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Handa Ka Funda - Math Formulas & Fundas
Handa Ka Funda - Math Formulas & Fundas
MATH
FORMULAS
& FUNDAS
Version 1.0.2
Complied by: www.handakafunda.com/?mathf&f
Ravi Handa
Avinash Maurya
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Preface
On more than one occasion, students have come to me
asking for some sort of list of important formulas for CAT,
XAT and other MBA Entrance Examinations. The best
solution that I could suggest to them was to look at any
good MBA-prep book or material from a coaching
institute. More often than not, they have the formulas at
the beginning or the end or scattered throughout the
chapter. Till now, there exists no comprehensive list /
book of formulas and fundas.
So, Avinash and I thought of making one. Once the idea
gathered some momentum various management training
portals came on board to help us distribute it via their
channels. We hope that our effort will not be in vain and
it would prove beneficial for students.
We would love to hear what you think of the eBook. For
that you can use the feedback page or contact us directly.
Our contact details are given at the end of the eBook.
Ravi Handa & Avinash Maurya
Bookmark Details:Bookmarks (on left) are given to navigate between the topics
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Note: Bookmarks wont appear in Full Screen mode.
Home page:Click on Home (at the bottom of every page) to go to the main
page titled HOME. All topics under HOME are hyperlinked to the
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Suppose, one wants to go from Algebra to Geometry. Click
Home and then click Geometry. This will take one from any
page in Algebra to the content page of Geometry.
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Home
HOME
Number System
Arithmetic
Arithmetic
Algebra
Geometry
Modern Math
Home
Glossary
Laws of Indices
Last digit of an
HCF and LCM
Factor Theory
Divisibility Rules
Algebraic Formulae
Remainder / Modular Arithmetic
Base System Concepts
Home
Glossary
Natural Numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4..
Whole Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4..
Home
Laws of Indices
n(Right)
a(Down)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
)
( )
( )
Last digit of an
Cyclicity
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
4
9
6
5
6
9
4
1
0
1
8
7
4
5
6
3
2
9
0
1
6
1
6
5
6
1
6
1
1
1
4
4
2
1
1
4
4
2
Home
Factor Theory
HCF of Fractions =
LCM of Fractions =
Sum of factors of N =
Home
Divisibility Rules
A number is divisible by:
2, 4 & 8 when the number formed by the last, last two,
last three digits are divisible by 2,4 & 8 respectively.
3 & 9 when the sum of the digits of the number is
divisible by 3 & 9 respectively.
11 when the difference between the sum of the digits in
the odd places and of those in even places is 0 or a
multiple of 11.
6, 12 & 15 when it is divisible by 2 and 3, 3 and 4 & 3 and
5 respectively.
7, if the number of tens added to five times the number
of units is divisible by 7.
13, if the number of tens added to four times the number
of units is divisible by 13.
19, if the number of tens added to twice the number of
units is divisible by 19.
Algebraic Formulae
a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2). Hence, a3 b3 is divisible by
(a b) and (a2 ab + b2).
an - bn = (a b)(an-1 + an-2b+ an-3b2 + ... + bn-1)[for all n].
Hence, an - bn is divisible by a - b for all n.
an - bn = (a + b)(an-1 an-2b + an-3b2 ... bn-1)[n-even]
Hence, an - bn is divisible by a + b for even n.
an + bn = (a + b)(an-1 an-2b + an-3b2 + ... + bn-1)[n-odd]
Hence, an + bn is divisible by a + b for odd n.
a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - ac - bc)
Hence, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc if a + b + c = 0
For ex., check divisibility of 312 by 7, 13 & 19
For 7: 31 + 2 x 5 = 31 + 10 = 41 Not divisible
For 13: 31 + 2 x 4 = 31 + 8 = 39 Divisible.
For 19: 31 + 2 x 2 = 31 + 4 = 35 Not divisible.
Home
* +
[ ]
* +
[ ]
* +
* +
Example:
* +
*
* +
+
* +
*
* +
*
*
+
+
Example:
{HCF (a,b) = 1}
* +
* +
* +
{Such that ax+by = 1}
Continued >>
Home
Fermats Theorem:
If N is a prime number and M and N are co-primes
Eulers Theorem:
Number of numbers which are less than N =
and co-prime to it are
( )
)(
)(
( 0)
0(
( 0)
)(
)(
*
* +
+
+
*
Wilsons Theorem
If N is a prime number
Example:
Example:
Example:
+
*
Home
Binary
Hex
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
Home
Arithmetic
Interest
Home
Averages
Simple Average =
u
u
ts
r
ts
Weighted Average =
Arithmetic Mean = (a1 + a2 + a3 .an) / n
Geometric Mean =
Funda:
Harmonic Mean =
For two numbers a and b
AM = (a + b)/2
GM =
HM =
Home
Percentages
Fractions and their percentage equivalents:
Fraction
%age
Fraction
%age
1/2
50%
1/9
11.11%
1/3
33.33% 1/10
10%
1/4
25%
1/11
9.09%
1/5
20%
1/12
8.33%
1/6
16.66% 1/13
7.69%
1/7
14.28% 1/14
7.14%
1/8
12.5%
6.66%
1/15
% change
)(
)(
)%
00
Home
Interest
v u
) P
n
CAGR= (
x 100
v u
SAGR or AAGR =
v u
t
t
u
u
u
x 100
Home
%Profit / Loss =
st r
00
r
r
x 100
00
)
r
u
u
tt
tt
rst t
s
x 100.
