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> Vu !

>tw Vu !

>k^ VsBD

kxD cD g V]BVF kVF [VF


\\VF W[ V] wDA >V \M g
x^ gD ^ [M|D
V ]x[ km gz c]>[ cD cFB
1

\D
[ g[* kVsuz cmBV
m kD, D\[ \V[zD
E>zD j_ kV> Vm
ku\^ u\ (Unity in diversity) [
D V[ \, \B c Fm,
g[* V>l_ [[ B> g[*
zD
V^>VD _klKD cB> g[*
kVs_ kVw kakzm c>s kD, \m
. s . , w [ g [ *
zD, _ kk > AVD
J _ m c>sB g[*
[ ]\]. * VE kzD
\[[.

xmz\VkVt ^>t
z\z
1.

VF clz clV VF >VV >VV


{>Vm c]| V>V >VV >VV
g V V V V >VV >VV
gBV> Vu VKVBV >VV >VV
V V z >V VF >VV >VV
V>V]z >V >VV >VV
> V Vau zV >VV >VV
V] \V >VV >VV

2.

aBV> Ak m clz cl>VF Wum


>FkD c|
|mBV_ cmk> aB kkzD
[ cl >VD
saBV x[W[ > >k^ kB
kD V|V[
\F >FkD >FkD _Vu Asl_
k _ [ c]BV_
VaBV> AB_>z Ak xD ]x A>^
DAk xD
V[zD \bzD cz kD
V[kuz \u
aBV> T|D >k[ k[ DAo g
kVk
wz Vo >A >wB k >[ DAo
gkVk.

kkD
3.

DVuzw_ zu
Vom ]>V[ ko
DVu |\Vu [ TxD gxD
]s_ T \zD
] \D [ ]u u
DVu | aBx[
\V s B \> ]
x\ >VD MxkM_
kDzDVx \A>_s _k
z\VVB[ kk
z \> >Al_ ^ zV
z\z[ kk.

4.

\wx] MkVF >_ km_


\> D\ \ kl
z>km DV[ \VMu
zkg xw x] mlMu
E xw _ \Vo F>sm
x\]B s[ kVF\|m
\VM[ xmE] sw x]
D\M k #w tA]
g Bm s V[
W[ sa^ xk^
mB gzw x] _s
k E zDA F>k[ kk
z \> >Al_ ^zV
z\z[ kk
4

5.

cz z\m \]l_ z x> \


czD B >B w s_ > _
>B\
WD x]x] \mk\
m xB z ]B
_ Ak xD kl MB\
^ k D kD B B\\
\l[ \^ \B B \> k
kk
k\ > ] Al[ \ z\[ kk.

6.

D s VD \Bx>_s A>_k[
kk
BK D kD wz > B[ kk
z xz \k> [ k kk
kMk | >VKB [kk
sm s| kW Va B[ k
kk
s lK \ tD s zk[ kk
\w x]x] \mk [ k kk
k\ > ] Al[ \ z\[ kk.

]# ^ >t
a > kV kD
1.

J| kkV xw z] V_ VFm
x]sm [M xzD VF
z _
\[ zBy >
V]z
> x> E zou V|VF k
zs
k zk zal_ kk ^
~um
\_ cz> x> k^V] \>[
xB
kV zsz ]# kk_ xV
kk
k zD xk^ kV
kk

2.

A^D > ] u Vu B|>

mk m V> zs>
VozkB
s^ B zVu T>>
k^ V_ t#u^D

E > \x> ]_ B
Dx>
|z> | s\^ z
]# kk_ xV kk
k zD x k^ kV
kk
6

3.

> B \ > QV k
sVa k
]>O>_ y k
\_ sBV k
\l|m k
AmM V k
> x x>D k
x> k
cuA] m k
\Vu V_ k
>^ >V[ k
V] \\V z
]# kk_ xV kk
k zDx k^ kV
kk

4.

zD QV[ M[
z \z> |m zwl[ *m
B[
Mc[ xmz u Ez ]>
y[
] \z \ >[
DVu \ z EDA ]>[
m sDt xz xV_ M#[
xD V]m \Va [
xV k
Ek\B x>_kV k
]Vam \z\kVB >
\w EkV kk
k zD x
k^ kV kk
7

5.

^> kmEzD m E
zwm \mkkVF >w zsm
smm m^ m ABm
>V_ c>m s km
kVF >V[ \ zw>kw
\^ >km zJ_ sm \l[ *m
m
sD\ Vt xDVm k|D cBV^
x k^m xm| \>
\wEkV kk
k zD x k^kV
kk

6.

k\ EA^ {]\^ s
>l[\_ |m sDAzws
\l[ *> ] V>V ]\
Mu zk>_ xm V
>V\> sm m mlu
>VV
\ zzz kuB zz
>[kVlu FD B z >
[ M>zD k\ Am\
]# kk_ xV kk
k zD x k^ kV
kk

7.

