2555 - 2556

.. 2555 - 2556

.
.
.



..

..

008

.
.

(.)

1 2558 2000

..

009

010

2558 5

2554

10
2563
8

2556
3

(
)

(22,487 21,645
2554 2556 )

.

60%

( 25
)
2552
136%
2556


2554-2556



%

011

012

008
010
012
014
020

022
026
030
034

038
042
046
050
054
060
064
068

072
074
080
092
102
114

..
?

013

014

.. 2010
1.24

.. 2007

15

.. 2007 2010
88

88
42

41 5
( 1)
87

* WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety (2013)

182

(1.24 )

60

40

20

20

40

60

2
100,000

12% 16%
72%

12% 8 %
80%

1%
52% 47%

14

18
100,000

20.1
100,000

8.7
100,000
( 2)
80



72


52

( 3)

100,000

2007 - 2010

015

241
213
185

185
161
103

2-3

7%
27%
50%
4%
12%

37%
18%
28%
14%
3%

42%
15%

19%

8%

38%
5%

31%
23%
5%

22%

7%

43%
7%

23%
36%

25%
8%

60

( 6)

15-44


59
15 - 44

3 4
6
77

2-3

15%
33%
4%

36%
12%

17%
23%
3%

( 7)

70

0-4

5 - 14 15 - 29 30 - 44 45 - 59 60 - 69
()

70+

100,000

( 23)
( 22) ( 5)

(Vulnerable road users)

31
19

(WHO)

( 5)

41 22
75

016

( 4)

100,000

24.1
100,000

10.3 100,000

3 (18.6
100,000 6.3
100,000 )

017

018

1 20 (1) 25 (
)1

30 4



(Injury Surveillance System)

92 ( 51) 30

2008 80

71


(Under reporting)
(2)

(Naji J and
77 Djebarni, 2000)
(Vital Registration
( 47
46 Data)
24
)

(
)

5 (6, 7)

17

(1).
Peden M et al., eds. World report on road traffic injury prevention. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004
(www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/en/index.html, accessed 22 February 2013).
(2).
Holder Y et al., eds. Injury surveillance guidelines. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2001
(http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2001/9241591331.pdf, accessed 24 January 2013).
(3).
Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. Early acute management in adults with spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline
for health-care providers. Washington, DC, Paralyzed Veterans of America, 2008.
(4).
Mock C et al, eds. Guidelines for essential trauma care. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004
(www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/services/guidelines_traumacare/en/index.html, accessed 22 February 2013).
(5).
Economic Commission for Europe Intersecretariat Working Group on Transport Statistics. Glossary of transport statistics, 3rd
ed. New York, NY, United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2003 (TRANS/WP.6/2003/6).
(6).
Harvey A, ed. Data systems: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2010
(www.who.int/roadsafety/projects/manuals/data/en/index.html, accessed 22 February 2013).
(7).
Naji J and Djebarni R, Shortcomings in road accident data in developing countries, identification and correction: A case study,
IATSS Resarch, Vol 24, No 2, 2000
(8).
asser S et al. Prehospital trauma care systems. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005
(www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/services/39162_oms_new.pdf, accessed 24 January 2013).
(9).
World health statistics 2012. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2012
(www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2012/en/index.html, accessed 24 January 2013).

4 30 (5)
30 30
5 30

019

020

021

022

023

3
3



2556
2554 2556 4

22,052
60
2554
7

2554
2556

22,052
/

60
/

2548 - 2556

( 2548 2552
)

.. 2548
Global Status Report
on Road Safety
(World Health Organization) .. 2553

(POLIS E-claim
)

2556

21,645

28,000

26,312

25,136

22,487 22,026 21,645

21,000
14,000
7,000

024

2548


25,136

2553 26,312



3


2555

14,059 9,255

0
/

6,064

6,286
2,403

3,101

E-CLAIM

.


POLIS

1,330

177

2,284

025

026

027

028

4

2

2551
2556

2554 2555 2556

2551 - 2556


(Severity Index)


0-5
31 - 45
6 - 15
46 - 60

16
30
> 61


:

2551 - 2556

029

FATAL
CRASHES
2

2554 2555 2556

030

031

(.)