Home
a/b
b
b
b
b
If
=k
=k
= kn
Home
SpeedAvg =
Home
Linear Races
LCM (
)
Three people are running on a circular track of length L
with speeds a, b and c in the same direction
Time for 1st meeting = LCM (
)
st
Time for 1 meeting at the starting point =
LCM (
Home
hours
hours.
hours
hours.
hours
hours
Home
Algebra
Quadratic &
Other
Equations
Inequalities
Logarithm
Home
Sum of roots =
Product of roots =
Discriminant
Condition
Nature of Roots
Complex Conjugate
Home
Inequalities
Quadratic Inequalities
(x a) (x b) > 0
a+c>b+c
a-c>b-c
ac > bc
a/c > b/c
{a < b}
(x < a) U (x > b)
(x a) (x b) < 0
{a > b}
a<x<b
For any set of positive numbers: AMGMHM
(a1+a2+ .+an)/n (a1.a2. ..an)1/n
If a and b are positive quantities, then
+ + +
Continued >>
Home
(
Funda:
>(
[0
[ 0 ]
) 3
{Except
Funda: (n!)2 nn
Home
Logarithm
(
( )
( )
( )
(
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Ln x means
Home
GEOMETRY
Lines
&
Triangles
Angles
Polygons
Circles
Solid
Figures
Co-ordinate Trigo
nometry
Geometry
Home
Home
Triangles
Area of a triangle:
)(
= (
[s = (a+b+c)/2 ]
)(
=rxs
[r is radius of incircle]
[R is radius of circumcircle]
Continued >>
Home
Home
Theorems
Continued >>
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Home
Special Triangles
Height =
x Side
Area =
x Side2
Isosceles Triangle:
Equilateral Triangle:
Continued >>
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30-60-90 Triangle
30-30-120 Triangle
Area =
* x
Area =
* x2
Continued >>
45-45-90 Triangle
Area = x /2
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Home
Similarity of Triangles
Two triangles are similar if their corresponding angles are
congruent and corresponding sides are in proportion.
Tests of similarity: (AA / SSS / SAS)
For similar triangles, if the sides are in the ratio of a:b
Congruency of Triangles
Two triangles are congruent if their corresponding sides
and angles are congruent.
Tests of congruence: (SSS / SAS / AAS / ASA)
All ratios mentioned in similar triangle are now 1:1
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Home
Quadrilaterals:
Polygons
Sum of interior angles = (n-2) x 180 = (2n-4) x 90
Sum of exterior angles = 360
Number of diagonals = nC2 n =
Cyclic Quadrilateral
Regular Polygon:
; Exterior = 360/n
Continued >>
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Home
Parallelogram
semi perimeter
Funda: Sum or product of opposite sides = Product of
diagonals
Home
AC + BD = AB + BC + CD + DA
( )
Rectangle
A parallelogram with all angles equal (90) is a Rectangle.
Its diagonals are congruent.
Perimeter = 2(l+b);
Area = lb
Square
A parallelogram with sides equal and all angles equal is a
square. Its diagonals are congruent and bisect at 90.
Perimeter = 4a; Area = a2; Diagonals = a
Funda: From all quadrilaterals with a given area, the
square has the least perimeter. For all quadrilaterals
with a given perimeter, the square has the greatest
area.
Home
Continued >>
Kite
Trapezium / Trapezoid
Home
Continued >>
Isosceles Trapezium
Home
Hexagon (Regular)
Area of an Octagon = 2( + 1) a
Perimeter = 6a;
Area =
x a
Home
Circles
Chord AB divides the circle into two parts: Minor Arc AXB
and Major Arc AYB
Measure of arc AXB = AOB =
Length (arc AXB) =
x2 r
x r2
]
Continued >>
Home
PA x PB = PC x PD
= [ m(Arc AC) m(Arc BD) ]
The radius and tangent are perpendicular to each other.
There can only be two tangents from an external point,
which are equal in length PA = PB
PA x PB = PC x PD
= [ m(Arc AC) + m(Arc BD) ]
Continued >>
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Home
Properties (contd.)