{ z> mMBV_ cm ]l_


>km
D A ] m cz \D>
m
V zVu c_ V| |
[a> z[ mD Azm
zz V|zD
8

zzz ku Bz[
EAmD
^ zz > m\u
>VmD[
kVz mzD ]# kk_ xV
kk
k zD xk^ kV
kk
8.

s| \Vs[ M>][ *>V swz ^


ks BB_ kz| kVF *\D
| VB kk a VBaV u
DA^ kz| m >V^ sam
>[V
V| VB kV z VBz
Ml[
zVu k VF> za Vk
k| V ]# kk_ xV kk
k zD x k^kV
kk

9.

V>zD Bk >D a>


kVD
V| kD^ \V [D
VV
V W> zVV ku VBVF
]#>kV >kE* _kV
[ c[ ]x> VV \m
x>VBV
s Am sA[ V kVkV [c
Vu m \m kkw>V_ kVVm
kwzV
kk_ xV kk
k zDx k^kV kk
9

10. >Ao kx \ B k kk
l[ c\ Bk VB M k
kk
EV Ak kM>B k ]\w
kk
EmkB z]V c m ]xD \
kk
VA s\ x W> z\ k
kk
z\ klD E B zwVk
kk
\\^ ]x z \ws k
kk
kt >D B _ k] k
kk
11.

|\o E A] wz[ wkk


l|\s_ \ xKD BVo
kk
s AB k\\ s Aw kk
xMk kD c m >\ k
kk
x xm_ BBwz kx
kk
V >\] \ kk
\l> zD xmz z>
\ws k kk
kt >D B _ k] k
kk

10

EB EkVVB kVt^ m]
V>x >\ A[ V> Ao_ >
>[ V>V
\>zk A _ ] kBD cFB kFB
mBs D kD\ y
>V>TD Vau VEzk_ ] x]
W ] >V
V>[ \wVa> VV EB[
V>D cEkVD

sVB
]D DxD nm cV[
>V\VB[
s[\BV c
s [ \B>D VukVD

x[
Js x^ Vu xDVa Vu
kD m] W[ V>V^ Vu VE
\Vk kzD k^ \ Vu [ V[
kKD \lKD Vu ] k_ Vu Vu

kVm
kV[x_ kwVm F \okD \[ [
V[x F zsVm cl^ kV
V[\ ^ { uk k^s \_
\[\ V^ k ] sz cD _VD

Ek\V[
]k >V_ Ak m {| >k Vu
k> Fm >uz D u F]
kD > D ck>D [ W[V[
k[ > m >D > cm^ kVD.
11

x[
x [ [ V _ , x z _ m w z [
V^. VD V\V x[ >t^ [
|[V. xMm \VV> ] V|,
D \^ V>BV] _[ . xM[
T|_ \^ k^D \Vmm.
x Ek] kk\V ka|[ .
DxM[, A, [ VD, [\[
k>D, x>oBk u sBV xMk skV "">
AVD'' [ B_ k\Val_ ]^V.
x [ " " E B E k V V B V ' ' [ k D
"">AV>'' >ta_ mD s_ >V[
lm[ ""]D'' [ x>_ BD
|m V|>V. kV "">AVD'' [ _
E B E k V V B V V _ > m .
BV V| >M[ kVu B
\ D A m V ^ D k l _ B
l_ ] kl k|D [ ]_
m [ . > t ^ > m
msV[ [ Dl_ m[.
VE \VBk >Fk][ z_ 1 gD
V]_ xM[ x]B k>VD [ >_
(k k>VD) x V BV k>>m [
[V.
k ( ] A V B D [ > ] _ ,
""\VtB VD'' 37 gD ]BVB]_ ^
>B ^V. [ [ VVD.
" " D \ V s [ \ ] _ m c ] > k
z\V. k D\QVM kz \D
\lom _VD (D\\V) V
>>m. k >[M_ >V V cm
12

g \ ] _ \ m > V . E k \ V D ,
Vk]D k x[ >V[ . Ek\V[ kD
c z [ kD k|D [ V.
z \ V k c m , [ ^ W m
WkV [[. z > kxD kVD
[V. >[ zw>B | t>D D
>>B V_, [xD \D m,
[ V sl_ z \ V k|D
[ V. [ mV "" z\V''
"" kVD Fm sD _. QVMz
sA, kA Vm''. k [ B, B
\ , c[ ]\|D, [ M>uz,
\] > k|D [ _ W[ [ lD
k V.
x [ A E k \ V [ \ V M D m
>>uV \m s|V. [ V] \ D
czV^. kB c_ c WBVm.
> WB k VF. k[ cK[
k [ D c K [ k [ V ^ . k
VF aBV\_ [ A>V^.
k k VF [ l[ kk\VzD.
>[B z\V EkM[ u [
V_ >V[ k VFl_ s|,
V] V_ kV. kV,
z\V >V[ x V >V [ [V.
|m, V>Vv k\Val_ z\[ Az
V\V , Vk], \k[ ]\D u
""z\VvDkD'' [ ]^V.
> A V D V | D , > M [ V s B >
o_ VVD.