(.)
7

: .

2555 2556

032

2556

7
.

16.00 - 20.00 .

033

7
2555 - 2556

DAY 3-5
DAY

DAY

DAY

DAY

DAY

DAY

DAY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

DAY 1-2, 6-7

4
/

2,588

1,686

034

035

2556

10

3,605

382
379
206
3,307
377
275
4,091
1,917
126

: HAIMS

912
852

036

2556

8,620
77


2 3

4
42

48

50

2551 2556

77%

1,984

1,833

: HAIMS

968
230
2
4

64%

%
%

2556

037

4%
1%

2551 - 2556 ()

453,062

67

48%
47 %

302,328
161,724

191,837

341,332

351,358

136 %

038

039

040

2556








4
(

(Injury Surveillance)

2551 - 2556

31%
24%
45%

1-2
3
4

2542 - 2556

24%
16%

6%

1-2

2548 - 2556
:

(Injury Surveillance)

9%

11%

14%

18%

45 2548
33 2556

2-3

041

2%

100

2554

042

043

044

: E-Claim

76.26

2.07%
0.16%
8.67%
0.72%
4.29%
7.83%

E-Claim 2553 2555
70

100 2553 - 2556
:
2554

53%
54%
52%
51%

44%
46%
43%
43%

2556
19%
24%
20%
19%
51
19

2553 2556
34 2554 :
23 2556
2553 2554 2555 2556
7
52% 53% 49% 49%

2553 2556
32% 34%
28%
23%

7% 8% 7% 7%

2556

2553 2556
-40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30%

80%
61% - 80%
41% - 60%
21% - 40%
21%

045

.. 2540

54

80

046

047

048

[1]


34

1.52

:



7 2540

2553
2554

..
2554

58% 42%
40%
61%
54

58
2553
2554

: (Injury Surveillance)

55%
57%
2553

50%
50%

2554

22% 25% 27% 28% 24% 29% 34% 28% 28% 26% 25%
08% 11% 07% 10% 08% 09% 13% 11% 12% 11% 10%

2553
2554

55% 54% 60% 60%

2553

2554

48% 52%
2553

2554

CANADA

93%
USA
82%

SWEDEN

96%FINLAND
%
93
UK NETHERLANDS
%
% 94 % 89
91FRANCE
98%ITALY GERMANY
96%
SPAIN
IRAN
89% 65%
%
75
UAE
NORWAY

BRAZIL

60%
ARGENTINA

48%

40

( 50)
( 54)
( 48)
(
60)
10
1 3





Global Status Report on Road
Safety 2013

80

SOUTH AFRICA

RUSSIA

33%
CHINA

INDIA

50%

049
KOREA

77% 95JAPAN%

61% N/A THAILAND

55% PHILIPPINES
52%
MALAYSIA
TANZANIA
70% INDONESIA
50%
85%

50%

: Global Status Report on Road Safety (2013)

World Health Organization

Boontob, N., Tanaboriboon, Y., Kanitpong, K., and Suriyawongpaisal, P. (2007) Impact of Seatbelt Use to Road Accident in Thailand,
Transportation Research Record 2038, Journal of Transportation Research Board, pp 84-92

AUSTRALIA

97% 95%

NEW ZEALAND

19 2 3

050

051

052

2537 2555

()

: (. 505)
// :

MILLION

19

: E-Claim
,

( 19 )

3,306 4,364 5,713 5,699 6,414 5,785

2553 2555
: E-Claim

14,437

498,053

0.4%
4.1%

5.8%

0.8% 4.7%
1.2%

30.3%
59.4%

6,000

2
/

PERSONS

( 6 )

E-Claim

87,430 79,970
84,932
135,687 205,980 229,709

172,247

181,658

171,978

30.6%
62.7%
/

7,531

124,268

2.2%
0.7% 5.2%

1.0% 4.6%

13.8%
22.8%
57.7%
E-Claim

33.5%
58.4%

2555

19

6 2
2553 - 2555
E-Claim

2 3
3.6

4

2553 2555

()

053

054

055

056

2 3

.. 2549 2556

2556

1 3

.. 2556
200

.. 2549 2556
:

50


80

2556

2556

(Fatal Crash)

46%

53%

56% 57%

54%

61%

53% 55%

1 2 3 4

50% 51%

56%
46%

53% 56%

51% 55

1 2 3 4

2556

2556

2556

2556

2556

2556

2556

2556

057


2556

058

059

060

061

062

(
3 ) ..2549 .. 2555



(HAIMS)

.. 2555
.. 2553

2549-2555
: .. 2549 2551
.. 2553 2555

.. 2549

.. 2553

.. 2551

.. 2555

735 698
329 357 287
249
*

0.598
0.566

0.489
0.355

251 240 219

167

0.5610.507

0.419
0.274

594

529

155 101
88 113

0.466
0.175

0.132

0.424
0.335

0.147

2553

0.282

.. 2553 2555

0.254

1 - 20
21 - 40
41 - 60
60

2555

26 24
12
15

55

063

064

065

066

(Roadside crashes)

43


( 33)
( 42)


5

60

(Fixed Objects)

2556

4
( 48)
(
76)


( 34)



( 83)
( 7)

48%
76%
34%
83%

(Clear Zone)

2556
2
4

48% 26%
24% 2%

2551 - 2556

2556

3%
7%
2%
3%
2%

83%

2556

(Crash
Cushion) (Y)

7%

/ / .
/

76% 22%
2%

2556

6
6

10.78 11.20
8.71 9.82 8.54 7.87

27% 34%
6%
15% 14%4%

ROADSIDE
CRASHES

067

10

068

069

 .. 2545 - 2556 // :

208 199 201

185
140

159 165

147

119

070

(...)
..
2545 2556




1,912
621
1,909

10

136 141
112

4
2,457

538

2553 2556


.. 2556
112
96
89

55 51

T.M. (Traffic Movement) T.M. 10,000

T.M. 100,000

1,500

...

464
72

150
28
516
117

2553 2554 2555 2556

2556
112
()
()

11% %
38
51%

373
43

36
45
33
28

111
91
108
84

9
99

071

.. ..

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073

074

(.)

(.)

(2553)

.. 2522

1

123,331 ( 2553)

( 6 4 )


2549 - 2553
36
(.2)
11,157
73

075

: 2 ()

: , , 2554.

2549

1
2
- .2 ()
- .2 ()
3

- .3 ()

076

- .3 ()
4
5
6
7

31 .. 53

2551
: (2553)

509

7,582
12,313
9,083
3,230
71,165
51,041
20,124
3,666
10
1
44
94,781

2550

7,825
14,365
9,397
4,968
73,525
52,099
21,426
3,886
11
1
525
100,138

1 - 5
6 - 15
16 - 30

73
0

1-5

31 - 50

54

17

6-15 16-30 31-50

22

50

8,063
18,888
9,970
8,918
75,662
53,135
22,527
4,251
11
1
958
107,834

2552

8,266
22,803
10,670
12,133
77,755
54,144
23,611
4,466
11
1
962
114,264

2553

8,528
29,378
11,421
17,957
79,660
55,107
24,553
4,779
11
1
974
123,331

: (2553)

117

2551

2547 2551

()

50

()

2547

59.21
20.51
9.09
4.66
3.38
3.15
100.00
858

2551

59.74
20.77
8.57
6.34
2.00
2.56
100.00
852

.. 2555
81
2554
76 /
60 (
5 /) 1
2554 - 10 2555

15 135
27

54% ( 3,230
2549 17,597
2553)

900,000

12 15

400

(Active
safety)










/

300

123
6,540 (.
)

2.1)

077

2

3
1.3

-
-
1.

1.1 2.

-
-
-
-

,
-

-

1.2
-

-
-

-

400

-
2 ()
(ECE)

6 2555
(-)
18


6 6

1
2
3

. .

078

250


NGV
(.)

9
34 - 258
2.2)

()

49 1,277





.
( 2)
3 4

18,000

079

, 2555,

:
,
.
, 2553,

,
.

