n) :
f(0).
n>0, f(n) f(0),,f(n1).
, F(n) = n! = 1*2*3**n.
: F(0) = 1
: F(n) = n F(n-1).
F(1)=1
F(2)=2
F(3)=6

fn0 : f0 =0, f1 = 1, fn2 = fn1 + fn2
S :
S.
S
.
, S .
Page 25
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S = S1;S2. S1
p q S2 q
r. , p S = S1;S2,
r .

p{ S1}q
q{ S2}r .
:. p{ S1;S2}r

ako uslov togash
S
Page 26
//
S , . S uslov
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p
q, .
- uslov : S, S . uslov
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uslov . , (p
uslov) S, q S.
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q , q p
uslov , . (p uslov) q
,
(p uslov){ S}q
(p uslov) q .
p{ ako uslov togash S}q.

:
ako uslov togash
S1
inaku
S2

- uslov : S1 , inaku S2 ,
q. , S1
p uslov q.
- uslov : S1 , S2, q
. S2 p uslov
q.
(p uslov){ S1}q
(p uslov){ S2}q .
p{ ako uslov togash S1 inaku S2}q.

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while g do
S
while
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p g S,
.
: p e while g do S
p . p
, p a g .
Page 27
//
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2. (a, b1), (a,b2) R b1=b2
f: X Y
{(a, f(a)|aX} XY

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o
,
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|()|=2
Page 28
//
,
AxB. .
A, ,
A={(x,x)|xA}
A,
A=AA={(x, y)| x, yA}
()

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, (a, a) R
()
. R A
, (a, a) R

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(, ).
n(n-1) , ,
2n(n-1) , ..
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, b,((a, b) R (b, a) R)
R A
, b,((a, b) R (b, a) R)
R A
, b, (((a, b) R (b, a) R) a=b)
( ) , b, (((a, b) R ab) (b, a) R)
Page 29
//
.
.
.

. R A
a, b, c (((a,b) R (b,c) R)
(a,c) R)
:
-
-
-
-

R AxB, ={1, 2, ..., m} B= {b1, b2, ..., bn}
R=[mij],
1, ( , )
mij=
0, ( , )
-

A B , |A|=m, |B|=n. R, S B
A B mxn , MR =[aij] MS=[bij].
MR MS aij bij, i{1,, m} j{1,..., n}.
R, S B A B mxn , MR
=[aij] MS=[bij].
R S MR MS .
o
o
o
1 .
=.
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.
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E, V.
G(V,E) .
- (, b), , b
.
- (,)
.
-
Page 30
//
,
.

o R1 R2 , R1R2
o R1 R2 , R1R2
o R1 R2 , R1- R2
o R1 R2 , R1- R2
o R1 R2 , R1R2
o R1 R2 , R1R2
o R1 R2 , R1R2
o R1 R2 , R1R2

o = [aij] B= [bij] nxm.
(i, j)- aij bij. .
o = [aij] B= [bij] .
(i, j)- aij bij. .
o = [ai] nxm B= [bi] mxk.
, C = [i] nxk
ci=(ai1b1) (ai2b2 ) (aimbm)
o
nxn
0=In
Ak+1=Ak A
Page 31
//

R S ,
RS= R S
RS= R S

. R , S . R
(, ), b B
(, b) R (b, c) S.
- R S SoR.
, RAB SBC, SoRAC ,
aA, cC, (a,c) SoR bB, .. (a,b) R (b,c) S.
R , S ,
SoR= R S

. R . Rn, n=1, 2, 3 R1 = R Rn+1=
n
R R
R0=A.
MR e R Rn MRn.