13

> k^ VsBD
l VE :
l \ l _ c \ V > s k M D ,
c k\]> >[ u \^ (>VVlM) [
B \ m V | [ [ . M D
BV| sDs_. am [
V^. >uz Ek\V[
\B\ V \kV[ c[ u
km, z \D Fm > k|D [
V>V| >kD F[V[. k kMD
zw>BV _ k>mD, >kD F. V[ km
c[ \D xm z wm kk[
[ V . c c \ V > s k m
\B\B >V^

\kVMD \V __,
km >kD F>_. : l l _ m A c \ V \ k ,
\B\l_ \kV[ >kD Fm V| >
""\V >D'' [ z]_ k[ VzD s>]_
>V\\[ \_ zw>BV \V >V^.
> \kV[ >[ V| s
\wBV km^V^ [ , zw>B
|m m VV[. \ m
>[ \ s ""\ ''lD V|>V[. \ D,
V]B zw>BV km c^V^ [
Vu, \m k>V^.
nm g|^ x>mD Vk] Ek zm
>kD FB k|D [ \kVMD V^.
EB zw> >kD Fk[ [ xk s| s|
[V[.
14

> u z k ^ _ V D E k \ V
V[V[. V[ ">kD Fk[' [ V[ mD,
E k m ] V _ > V [ , > V _ [
>|Vy^ [ V^.
\kV[, Vk]z B>k VB \m
V|>V[. B c , mz
zD F>V[. Vk]D >kD FB
mk V^.

][ >k^ W :
[\[ [ [ >kz m[D
wm k>V[. k[ \[ VV[, ][
\[ B> D >kD El_ m
m[A] k>V[.
>[ mBD ][ Ek zm >kD
F>V[. ]z VE > Ek\V[ > z
\[ V[, [D k[ [\
V [ > k V V [ . [ D , > [
wV>, >B BV]_ m V
Vk] V_ >V[ m[D, [D \>V.

Ek[ B_ :
c\V>sB m, >Mm, > EkMD
x>VB V[z xMk^, [, QV
V>> c>Em k . Ek\V[
J[ s_ sm \V x]B V
V BV]_ \m V V. xM[
V_ kD c> .
m [ ] _ > ] [ , k V
\V Wl_ c>Em V| V.
[ c\BkV \B\l_ >kD Fm
V| V^. D mB y, k^ \>V_
15

>V \[ V[, [ kD \D
x, D mB [ yD [ kB>V[.
D\MD >[ kB V[.
kD ]\V | F]B
m[]om * ka .

V\ >D :
]\V_ \[\> Ek[ *m \B
F>Fm, k \V >k> , c\B
\m, z\[ zD FkVD [V.
\[ >[ \V "\ Vk]' mz
[ \ [ \ > k k w > V . \ [ \ > M D
F]B EkM[ \V WB z [V.
\[\>[ >,,Ek [ V_ \B BK\V ?
k *m \ DA Fms| V[ clV|
x\V ? [ | m AD V[.
>uz D\[ _V BKD Ek[ B.
k [ c [ M D k V z D
F[V. > V_ B F> yk|D.
\>V_ VB VD >k[ [ V.
c \ [ \ > [ c [ V B V > s
V Ek V_ > \_, [ B
B F[[ [ V[. [ >[
\ sBV ]lD F]B s| lz
[V[.
] >kMD u k \[\>[ k>V_, >
F B V m c ^ A [ E k \ V [
l>>V_, ]>k[ \[\> >|Vm
c^ _ \]>V[.
\[\>[ \uz kVl_ kaBV [
Ek\V[ \V ]_ \m > >
> V [ . k m D \ [ \ > [ \ B
T>V[. ] k[ \B> >s>V^.
16

k\V TD Vu[ x[ D s
k>V_ BV\_ z\V ? >V_ Ek[
[ V > V _ V [ O \ B V V D _
gs|k[. _VD EkM[ B, [ \[\>[
V[.
E k _ [ D | > V [ . \ [ ,
] [ \ u > k ^ _ V D \ [ \ > M [
B V z sm km .
\[\>[ \D TD DA^ n]
Ek\V V >V[ (F] V[) DA^
Ek[ *m . DA^ mD, Ek\V[
\[\> V>V. u k >m.
\[\>[ >V[. l xkmD A >m. ]
>[ k[ >m | k] m,
Ek\VMD, >[ k clm >\V
k V^. > ]_, z l> D\[
][, >k^ kVu k .
Ek\V[ kD c^ k|V^
B V m ? [ V . [ \ V _ m [ A u
VzD >^ WB . >D mB
ss_ Vk]B \m _k >
k|D [ . k kVD. V[ Vk]B
\m c^ mB Vzk[ [V. k^
[mD ] k V^. D\M[
B D k Wku V. k
\[Mm cl k|D [V^. >uz Ek[
V[ Vk]B \D xzD Vm c[ k
cl[. Vm _ [ V.