080

(Skinny Streets Program)




20%

25 34
50% 90
[1]

081

: http://bikeportland.org/resources/
bikesafety
2

082

300 - 500

1 - 2

[2]

(latent
demand)






(induced demand)

.. 2545

[3]

[4]

1 2

083

: http://www.knoxgardner.com/
category/bicycling/page/2/

bicycle lane

[9]

[10, 11]

[12, 13, 14]

20 30 ./.

[15]
4

084

[5, 6, 7]

(Economies of Scale)

Safety by numbers

Smart Growth Manual [8]

(Bicycle Trail)
(Bicycle Lane) (Bicycle Boulevard) (Shared Lane)

(Traffic Calming)

085

5
Complete Street
: Federal Highway Administration
(http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/
10mayjun/05.cfm)

6
Complete street
: http://pantographblog.blogspot.com/

7
Complete Street

: http://trailnetstl.blogspot.com/2010/05/complete-streets-bill-introduced-in-st.html

086

complete street

Complete Street

[16]



Complete Street

5
complete street

6 complete street

Tram
7 Complete Street

complete street

5

[17]

9
.. 2442

7



..
2496
11,867

[18, 19]

087

088

.. 2522 .
.

( 83 5)
(
121)

(Slow Living Slow Life)

8
Bikexenger

[21]

[22]

089


(1.) Speck, J. (2012). Walkable City: How Downtown Can Save America, One Step at a Time; Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
(2.) Walker, J. (2011) Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking about Public Transit Can Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives,
Island Press.
(3.) Walker, I. (2005). Signals are informative but slow down responses when drivers meet bicyclists at road junctions,
Accident Analysis & Prevention. Vol. 12/2005; 37(6): 1074-85.

(4.) Walker, I. (2007). Drivers overtaking bicyclists: objective data on the effects of riding position, helmet use, vehicle type and
apparent gender, Accident Analysis & Prevention Vol. 4/2007; 39(2):417-25.
(5.) Schepers, P. (2011). Does more cycling also reduce the risk of single-bicycle crashes?,
Injury Prevention 11/2011; 18(4):240-5. DOI:10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040097. Accessed 8 October 2013.
(6.) Robinson, D.L. (2005). Safety in numbers in Australia: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling.
Health Promotion Journal of Australia; 6:47-51.
(7.) Elvik R. (2009). The non-linearity of risk and the promotion of environmentally sustainable transport,
Accident Analysis Prevention; 41:849855.

090

(9.) Wee, J.H., Park, J.H., Park, K.N., and Choi, S.P. (2012). A comparative study of bike lane injuries,
The journal of trauma and acute care surgery 02/2012; 72(2):448-53. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e31823c5868.
Accessed 12 October 2013.
(10.) Hallett, I., Luskin, D., and Machemehl, R. (2006). Evaluation of On-Street Bicycle Facilities Added to Existing Roadways,
Technical Report FHWA/TXDOT-06/0-5157-1.
(11.) Moritz W.E. (1996). Adult Bicyclists in the United States -Characteristics and Riding Experience in 1996,
PRE-PRINT copy of paper 98-0009, Transportation Research Board.

(12.) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Safety Program, Bicycle Lane, FHWA Course On Bicycle And Pedestrian Transportation,
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/univcourse/pdf/swless19.pdf. Accessed 8 October 2013.
(13.) Chicagos Bike Lane Design Manual,
http://www.downtowndevelopment.com/pdf/chicagosbikelanedesignguide.pdf Accessed 8 October 2013.
(14.) New South Wales Bicycle Guidelines,
http://www.bicycleinfo.nsw.gov.au/downloads/nswbicycleguidelines_12a_i.pdf Accessed 6 October 2013.
(15.) Junction design the Dutch - cycle friendly - way, DOI:
http://youtu.be/FlApbxLz6pA Accessed 8 October 2013.
(16.) Smart Growth America,
http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete-streets/complete-streets-fundamentals. Accessed 9 October 2013.
(17.) .
http://www.thaicyclingclub.org/content/general/knowledge/detail/624

22 2556

(18.) . 2554.
http://www.thaicyclingclub.org/sites/default/files/thamaimkhnaithycchuengaimniymaichcchakryaan_dr.cchakrphiphathnaelakhna.pdf

22 2556

(19.) . 2554.
http://www.thaicyclingclub.org/sites/default/files/aerngcchuungaicchaelaupsrrkhainkaaraichcchakryaansamhrabkhnedinthaangdwyc
chakryaanainpraethsaithy_khunwiydaaaelakhna.pdf

22 2556

(20.) . .. 2522
http://www.thailandlawyercenter.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=538974189&Ntype=19

21 2556

(21.) Bikexenger, www.bikexenger.com

(22.) http://www.iurban.in.th/highlight/bikexenger

(8.) Duany, A., Jeff Speck, J. and Lydon, M. (2009). The Smart Growth Manual, McGraw-Hill Professional; 1 edition.

