6.

002x

CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS

Basic Circuit Analysis Methods

(KVL and KCL method, Node method)

Review
Remember, our EECS playground

Observe the lumped

matter discipline LMD

Review
i

+
v

Lumped circuit element

-
power consumed by element = vi

Review
LMD allows us to create the
lumped circuit abstraction

V+!
!

R1
R2

R3

Review
Review

Maxwells equations simplify to

algebraic KVL and KCL under LMD!

KVL:

j j = 0

For all loops

jij = 0

For all nodes

B
E dl = t

KCL:

Review

DEMO

a
R1
b

+!
V!
0

R2

R4
R3
d
R5

c
6

Lets Begin by Building aToolchest of

Analysis Techniques
Analyzing a

circuit means:

R1

R4
R3

+!
V!
0
R2

Find all the

element vs
and is

R5

Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of

Circuit analysis
Goal: Find all element vs and is

1. write element v-i relationships

(from lumped circuit abstraction)
2. write KCL for all nodes
3. write KVL for all loops
lots of unknowns
lots of equations
lots of fun
solve

Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of Circuit analysis

Goal: Find all element vs and is
Labeling element vs and is
i

+
!

Element e

Current is taken to be
positive going into the
positive voltage terminal

Then power
consumed
by element e

This
convention is
called:
Associated
variables
discipline

= vi

is positive
9

Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of

Circuit analysis
You will need this for step 1: Element Relationships
For R
For voltage source
For current source
10

Lets Apply KVL, KCL Method to this Example

Goal: Find all element vs and is
R1

R4
R3

V0+!
!

R2

The Demo Circuit

R5

11

KVL, KCL Example

Goal: Find
all element
vs and is

Label all vs and is

a
R1
V+!
0

R4
R3

!
R2

12 unknowns

0 5 , i0 i5

R5

Note the use of associated variables

12

Step 1 of KVL, KCL Method

0 5 , i0 i5

12 unknowns

1. Element relationships (v, i )

+ i1
1 R1

i0

0 V+!
0

L1

+ i2
2
R2
c

L2

i3 R3
+ v3
L3

i4

R4

+
5

L4

13

d
i5

R5

Step 2 of KVL, KCL Method

0 5 , i0 i5

12 unknowns

i0

0 V+!
0

2. KCL at the nodes

+ i1
1 R1

L1

+ i2
2
R2

L2

i3 R3
+ v3
L3

i4

R4

+
5

L4

(use convention, e.g.,

sum currents leaving
the node)
14

d
i5

R5

Step 3 of KVL, KCL Method

0 5 , i0 i5 12 unknowns

i0

0 V+!
0

3. KVL for loops

+ i1
1 R1

L1

+ i2
2
R2
c

L2

i3 R3
+ v3
L3

i4

R4

+
5

L4

(use convention, e.g., as

you go around loop,
assign first encountered
sign to each voltage)

d
i5

R5

KVL, KCL Method

1. Element v, i relationships
v0 = V0
v3 = i3R3
v1 = i1R1
v4 = i4R4
v2 = i2R2
v5 = i5R5

3. KVL for loops

v0 + v1 + v2 = 0
L2: v1 + v3 v4 = 0
L3: v3 + v5 v2 = 0
L4: v0 + v4 + v5 = 0 redundant
L1:

2. KCL at the nodes

a:
b:
d:
c:

i0 + i1 + i4 = 0
i2 + i3 i1 = 0
i5 i3 i4 = 0
i0 i2 i5 = 0 redundant

Method 3 the node method will be much better!

ugh @#!

16

Other Analysis Methods

Method 2 Apply element combination rules

A
B

R1 R2

G1

R3

G2

RN

GN

17

Method 2 Apply element combination rules

18

Method 2 Apply element combination rules

Example

R1

V+!
!
R2

R3

19

Method 3 Node analysis

1.

Select reference node ( ground) from

which voltages are measured.

2.

Label voltages of remaining nodes with

respect to ground. These are the
primary unknowns.

3.

Write KCL for all but the ground node,

substituting device laws and KVL.

4.

Solve for node voltages.

5.

Back solve for branch voltages and

currents (i.e., the secondary unknowns).

Particular
application of
KVL, KCL
method

6.002x
workhorse!
20

Method 3 Node analysis

Example: Old Faithful, plus current source

R1 R
3

R4

R2

R5

V0+!

1.

Select reference
ground node

2.

Label node voltages

with respect to
ground.

I1

21

Step 3 of Node Method

1
G
=
For convenience, write i
Ri

V0+!
!

e1

R1 R3

R4
e2

R2

R5

V0

I1

3. Write KCL for

nodes, substituting
device laws and KVL.

To avoid mistakes, use convention

E.g., always sum the currents leaving a node

22

KCL at e1

(e1 V0 )G1 + (e1 e2 )G3 + (e1 )G2 = 0

KCL at e2

V0+!
!

e1

(e2 e1 )G3 + (e2 V0 )G4 + (e2 )G5 I1 = 0

R1 R3

R4
e2

R2

R5

Move constant terms to RHS & collect unknowns

4. Solve for node
voltages

2 equations, 2 unknowns
(compare units)

Solve for es
23

V0

Step 4 of Node Method

I1

Once you have solved for e1 and e2,

easy to find branch vs and is
For example:

v1
V0+!
!

i1

R1 R3

R4
e2

R2

R5

V0

Step 5 of Node Method

I1

5. Back solve for

branch voltages and
currents

24

Revisit Step 4 of Node Method for Cultural Interest

4. Solve for node voltages

e1 (G1 + G2 + G3 ) + e2 (G3 ) = V0 (G1 )

e1 (G3 ) + e2 (G3 + G4 + G5 ) = V0 (G4 ) + I1
In matrix form:

G3
G1 + G2 + G3
e1
G1V0
=

G
G
+
G
+
G
G
V
+
I
e
2

4 0 1
3
3
4
5
conductivity
matrix

unknown
node
voltages

sources
25

Step 4 of Node Method

4. Solve for node voltages

G3
G1 + G2 + G3
e1
G1V0
=

G V + I
G3
G3 + G4 + G5 e2

4 0 1

Solve
G3
G3 + G4 + G5
G1V0
G3
G1 + G2 + G3 G4V0 + I1
e1
e =
(G1 + G2 + G3 )(G3 + G4 + G5 ) G32
2

)(

) ( )(

G +G +G G V + G G V + I
3
4
5 1 0
3 4 0 1
e =
1 G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G 2 +G G +G G
1 3
1 4
1 5
2 3
2 4
2 5
3
3 4
3 5

e2 =

(G3 )(G1V0 ) + (G1 + G2 + G3 )(G4V0 + I 1 )

2

G1G3 + G1G4 + G1G5 + G2G3 + G2G4 + G2G5 + G3 + G3G4 + G3G5

(same denominator)

Notice: linear
in V0, I1, no
negatives
in denominator
we will use
this later
26

Step 4 of Node Method

E.g., solve for e2 , given
G2
1
=

G4 3.9 K

G3 =

1
1.5 K

I1 = 0

V0+!
!

e1

R1 R3

R4
e2

R2

R5

e2 = 0.6V0
If V0 = 3V , then e2 = 1.8V0
27

G1
1
=

G5 8.2 K

V0

I1