Vk]l[ >kD Ek[ VE >>_ :


\B\l_ Vk] >kD FD ]uz
Ek\V[ x]Bk[ ks_ [V. [ l[
17

Vk_ \D, [ l[ >kD V k>>V


c^ _ \] V. Vk_ \ [
Vk]lD \] u, k c^ wm
[ . Vk] k { g ]_ Fm,
_ W [ V ^ . k > B > k D
F[VF [ Vk]B V. c
[ , ]_ [ V_ "sB' [
>VaB V>V^.
Vk] \blz clVB b>
\D AB k|D [ >kD F[V^ [
k^ V^. >uz
Ek\V[ c[ \ \VV[. >kD
Fk> Wm [ x]Bk V. Vk]VD
VV^. >kD Fk> W> xBVm [V^.
>uz k, > Ek[ k[ >\V ?
k[ D g|D D |V|, g Ao>V_
kV D V, k\BV \ {|
[VDA, VDA k kM[ [^.
w\BV Aw u M[ \V , c z
k[ V>D _V>k[ [ V.
> mD Vk] VD >V^. >[
Vm V] V| Ek BV kD |
VF. Ek W]m [VF. Ek
D yBk . c m kB V
[ V^.
>uz k [ ? c[*m g V|,
c[ \D AB z k>[ [ kB
V V_VF [ V.
>uz Vk] z m V\VVF. V
V[ [V^. c Ek\V[ ku
[ k V > V . V l [ * m
\m, >[ Ek V VE >V.
18

> Vk] c_ | V V^.


x k \[MzD k V^.
[MD V [ V_ Bku V[
Vu>V u V[. E> xl_
]\D V kk[ [V.
>VaB \kVMD [ >> .
\B[, >[ \ s \ [ >kVz
[, Vk]B \ z wm [V[.

>^ _: l [
Ek\V > W >V. k^ c
kD k> . k, \kVMD [,
> z (Ekz) k^ \^ Vk]B
z D V . > D c
\ k V M D [ , E k z V k ] B
.
\ , Ek\V[ > V[>
> \>V^. >[ >k F>V[. BV]_
kz s V> V|V\_ Ek
w>V[. > V_ k[ k[ >B
k V [ [ \ k V [ | m > V [ .
]\]uz > D\>D >sm xMk
k>V[.
]\ uV|^ :
[ \kV[ "sk\V' [ >k>
w m F ] B x k > D
w z | ] , \ D \ D T D \
>_D \zD | VV[.
kD kV \ \>V[. kVw,
xz, \ V[. V \m
> [ | s _ V [ M V _ ] \ \ D
\>V[. >k^ \k>uz g ^
19

\>V[. \\^ \k>uz ED\V >


]] uV_ \>V[.
{ \ z D , ] \ z F k > u z
>kBV VD kkw>V[.
\kV[ ]\]uz kD wm, _V
zD #mk V[.
xMkD, >kD, \D, _D,
VDA D, i]D, Vk]l[
]\> V k> .
\kV[ l \ [, ]>kM[
\] u Ek | k, [ zM
c]D, x>D, [ [ \ \D x
\B\ k [ w>V[.
Ek[ kV. [ k[ [ V.
Ek\V[ ] >k wm ]\]uz
] ^ , ] \ V _ , ] [ , D \ [
x > o B k D w z \ V V . ]
w kD \B\ k> . ik^,
i] VD k> .
D\[ Ek[ B VuD [
]B ckVzD V. k
c k V B k u , V u V ] ] _ k m
E k M D > V . ^ [ \ V
]\> Fm V^S. c\z ku_
s A , k A B V m . V .
[ B k|D [V. c
Ek\V[ >[ Ek> V_ [
>V| ^ F>V.
[ k >D co_ c^ VDA x>oBku
[V \V\V \ ]_ W >V. k^
[V \V . kV]B^ xw
Ek\V[ \B\ k>>V.
20

Vk]B, >VaB^ \\^ V]_


> .

Ek\V[ k :
Ek\V[ ]om V. \
Ek\VM[ V_ V\>s[ Vo V_
m m , V > F m k
k k u V ^ . D \ D ] \ V K D > D w B
V | m , \ V ^ > V w V ,
Ek\V \kz wm [ .
] D [ ] ] V_ FB wzt
ED\V ]_ Ek\V[ \>V.