PA x PB = PC2
= [ m(Arc AC) - m(Arc BC) ]
BAQ =
ACB
Continued >>
Home
Common Tangents
No. of
Two Circles Common
Tangents
One is
completely
inside other
Touch
internally
Intersect
Touch
externally
One is
completely
outside other
Distance Between
Centers (d)
< r1 - r2
= r1 - r2
r1 - r2 < d < r1 + r2
= r1 + r2
> r1 + r2
Home
Solid Figures
Volume
Cube
Side3
6 x Side2
4 x Side2
Cuboid
LxBxH
2(LB + LH + BH)
2 (LH + BH)
Cylinder
r2h
2 r (r + h)
2 rh
Cone
(1/3) r2h
Sphere
(4/3) r3
r2
r2
3
Hemisphere (2/3) r
r2
r2
r (r +L)
rl
Funda: There are 4 body diagonals in a cube / cuboid of length ( x side) and
{where L =
respectively.
Continued >>
Home
Prism
Volume = 1/3
h (R2 + r2 + Rr)
(R+r) L
(R+r) L +
(R2+r2)
Continued >>
Home
Pyramid
Funda: If a sphere is inscribed in a cube of side a, the
radius of the sphere will be a/2. If a sphere is
circumscribed about a cube of side a, the radius of
the sphere will be a /2.
Funda: If a largest possible sphere is inscribed in a
cylinder of radius a and height h, its radius r will be
r = h/2
r=a
{If 2a > h}
{If 2a < h}
Home
Co-ordinate Geometry
Distance between two points P(x1,y1) and Q(x2,y2) is given
by = (
)
(
)
If a point R (x,y) divides P(x1,y1) and Q(x2,y2) internally in
the ratio of m:n, the coordinates of R ie (x,y) are given by
=
Slope(m)
Type of line
> 0 (+ive)
Rising
Acute
Parallel to X-Axis
< 0 (-ive)
Falling
Obtuse
Parallel to Y-Axis
90
Home
Equation of a line
General form: ax + by + c = 0
Slope Intercept Form: Slope is m, y-intercept is c
](x x1)
y = mx + c
y y1 =[
= 1 OR bx + ay = ab
From origin, d = |
Continued >>
Home
Triangle
Circle
General Equation: x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Centre is (-g, -f) and radius =
Incenter = {
Centroid = {
Home
Trigonometry
sin
cos
tan
cosec
=
=
=
=
sec
cot
00
Sin
0
Cos
1
Tan
0
300
450
600
900
1
0
Signs of T-ratios in Different Quadrants:
s
t
Continued >>
Home
Addition Formulae
Trigonometric Rules
Subtraction Formulae
sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
Sine Rule:
=s
Home
Set
Fundamentals
Modern
Math
Permutation
&
Probability
Combination
Sequence
&
Series
Binomial
Theorem
Functions
Home
Set Fundamentals
The number of elements in a set is called its cardinal
number and is written as n(A). A set with cardinal number
0 is called a null set while that with cardinal number is
called an infinite set.
Set A is said to be a subset of Set B if each and every
element of Set A is also contained in Set B. Set A is said to
be a proper subset of Set B if Set B has at least one
element that is not contained in Set A. A set with n
elements will have 2n subsets (2n 1 proper subsets)
Home
Binomial Theorem
For some basic values:
(
(
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
)
)
Theorem
(
)
(
Home
ways.
Pr =nCr x r!
Cr =
)
Continued >>
Home
is given by =
Partitioning
n similar items in No restrictions
r distinct groups
No group empty
n+r-1
n-1
Cr-1
Cr-1
)
)
Home
Probability
P(A) =
For Complimentary Events: P(A) + P(A) = 1
For Exhaustive Events: P(A) + P(B) +P(C) = 1
Odds
Addition Rule:
P (A U B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A
Odds in favor =
B)
B) = 0
Odds against =
P (A U B) = P(A) + P(B)
Multiplication Rule:
P(A
Home
(
(
)
)
Arithmetic Progression
)(
) ]
Geometric Progression
Home
Functions
Domain: Set of real and finite values that the
independent variable can take.
Range: Set of real and finite values that the dependent
variable can have corresponding to the values of the
independent variable
Co-Domain: Set of real and finite values that the
dependent variable can have.
Funda: Range is a subset of Co-Domain. Co-domain
may or may not have values which do not have a preimage in the domain.
Funda: It is not a function if for some value in the
domain, the relationship gives more than one value.
Eg: f(x) = (At x = 4, f(x) could be both +2 and -2)
Funda: Domain cannot have any extra value ie the
values at which the function does not exist.
Home
Graphs
f(x) = |x|
Continued >>
Home
Home
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Ravi Handa
Avinash Maurya
Email: handa@handakafunda.com
Email: avinash@handakafunda.com
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