091

092

..

(Dangerous Goods)

(UNECE, 2013)

.. 2015

093

094

LPG
24 .. 2533

.. 2535 ...

... ..
2535 1,300
7 5
... ..
2535

...

20
.. 2533

1 2

2 (: INN
11 ..2555
http://www.innnews.co.th/shownews/
show?newscode=415670

. .
(: 20 ..2556)

(Chemtrack)

.. 2521
2549
2555

Chemtrack


(Regression Analysis)
4

31

3,000
2




... .. 2535


... .. 2535

...
.. 2535



..
2546
(ADR)

ADR

(National Fire Protection Association)

...
.. 2535




ADR

095

132

124
101

.. 2549 .. 2555
(:
)

33

36

2550

2551

096

24
2552

15
2553

14
2554

20
2555

y=31.444X0.5111
R2=0.6043

.. 2544 2554
(:
)

92

83

53
10

2549

LPG

(: 5 2555)
http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/home/detail/politics/
life/20120205/434207/.html

..

.. 2555
:

1

..
2555

(
)

2
9 (Protocol 9)

(ASEAN Framework Agreement on the Facilitation of Goods in

Transit AFAFGT)
1

(Greater Mekong Subregion CrossBorder Transport Agreement
GMS-CBTA)



(UN Recommendations on
the Transport of Dangerous Goods)

(ADR)

(UN Recommendations)

142

097

IBC

ADR

ADR

...
.. 2522 ...

ADR

2

ADR

ADR .. 2001
ADR
.. 2013

IBC

ADR

NFPA

ADR

ADR

ADR

ADR

098

International
Maritime
Organization International
Maritime Dangerous Goods
Code
International Civil Aviation
Technical Instruction for
the Safe Transport of Dangerous
Goods
United Nations
Economic Commission for
Europe

(ADR)
UN Recommendations

099

100

(Ad hoc)

1 2556
GPS

(Intermodal Transport of Dangerous Goods)

(1.) 2555. (.. 49 .. 55) .

.

(2.) United Nations Economic and Social Councils Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. 2013
UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods

(3.) United Nations. 2009. The European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR).
2009 edition (ECE/TRANS/202, Vol. I and II)
(4.) .

: .
7. 15 2553.

(5.) . 2544. (TP-I)

(6.) . 2546 2 (TP-II)
(7.) Association of South East Asian Nations. 1998. ASEAN Framework Agreement on the Facilitation of Goods in Transit:
Protocol 9 Dangerous Goods
(8.) Economic Cooperation Program in the Greater Mekong Subregion. 2005
Greater Mekong Subregion Cross-Border Transport Agreement: Annex 1 Carriage of Dangerous Goods

101

102

..

1
:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

.. 2540
.. 2542




1 ( 1)

Mitsubishi Mortors (Thailand) Co., LTD

248,000
200,000
150,000
7,200
450,000
150,000
120,000
1,325,200

Isuzu Mortor (Thailand) Co., LTD

NissanMortor (Thailand) Co., LTD

Thonburi Automotive Assembly Co., LTD

ToyotaMortor Thailand Co., LTD

Autoalliance (Thailand) Co., LTD

GeneralMotors (Thailand) Limited

(Single
Cab) (Space Cab)
4 (Double Cab)

Space Cab

4
Space Cab


4

103

.. 2553-2556

.. 2553-2556

5
4
3
2
1
0

2553

2554

2555

76



(29%) (26%) ( 4)




69%




76

.. 2553-2555

( 5 )










76

3.7
9.3


12

.. 2553-2556 76

( 1)