]B tB \W|>_ :
\B\l_ _VD km B>V_ tl[
kz z] >Vm >uz z] cB>m.
> Ek\V[ ]\D V km
> ]B wm kD ] >kMD
V. ] >k[ ]Bwm k>V.
E k \ V [ , ] B D t l [ k V D
>Vm, >[ VD cBm sm. >[V| [
V] \l_ . t \Wl_ km s|D
[V.
>uz, ]B, >>B V[ >k >D
Fm s V ? >^ ]\> V
[ Vm, kz#D _K\V [S
[ k] V.
Ek\V[, ]BV k>V> c[ >s
k kVKD B FB BVm [V.
>uz ]B nB ! c[ ]\ V>
V xBV> [ k] V.
21

]BV ! B > VD z km
]\ V]_ VE >kVD [ V.
]B xMkD V] \ [ >k]_
g>V. tD \W >m. (k VB]_,
[V ]_koz _ c^ VV]_
k[ V[ , ]B xMkz
VEB>V.)

Vk] ]\D :]\VE :


]V, zt, k] JkD >Va
VF m k Vk] ]\ \>
>V^. Ek k k _ \>V^.
\ kV, \kV[ Ek\VM[
V> s, V> F>V[. Vk]l[
>, Ek\VM[ ]_ km k>D {] >V
kVm V|>V[.
"" A> [AkD ~[V^ >[ B
VD m [ >V_ m^ km
\V| >[ [V |\ \^
kV_ c>D cF>V[ \[ [ k c[M.
z VD VD ~>KD >VBVzD
[ cD _VD >]|D [M >[
\ xBV_ VV[\\[ V| [V_
k[ [ \ g m cu VV.
[ D\[ M km ]\ z^
F>V[. ]\D x>m. kD k .
sm c .

D\V[ ]l[ mB y>_ :


\ B D ] D , E k M [ ] k
k V^. >[ mB mzD k V^.
Ek\V[ ]B \ D k>V> [ ,
22

\[\>z cl V|>V. [ \[\>MD ]l[


z \|D >V[ ck\VF >kVF. \M>,
>k z >B \VVF [ V.
kV ]l[ mB y> D\V[. [ BV|
lVBD [V. z\[ uz V\V
V k ] , \ k [ ] \ D k V M >
WkBm.
""[Vz km^ g]BD\[ \Vm
>[ABV B >sE[ Tu>V|D
m[[ VV mk[B cl^ _VD
[V| VD gu M>\ cu [.

xM[ >VuD :
K D , [ D l \ l _
[ . [\M[ m[A>KD >kz
][m. >k^ tD km[ . k
> k D ] \ V K D , ] D l [
E k \ V M D > ^ m B [ .
k D [ \ a k _ \
>Vusz\V k|[ .
c Ek\V[ >[B wB g
x uV[. (E]zD > m >V_
]xzD gD VV[)
QV kkV Ek\V[ >[ gxKD
c ^ g u o m g A
VB >Vus>V.
Eu[ >V[ V| c^ ]xD g >[M_
VuA O>_^ >VD AoD [ [ >>V[.
k kD\BV > . > kD\ tlKD,
D xk]KD sBm.
23

kD\ >VVm t >m. \^


k> . cl^ | . _ kuBm. y
V^ Ak>uV >V[Bk. > V_
> clD V_s_.
>k^ kD >VVm x>o_ Bm { .
[ kMD [ k m W[ .
Ek\V[ >[ nm x \m,
xm[ W[, A V >[ x[
kkw>V. BV| V>V.
[ kV >k D, A D
wm Va Vm (2 1/2 \ D)
k u \ > u z c B ] c z
cV|D. A V \m [
gu_ s| [ V.
>k Vm, kVD A D,
\m [ ]l_ s|k. V>s,
k VFl_ s|kV^. k VFl_
> V g z w > B V \ V , k m ,
[\ u>V| am s|D [ V.
Ek\VM[ k[ V_
kV>k[ Va Vm \m [,
A D >V[. A ^
V a V m \ m [ g u _
>V[.
V >s Va Vm \m [
k V F l _ > V ^ . \ [ , x > o B
>k^ k VFl_ Vm W[ .
A V^ k VFl_ >mD,
t z > g x [ , [ M |
D x \V[ >V[ V.
24

""kxD ckD g V]BVFkVF [VF


D\\VF W[ V]wDm { \MBV
x^ gD, ^ [M|D
V
]x[ km gz c]>[ cD cFB''
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g zw>[ kk]_ >V[ V[. g D
\m g zw> |m m V
k> .
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D T^, k T[ >VuD
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km k V^. Ek\V[ [ B
V m ] V V [ . [ E k M [
g z u , E D [ E > B _ V
k] _ Vk]l[ TD E> ck^
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m. mD k^ u .
> [ V] > >V|
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25

sB>m. sBk mom, ko\ cB


D T^ Ek\VM[ V_ k>> .
E k > . E k [ k D ^
_VD [\ V_k>uz, D \ V
>kz TV szTV [
gE kw V.