: R Rn R n= 1, 2, 3,.
: Rn R n= 1, 2, 3,. R2 R, (a, b)R (b, c) R,
(a, c) R2 R, .
, R . R1 R.
n = 1, 2, ...,k. k+1 Rn+1 = Rn oR
(a, b) Rn+1. (, ) Rn (x, b) R.
Rn R, (, ) R (x, b) R,
(, b) R.
: R A MR.
R (MR ) n MR .
* n, .
R .
R, R-1 e
R-1={(b,a)|(a,b) R}
R, R e
R ={(,b)|(a,b) R}
. 1, 2, ..., n . n-
1x 2x ...x n.
1, 2, ..., n , n .
Page 32
//

, n-, .
.
.
n-
n- n-, n-
.
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R. n- n-
n- C.
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(a1, a2, , an) m- (ai1, ai2, , aim) .
. R m, S n. Jp(R,S), p m p n,
m+n-p m+n-p (a1, a2, , am-p, c1, c2, , cp,b1, b2, , bn-p),
m (a1, a2, , am-p, c1, c2, , cp,) R, n (c1, c2, , cp ,b1, b2, , bn-p)
S .

R , S
R P R P.
R ,
(, ) R.
={(a, a)|aA}, R
R .
R ,
(, b) R, (b, a) R.
R-1 R, R R R-1
b G (x0,x1), (x1, x2), ,(xn-1,xn) G, n
x0=a xn=b. x0,x1, x2, ,xn-1,xn n.
.
: R . n, n
b (a, b) Rn.
. . n=1 (a, b) R
1 .
n.
n+1, n+1 a b c
c R c b Rn.
Page 33
//
(, b) Rn+1.
R ,
- (, c) R, (a, b) (b, c) R.
- R R2
- (, c)
, (a, b) (b, c) .
- R R2 R3 .....
-
- R R2 R3 ... Rk
R , R* (a, b)
1 b R.
Rn (a, b) n b,
R* Rn.
: o
R*.
: n R . R
b , n. ,
b, n 1.
.
, .
. a b
.
* ~ b.
RAA. SAA, RS
o R.
o ,
o
o , o
o
o ,
o o
R .
R .
* [a]R R.
[a]R ={x| xA, (a,x) R}
Page 34
//
[a].
A/R = { [a]R | aA}

R.
: R .
i.
Rb
ii.
[a] = [b]
iii.
[a] [b]
: .
R ,
[ ] =

, ..

=
=
: R ,
.
,
.
:
, {i|i A},
aRb a b , .. i a, b Ai.
. R ,
. R .
A, (, )
.
o
a b (, ) a b
b a. a b a b b a
. (, ) ,
.
(x,yA, xy yx)

A1 A2 . A1 X A2
:
Page 35
//

,

(a1 , a2) (b1 , b2) ,
a1 < a2
a1 = a2 b1 < b2

(S,) AS.
,
,
xA, a x a = x.
b ,
b, ,
b xA, x b x = b.
Page 36
//

(S, ) AS.

, ,
xA, x a.
b ,
,
xA, x.
(A, ) e S
, .

(S, ) AS.
g S ,
g, o,
gS xA, x g.
d S , d
, o,
dS xA, g x.

(S, ) AS.
- v S ,
. ( )
- u S ,
. (
)
. R1 R a R1 b
a R b. .
o
: (S, ) .
: a0 S. , , a1.
a2. ,
an .

: S . P(x) S,
: y S, P(x) S x<y, P(y)
: P(x) S . y S P(y) .
A = {x S I P(x) } .
S , A a.
P(x) S x < a. P(a)
P(x) S, .
o
Page 37

Дискретна 1 - ЦЕЛ МАТЕРИЈАЛ

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Дискретна 1 - ЦЕЛ МАТЕРИЈАЛ

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1

P(x) Q(x) ( P(x)) Q(x)

n , x1, x2, , xn, xP(x) P(x1) P(x2) P(xn),

n , x1, x2, , xn, x P(x) P(x1) P(x2) P(xn),

A=B (AB) (BA)

, f:AB , f-1:BA, f-1(b)=a f(a)=b

- a1, a2, a3, an

() am, am+1, , an {an}:

a b . ab =(a,b) (a, b)

A/R = { [a]R | aA}

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