5.00-6.00 .
7.00-9.00 . ( 2) ( 3)


3-4

104

Space
Cab

4

Space Cab





4
Space Cab




Space Cab

105

106

76

16
41
19
12
12

45%




70%

24%

3.9
13.5

18
38

1

2




1

1
..2556
( PPV)
(
http://www.headlightmag.com)

Space Cab Double Cab

Single Cab
Space Cab
53%

Double
Cab 1.2-1.5

Space Cab

Space Cab

space cab
double cab



space cab

2556

Single Cab

206,936

28,484

117,923

60,529

178,437

17,179

94,807

66,451

14
29
17
26
4
7
3

42,292

10,930

16,151

15,211

107

28,287

227

7,779

20,281

25,984

343

13,028

12,613

24,320

621

15,463

8,236

20,939

3,858

13,856

3,225

61,642
12%

279,007
53%

186,546
35%

Space Cab

Double Cab

Toyota Hilux Vigo Champ

Isuzu D-max

Mitsubishi Triton
Ford Ranger

Mazda BT50Pro

Chevrolet Colorado
Nissan Navara

( ..2556)

4
(Double Cab)

(Space Cab)

(Single Cab)

26
41
33

36
45
19

(.)

:
(
..2556)

:
(
..2556)

( 9)
80%

70%
1-2
50%

1-2

1-2

1-2
1-2

( 10)

60%

1

1 - 2

Space Cab ( 11)

2.5-3 Space Cab

3-3.5
( 11)
:

( ..2556)

10

:
( ..2556)

108

.. 2556




2 0 0

6

Space Cab




(Single Cab)
4
(Double Cab)

Space
Cab


Space Cab
7


4-6

15-20 8

130 .

40 .

109

110

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

11

10

Space Cab
:
( ..2556)

4 - 7
6 - 8


10-15

Space Cab

Space Cab

12
Space Cab
(

) 50-60%

Space Cab

40%

Space Cab

Space Cab

25-30%



50%

24%
7%

Space Cab

36 61

77
53 33

63
43 48

22 24
8 46

Space Cab

111

12

Space Cab
:
( ..2556)

7%

Space Cab
Space Cab

 (25%)

26
14
9
9
12
8
22
25
22
6
4
12
7
24

112

13

:
( ..2556)

Space
Cab

Space Cab



13

113

114

..

..

..

..?

.. 2551



Automated Red Light
Running Enforcement Cameras (..)





1
500
40 (
.. 2522)

.. 2556

:

.. 2556
.. 2556
0.03
( 1)
0.05

/ 0.12
0.22
732
0.45
1.69
/ 0.45

1.02

/ /
1.12

/
1.36

1.77

2.17

3.53

4.92

5.66

8.59

11.75

13.90

23.24

0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%

115

(1) . 2555. 8 . [].

http://map.traffy.in.th/index.php/the-news/9488--8- (28 2558).
(2) Harb, R., Radwan, E., and Yan, X. (2007). Larger Size Vehicles (LSVs) Contribution to Red Light Running,
Based on a Driving Simulator Experiment. Transportation Research Part F, 10, 229-241.
(3) Lum, K. M. and Wong, Y. D. (2003). Impacts of Red Light Camera on Violation Characteristics.
Journal of Transportation Engineering, November/December, 648-656.
(4) Porter, B. E. and Berry, T. D. (1999). A Nationwide Survey of Red Light Running:
Measuring Driver Behaviors for the Stop Red Light Running Program. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation.

20
20 - 50
50

1
2

45% 55%

19% 81%

74% 26%

23% 77%
7% 93%
22% 78%

100%

24% 76%
24% 76%

59% 41%
46% 54%

58% 42%

38% 62%
43% 57%

..?

( 2)

20

and Wong, 2003 , Porter and

Berry, 1999 )

( , 2558 )


2557



23,932
91,530
(Harb et al., 2007 , Lum

116

100,000
2
(30 2551)


1,700

30 (
1,500
)

800-900

117

91,530

118

()

(Overhang)

( 3)

(FHWA, 1990)

..?

119

( 4)

(Overhang) ()

(Overhead) ()

..?

120

(Overhang)

(Overhead)

3

121