kT^ k>>_ :
k]^ VD k \> . >
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Ek ]BVMm BV V> l_ > .
k]^, k >V xBVm,
c\BD\lD [ zw> u |
D k . _ [ B
V V. [ D k], ^
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k kD [ kT u .
( k ] ^ , \ V k _ o , \ > k _ o ,
xmk_o, AV k_o, kX|B k_o, klk_o,
kk_o, ]k_o, V\V> k_o)
TkVz >k x>oB kT^, Ek\VM[
V_, >>D [ l[ W> u,
k][ Vl[ kaB >V[ .
Ek\V | k .Ek\V[
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26

k VFlom x \V[
l __ :
l \ l _ E k \ V [ V k ] l D ,
k VFl_ kD x z wm
kkVD [ V.
k D V k V ] _ k
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x[ kD | \>V[. Vk]
V l o m k V F B
>V^. g zw>D, >[ V_
[V| |m >V^. g ]xD,
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B uV[.
> cE \Vm m >[MD >
V Vu]_ ] xz [A[
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k>V^ [ c\ k[ m D cV>V^.
>k^ \w Vam, D mB k|D
[ > .
V] ^ m k > .
^ V k>>V_ ""V]B['' [D
x[ w |kV[. c^ ] V[
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k, [ Ek\V[ V. Vk] x
[ A [ m V V ^ . k t m
VVB x>m^ gV k VFl_
VF>m. V] V_ *[VF k VFl_,
27

> sBVz x[ > V[ g A>_k^


*[ kk> xMk[ ck>
u . Ek\V[ k ]z[D
[ > k D A \ V V . [ K D ,
[ D x[ l \ [ .

ll_ xM[ B_^ :


l l _ k T D , D T D
x k _ m F> .
x[ _V oKD cVs \>V[.
BM[ z]^ \_ _kV[. ] m
>_ _kV[. u E][ *mD, g|
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g|kV[. ku |> [ V],
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V^. kD V.

x \VM[ EA :
D x B u o m > V [ B
z \ , V > s \ m [ k
VFl_ >>V_ ""VB['' [D B
uV[. k[ \m ]B gkV[. VD, kD
k, zu\u zw> V >>VKD, k[
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kwzk[. k[ uA>^ WmkV[.
[\ am >k mB m> VVF
[ V.
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kV[. V>V c]_ c^ V_ \
28

x>oB \ u , ku c u
EB >V clz m[D uV> m
_kV[. V_ kx MB V[.
V>V c]_ c^ VDA tz k\V
FkV[. tl_ c^ \ V>V]_ Az\V
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t[ _ D, BD m z>
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][ x[ ]A V
x k V s B V | V [ [ >
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BVm, [ V VD V| x
>V[. s_, kV^ V[ 18 g> x[
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K] V[. m x[ \V_ | V
VBVBm. Vk>D [ ]M[ BV x[
x[A Vm[ [m. x[ >[ *m DA
F>[ Vk>D sm >m. ][
Vm[ x[ *m k >V[.
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m W[ V F> . x \V[
_VD am >MB W[V.>
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29

k " " B V ? [ > B V m ] D ,


>kD V A> .'' k \[M
k|D [\ am k^ mB
k|D [V.
x [ c k V z
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xM[ skD >k^ ka|>_ :


x[, "">k] D \ukD k>
kVD. V[ zw> ks_ >>V_, V[BV ?
[> ^ Bs_''. [ V.
(skD) ckD |m suzD,
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>[ > _K>_ :


] [ > k > V " " s k \ V ' ' k
kkwm \l_ Vl_ |D V[.
30

x z km zD k V[.
xD Vso[ c^ m V. ][
D Fm xz [^ sm
F>V[. D\ >[ \>>V_ >
[ B um.

x k _ g | V s k V \ V
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> k^sl_ {\ Mlom W g|V
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g | V _ V ] K D ] m a k
c V B m . B M [ ] > V B m .
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TkVzk wm g|Vk wm
k\V V.
TkVzD D\M[ c]_ cs V|
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g|Vk kV \V V^ k|D [
k x D g | V k k V \ V
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31

V[x El_ |>_ :


V^ V[xD, >kD Ek\V
| k ]D V| > . x
\V[ V[x wm k> D
V. V[x[ {D [ k \]>
k> V_ mk V.
x \V[ k][ V D
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x , ""k][ V^ >BV> A
>Va F[VF'' [ V[z >KD
z V. [ >l_ c^ El_ >V.
x \V[ A >Va >V\ FB
mk V.
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x[ B> , Ek\V[ >k^ m
k >z k>V. >>B mD x
\V[ m k V. EV ]_
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V. V[ x s|> FD V.

x\V[ >>z (Ekz)


k][ V^ >_ :
V [ x [ k ] [ V B V m
A >Va F[V[. k[ [
32

gk]_ [V[. k s|> FB


xBVm [V. Ek\V[ E D VV. c
, s|> F[ [ s|> F>V.
s|> u k> V[x Vm,
Ek\V[ V^ El_ k] VBV ?'' [
V. >uz k z\[ z >
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gk> am [ #F\BV \VuBm''
[ V . " " [ x > _ x [ V _ B A
>Va F'' [ k[ V.
[ [A[ >[ _k\ \l_ km
V | c E \ V m > [ V _ m ,
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c x[ "">>B _VD z\V
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[V''.
Ek\V[ Em, EB\V [, >[
sB VFm V. x[ B V
|, kV] l [V.

xk^ ]Bz c>E>_ :


>l_ zD x ]B km
k V . [ > M D k V
c>E k|D [ V. z\kD,
k V^ k>^, g\^ x>oBku
kz [ c>E>V.

x>k_o, >k_oz kD >_ :


(>FkBV, k^)
33

x > k _ o , > k _ o k D ] \ V o [
^ kD k VFl_ x
k V B k|D [ >kD F> .
x[ k^ x[ >V[ >k> VV [
kD k|D [ V. kD k \
k VF B sDAk>V . x[
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x > k _ o B ] z \ V m
kDD >k_oB E> xMk[ \V
m k|k z]_ kDD, > \B]_
kD ]\D Fm V^k>VD V.

x>k_o (>FkBV) m k>_ :


x>k_o zw>BV ]MD [V^.
kB V>[ c]M[ \^ [
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k \ Vk] ]uz |m [ km
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>FkBV (>kBV ) [ B uV^.
V^>VD x m]m k \D xzD
V V]>V^.

>k_o (k^) m k>_ :


> k _ o > V V _ c ^ k ^
\B >V^. xMk[ \VF \V[ klu_
V| (Mm) k^w |> zal_
\ V [ k l u o m m k | k > k [
DVM[ \V k^ [ B_ km
k>V^. k^wz zalom |>>V_ ""k^''
[ B uV^. xk k V B
34

VD V ]V xk[ W s_
km k>V^.

][ Ek\VMD [ >^
WB >_ :
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\z [V[. [\[, T\]A]_
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Ek\V[ xMD k[ FB kB
B g>^, >k^
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k>l W W> k|D. ]z
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k|D [ V.
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g>V \V zD V. D
g>V \V >k[ _ > .
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cV x[ ]_ V|>V. m
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35

V x>V 108 > >kD,


2000 >D TV xz
Ek\V[ >V. x \V[ _
>D >V.

>VV a>_ :
V> xMk, x \VMD [\M[
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c^ \VBVAl_ [V[. >VVV am
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kD km k s u >[ B w
(m [m T + 108 > >k VlD
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kVkV[ x \VM[ V]BV \m
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k [ D T D , s _ D A [ o _
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36

>V>> >V[. T \B s>V[.


|m TkVz >k D V. [
*m yVB V>V. >V[ DA \w
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kD >Vu .
>MB \BD >m > TkVz,
[ *m glD (1000) DA >V. [
1 0 0 0 D A D T ] 1 1 0 0 D A
T k V z > k * m F ] V [ . T k V z k u
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ckV V[. TkVz \VB ck aD,
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x[ BV >V[ VAm,
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37

>VV V[, \B V
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[\[ B_ :
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x \V[ W cz k>_ :
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38

V_ sk\V D. VsD \
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^ kV :
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[ kV & [\M[ >VuD :


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kD V> xl_ \> . x>o_


" [ \ [ ' [ D , k [
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\^ m zK . pVal_ ][ >
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44

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45

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46

>V[. TkVz > m| mV k V


kD |\BV V A> .
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47

> k D s | > F B k | D ' ' [


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TkVz x BVx[ V :
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48

AB DAkVD [V. ''


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49

T k V z k D k T B D {
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B[ V :
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TkVz >k[ V]D :


50

u o _ [ \ M [ \ [ ^ 3 0 0 0
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51

[\[, >V BV V AB k>V[. x


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52

[ \ [ > F ] B m D ,
m\V y km, >^ T>V^, \u
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x \V[ ]z[D k>_ :


x \V[ \l_ *m ][, >k^,
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k k . kz x \V[
c>D Fm ^ A>V. kV x
\V[, [\ am ]z[]_
Tu>V. M k >FkBV D\BV
\D xzD B VVD.

53

x\V[, >FkBV (>kV)


]\D :
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>[ \^ >FkBV D\B kz \D
F B s D V [ . ] [ , # m k [ k
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54

KD \> . x \V wm
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55

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k^ \wBV \V[ kluom k|
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56

>m [ [, tD Bm, zw>B s|


Bm.
z w > > m . \ B D D D k [
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s V^.

k^ x[ ]A :
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k ^ k m , ] A D V z D F ] B
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c x \ V [ w B k [
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\> DlD, \u k^ > k
k|D [ .
57

D \ Vm, > A]B k \D


k>m [ V. >BVm
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\ BV>. D\D c z MB mBV
km^m. \m VBV [ [V[.
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58

k^B V>V. k^ z\ F>


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>V^.
DV[ x \VM[ l_, k^
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k V. kD \m m VV.
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x\V[ Tu>V.
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> >[ B[ ([):


[ VB[ sk VB[ BV V\D
t[VBV[ \VB[ k
>[VB[ k_ >MVB[ >[ AVD
[VB\VD V^ QVD _VD
59

kuV ^ z\[ kV> >[


VuVD gVF]|kVD mV\
uVD uV[ xB_kVEm _
cuVD T| Vo[ ck [

ku k_ x Vu.
V g VVF cl[ \BV
V clz clVF ku\V
V >V[_ V>V W[V[ wu
gV> V>V| Vu mD [

kVm
g>>V^ kV gxD kV ku
F >Mk_ kV zzD kV k[
B \Q kV BV>[ z kV
\VV k^ kV kV BV _VD.

60

x[ k] \V
VzD x> \Vx
y > ]kk[ V_
zD k] \Vl
V kkVF VBD

kD
kV k kl ]k_ \V>V>k \kVF
m
>V \lo_ mBVF m [ >B
mkm
\m \ t y>k kV> s
yk
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^kVF

D
\lo_ W>D sBV|D |\V_\V W\V
D
Vz\V[ zD \V D BV z
y]k
kVu B k|D >kV ku]k
sk D
go[ BVD B[ >BD kkVF
\] ^kVF

xm
xm E[ xk_ x\ J xBV
x>
mD # o[ Vm kD

sm zk s]l[ \ k> V sB[


{sB\
61

> >tw k kk V[ \ \
^kVF

kD
MBV_ W]_ ]s V[ ]V_ KD
mV_
\M> _ \BzD B[ \BD >B
\lVF kkVF
MlD k MkVF ] k Em
>V>[
MBV mBVF z kkV aV xV
M> ^kVF

\VD
VbD Vu m kkVF _ kD
\V\B
> V >ta_ ]m \D #z ]VEk
x
kV Vz kD >>k kaBV
kkVz
\V x\>V \VBV[ \V k\
^kVF

\>D
[ ] xD >[ s|D BVz
D
k >o_ c]> >kV> >tz
B
D c[ > uD >tB[ mB
>B B
\> kKD \lKD |m kkVF xV k\
^kVF
62

V\>D
>\VMB ] xD \l_ >|z\V
EkV
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D
Vk zk z\V\B V zw>
kk
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^kVF

mVD
kV >D k]D m\V l_ ED mBD
~ EV_ zD ]k zD BVz
zD zk
VVF c D BV VkD >V m
kkVF
>V \lo[ mkV zD m BV
\ ^kVF

kBD
V|D BV sKD mBD Vm \

kV|D \ ]_ k\ zD kB\ kB

> BV ]sB\ c[ uD EB[


zD
g|D k_ kK[ gx\VF ^
>kVF
]kBV *B[ V, BV
(]]V][ A>D)

63

>Fk\\V (k^V)
\[ W m ]\ W [
c>\ >D c k|D
c^V[ km AD [ kV
c kV\ k|D.
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VF\ Vm k|D
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wV> ]xD cu
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>VF [ [ l_ >Vm^
k >D {z >k
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\ x >Fk\B
64

]kV
> m
V\o ^ (V k^_)
1.

2.

3.

4.

V x> D
wV \V D
VV g^ AM>V D
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VB D
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65

5.

6.

7.

8.

Ekx D
Vk >k D
>V D
D >\V\lVF D
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>kz BVF D
> kAB D
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^\B D
>V D
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z\V\B D
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QVmB y D
|kVB _B D
VukVF D
>V D
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]^ BV[ \ D
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kV]| mB D
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^ B D
[ k D
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Ek\ >k\ D
66

MB D
x> k D
[ ^kVF D
>V D
9. \[ g^ k>V D
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V[ AM>V D
AkV >BD AzkVF D
[ kk_ D
\Vx D
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10. k> V D
sV \V[ D
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A \V\lVF D
V>m oB D
kl_k D
Vmz M>VD AwVF D
>V D D
>k D
kuk_ x Vu Vu
>k Vu Vu

67

68

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